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Federal Department of Economic Affairs,Education and Research EAER
Agroscope
www.agroscope.ch I good food, healthy environment
AFBI Pig Seminar - 2015
Nutritional approach to improve survival rate and performance of low birth weight pigs in early lactation
Giuseppe Bee
2 AFBI PIG SEMINAR - 2015
Giuseppe Bee
BREEDING FOR INCREASED LITTER SIZE – A SUCCESS STORY
Number of piglets born alive per litter in the first (1. Wurf) and follow parity (2ff. Wurf) in Swiss Large White (ES) and Swiss Landrace (SL) sows
3 AFBI PIG SEMINAR - 2015
Giuseppe Bee
BREEDING FOR INCREASED LITTER SIZE
Greater litter size => improve reproduction efficiency greater profit per piglet Gestation feed cost ↓ Labour costs ↓ Housing & equipment costs ↓
greater litter size =
greater number of weaned piglets
4 AFBI PIG SEMINAR - 2015
Giuseppe Bee
LITTER SIZE AND BIRTH WEIGHT
litter size
0 5 10 15 20 25
ave
rag
e b
irth
we
igh
t, k
g
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
D 2.5 kg
Average litter birth weight vs. litter size
5 AFBI PIG SEMINAR - 2015
Giuseppe Bee
LITTER SIZE AND INTRA-LITTER VARIABILITY
Partition of piglets with regard totheir birth weight and litter size
Birth weight, kg
< 0
.6
0.6
- 0
.7
0.7
- 0
.8
0.8
- 0
.9
0.9
- 1
.0
1.0
- 1
.1
1.1
- 1
.2
1.2
- 1
.3
1.3
- 1
.4
1.4
- 1
.5
1.5
- 1
.6
1.6
- 1
.7
1.7
- 1
.8
1.8
- 1
.9
1.9
- 2
.0
2.0
- 2
.1
2.1
- 2
.2
2.2
- 2
.3
> 2
.4
% o
f to
tal b
orn
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
>= 16 piglets
Partition of piglets with regard totheir birth weight and litter size
Birth weight, kg
< 0
.6
0.6
- 0
.7
0.7
- 0
.8
0.8
- 0
.9
0.9
- 1
.0
1.0
- 1
.1
1.1
- 1
.2
1.2
- 1
.3
1.3
- 1
.4
1.4
- 1
.5
1.5
- 1
.6
1.6
- 1
.7
1.7
- 1
.8
1.8
- 1
.9
1.9
- 2
.0
2.0
- 2
.1
2.1
- 2
.2
2.2
- 2
.3
> 2
.4
% o
f to
tal b
orn
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
>= 16 piglets
Partition of piglets with regard totheir birth weight and litter size
Birth weight, kg
< 0
.6
0.6
- 0
.7
0.7
- 0
.8
0.8
- 0
.9
0.9
- 1
.0
1.0
- 1
.1
1.1
- 1
.2
1.2
- 1
.3
1.3
- 1
.4
1.4
- 1
.5
1.5
- 1
.6
1.6
- 1
.7
1.7
- 1
.8
1.8
- 1
.9
1.9
- 2
.0
2.0
- 2
.1
2.1
- 2
.2
2.2
- 2
.3
> 2
.4
% o
f to
tal b
orn
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
>= 16 piglets14 - 15 piglets
Partition of piglets with regard totheir birth weight and litter size
Birth weight, kg
< 0
.6
0.6
- 0
.7
0.7
- 0
.8
0.8
- 0
.9
0.9
- 1
.0
1.0
- 1
.1
1.1
- 1
.2
1.2
- 1
.3
1.3
- 1
.4
1.4
- 1
.5
1.5
- 1
.6
1.6
- 1
.7
1.7
- 1
.8
1.8
- 1
.9
1.9
- 2
.0
2.0
- 2
.1
2.1
- 2
.2
2.2
- 2
.3
> 2
.4
% o
f to
tal b
orn
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
>= 16 piglets14 - 15 piglets
Partition of piglets with regard totheir birth weight and litter size
Birth weight, kg
< 0
.6
0.6
- 0
.7
0.7
- 0
