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Faults & Topography

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Page 1: Faults & Topography. What’s a Fault? A fault is a break in the rock that makes up the Earth’s crust. The surfaces on either side of the break move past

Faults & Topography

Page 2: Faults & Topography. What’s a Fault? A fault is a break in the rock that makes up the Earth’s crust. The surfaces on either side of the break move past

What’s a Fault?

A fault is a break in the rock that makes up the Earth’s crust.

The surfaces on either side of the break move past each other, becoming displaced.

Page 3: Faults & Topography. What’s a Fault? A fault is a break in the rock that makes up the Earth’s crust. The surfaces on either side of the break move past

Types of Faults

Dip SlipsChange in vertical direction (up and down).

Normal Fault

Thrust Fault

Page 4: Faults & Topography. What’s a Fault? A fault is a break in the rock that makes up the