.8
0.8
- 0
.9
0.9
- 1
.0
1.0
- 1
.1
1.1
- 1
.2
1.2
- 1
.3
1.3
- 1
.4
1.4
- 1
.5
1.5
- 1
.6
1.6
- 1
.7
1.7
- 1
.8
1.8
- 1
.9
1.9
- 2
.0
2.0
- 2
.1
2.1
- 2
.2
2.2
- 2
.3
> 2
.4
% o
f to
tal b
orn
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
>= 16 piglets14 - 15 piglets<= 11 piglets
Partition of piglets with regard totheir birth weight and litter size
Birth weight, kg
< 0
.6
0.6
- 0
.7
0.7
- 0
.8
0.8
- 0
.9
0.9
- 1
.0
1.0
- 1
.1
1.1
- 1
.2
1.2
- 1
.3
1.3
- 1
.4
1.4
- 1
.5
1.5
- 1
.6
1.6
- 1
.7
1.7
- 1
.8
1.8
- 1
.9
1.9
- 2
.0
2.0
- 2
.1
2.1
- 2
.2
2.2
- 2
.3
> 2
.4
% o
f to
tal b
orn
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
>= 16 piglets14 - 15 piglets<= 11 piglets
6 AFBI PIG SEMINAR - 2015
Giuseppe Bee
IMPACT OF BIRTH WEIGHT ON EARLY SURVIVAL AND LONG TERM PERFORMANCE
Evolution of survival rateby birth weight class
days
1 7 14 28
Su
rvia
l
0%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2.4 kg
Evolution of survival rateby birth weight class
days
1 7 14 28
Su
rvia
l
0%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2.0 kg 2.4 kg
Evolution of survival rateby birth weight class
days
1 7 14 28
Surv
ial
0%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1.4 kg 2.0 kg 2.4 kg
Evolution of survival rateby birth weight class
days
1 7 14 28
Su
rvia
l
0%
40%
60%
80%
100%
1.0 kg 1.4 kg 2.0 kg 2.4 kg
Evolution of survival rateby birth weight class
days
1 7 14 28
Su
rvia
l
0%
40%
60%
80%
100%
0.6 kg 1.0 kg 1.4 kg 2.0 kg 2.4 kg
Difference of BW at weaning and at beginning of the fattening period
Birth weight
1.0 kg 1.4 kg 2.0 kg
Diff
eren
ce o
f BW
, kg
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10At weaningBeginning of the fattening period
Difference of BW at weaning and at beginning of the fattening period Difference of age at 105 kg BW
Birth weight
1.0 kg 1.4 kg 2.0 kg
Age
at1
05 k
g B
W, d
-20
-10
0
10
20
Diff
eren
ce o
f BW
, kg
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10 (Age at 105 kg BW) (At weaning) (Beginning of the fattening period)
(Quiniou et al., 2002)
(Quiniou et al., 2002)
7 AFBI PIG SEMINAR - 2015
Giuseppe Bee
BIRTH WEIGHT AND QUALITY TRAITS
Inconsistent results: Carcass fat deposition ↑ / ≈ Water holding capacity ↓ / ≈ Meat tenderness ↓ / ≈
When is birth weight low?What is the cause of low birth weight?
Naturally occurring differences in prenatal growth Result of intra-uterine crowding (IUGR > 15 piglets born)
8 AFBI PIG SEMINAR - 2015
Giuseppe Bee
DETERMINANT FACTORS FOR LITTER SIZE
Ovulation rate Increases with increasing parity
Pre- and postimplantation embryonic/foetal losses
Ovulation rate in relation to the number of viable embryos recovered from the uterus of commercial am-line sows at d 30 of gestation in the second, third, and fourth parity and greater (Foxcroft et al., 2006).
(Foxcroft et al., 2006)
9 AFBI PIG SEMINAR - 2015
Giuseppe Bee
DETERMINANT FACTORS FOR LITTER SIZE
Placental development
Correlation between average placental weight and a) number of viable embryos at d 30 of gestation (r = −0.61; P = 0.0003); and b) number of viable fetuses at d 90 of gestation (r = −0.67; P < 0.0001). (Town et al., 2004)
10 AFBI PIG SEMINAR - 2015
Giuseppe Bee
IMPACT ON MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT
d 35 d 55 d 90
primary myofiber
secondary myofiber
Fixed totalof myofiber number
birth
11 AFBI PIG SEMINAR - 2015
Giuseppe Bee
IMPAIRED MUSCLE DEVELOPMENT AND POSTNATAL GROWTH EFFICIENCY
r = 0.42 r = 0.42
ADG vs. TFN G/F vs. TFN
(Dwyer et al., 1993)
12 AFBI PIG SEMINAR - 2015
Giuseppe Bee
DEALING WITH LARGE LITTERS
Practical solutions Cross fosteringFoster sowArtificial rearing with milk replacer Rescue decks In farrowing pens
Rescue decks
https://www.google.ch/?gfe_rd=cr&ei=zJ0LVpPAC8GX8QeQx6uABQ&gws_rd=ssl#q=milchersatz+%2BSaugferkeln+%2Bsauen
13 AFBI PIG SEMINAR - 2015
Giuseppe Bee
POSSIBLE ADVANTAGES OF A MILK REPLACERNutrient composition (g/kg dry matter) and amino acid to lysine ratio of mature sow milk collected at d 21 of lactation1 and amino acid to lysine ratio of the whole body of piglets with a body weight (BW) of 1.55 and 8.50 kgIngredients ------------------ Sow milk ---------------------- ---------- Whole body2 -----------Dry matter, g/kg 194.0 Fat 390.5 Protein 323.1 ------------- amino acid:lys ratio ------------
Sow milk 1.55 kg BW 8.50 kg BWLys 25.69 1.00 1.00 1.00 Met 3.89 0.15 0.20 0.30 Cys 1.87 0.07 0.18 0.22 Thr 13.09 0.51 0.58 0.64 Val 17.16 0.67 0.68 0.76 Ile 13.58 0.53 0.45 0.60 Leu 29.36 1.14 0.98 1.18 Phe 12.87 0.50 0.58 0.61 Tyr 6.85 0.27 0.38 0.52 His 9.73 0.38 0.39 0.42 Arg 15.25 0.59 0.65 0.96 Gly 11.01 0.43 1.52 1.21
Average of 175 milk samples (unpublished data); Data obtained from Mahan and Shields (1998)
14 AFBI PIG SEMINAR - 2015
Giuseppe Bee
EFFECT OF ARGININE
(Kim et al., 2004)
(Kim et al., 2004)
15 AFBI PIG SEMINAR - 2015
Giuseppe Bee
L-CARNITINE A GENERATOR OF METABOLIC ENERGY
What is known Increased litter birth weight Improved post weaning performance Stimulation of myofiber formation Increased protein accretion resulting in leaner carcasses
Use of L-carnitine for nusery pigs Improved energy balance Myogenic proliferation Increase in myofiber number
16 AFBI PIG SEMINAR - 2015
Giuseppe Bee
STUDIES IN THE FRAMEWORK OF ECO-FCE
Establish appropriate feeding strategies in the early postnatal (lactation) period to improve postnatal growth efficiency
Task 1: to compare the effect of daily L-carnitine or L-arginine administration on viability and muscle development of new born piglets
Task 2: to determine the best inclusion level of the BEST supplement during lactation on viability and muscle development of low birth weight pigs
Task 3: to evaluate the long lasting effect of the dietary intervention during the lactation period on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality
17 AFBI PIG SEMINAR - 2015
Giuseppe Bee
FEED AND TREATMENTS
Dietary treatments: Control (Ctrl): Carnitine (CAR): 400 mg/d × piglet-1 (based on Lösel et al. 2011)
Arginine (ARG): 1.08 g/kg BW (based on Yao et al. 2008)
Whey powder 58.0%
Milk powder 28.0%
Ca-casein powder 6.2%
Lactose 3.6%
Glucose 0.7%
Dicalcium phosphohydrat 1.0%
DL-Methionine 0.1%
L-Lysin-HCI 0.1%
Mineral-vitamin premix 2.0%
Nutrients per kg DM
Crude protein, g 20.1
Crude fat, g 7.9
Lysine, g 1.76
Arginine, g 0.61
DE, MJ 15.1
18 AFBI PIG SEMINAR - 2015
Giuseppe Bee
EARLY WEANED PIGLETS
Originated from multiparous sows with a litter size ≥ 15 Birth weight ≤ 1.2 kgPiglets (n = 30) weaned at 7 d of agePairs of piglets reared for 21 d in boxes (see images)Feeding
6-times per d every 3 h from 07:00 am Feed residual daily determined
19 AFBI PIG SEMINAR - 2015
Giuseppe Bee
DETERMINED TRAITS
Growth performance
Morphometric measurements
Muscle characteristics
Average daily gainFeed intakeFeed efficiency
Carcass weightCarcass compositionWeight of
• Organs• Brain• Muscle (semitendinosus)
Myofiber size and numberMetabolic characteristics (LDH, CS, HAD activity)Expression of genes involved in muscle development
• IGF-I, myogenin, myoD1
Nutrient digestibilty
20 AFBI PIG SEMINAR - 2015
Giuseppe Bee
BODY WEIGHT DEVELOPMENT
BtW d 7 d 14 d 21 d 28
Body
wei
ght,
kg
0
1
2
3
4
5
6 Ctrl CAR ARG
*
+12%
21 AFBI PIG SEMINAR - 2015
Giuseppe Bee
AVERAGE DAILY WEIGHT GAIN
d 7 - 14 d 14 - 21 d 21 - 28 d 7 - 28
Aver
age
daily
wei
ght g
ain,
g/d
0
50
100
150
200
250Ctrl CAR ARG
*
22 AFBI PIG SEMINAR - 2015
Giuseppe Bee
FEED INTAKE
d 7 - 14 d 14 - 21 d 21 - 28 d 7 - 28
Aver
age
daily
feed
inta
ke, g
/d
0
100
200
300
400
500Ctrl CAR ARG
*
23 AFBI PIG SEMINAR - 2015
Giuseppe Bee
OXIDATIVE AND GLYCOLYTIC CAPACITY OF THE MUSCLE
TreatmentC CAR ARG SEM P-value
Dark portion of the STLDH / HAD 3.6 9.1 6.3 1.1 0.01LDH / CS 228.8 553.0 462.1 61.3 < 0.01
Light portion of the STLDH / HAD 7.3 11.6 14.6 1.6 0.02LDH / CS 321.3 529.4 904.2 81.6 < 0.01
24 AFBI PIG SEMINAR - 2015
Giuseppe Bee
FOLLOW UP EXPERIMENT
Same experimental design but with ad libitum feed intake
Body weight development
BtW d 7 d 28
Bod
y w
eig
ht,
kg
0
2
4
6
8Average daily weight gain
Day 7 - 28
g/d
0
150
200
250
TNF
Num
ber
of f
iber
s of
CS
A
0.0
2.0e+5
4.0e+5
6.0e+5
8.0e+5
1.0e+6
1.2e+6 LDH:CS
STMr STMw
Enzym
atic a
ctvity ratio
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Average daily feed intake
d 7 - 28
g powder/d
0
150
200
250
300
25 AFBI PIG SEMINAR - 2015
Giuseppe Bee
CONCLUSIONS
Increase in litter size increased number of underprivileged low birth weight piglets lower chance of survival
Low birth weight inefficient growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality
Artificial rearing with milk replacer reduce the mortality of low birth weight pigs
26 AFBI PIG SEMINAR - 2015
Giuseppe Bee
CONCLUSIONS
ad libitum access to a milk replacer low birth weight pigs from hyperprolific sows reach acceptable weaning
weights
L-arginine or L-carnitine supplementation enhance muscle maturation only numerical effects on growth performance
27 AFBI PIG SEMINAR - 2015
Giuseppe Bee
Thank you for your attention
Agroscope good food, healthy environment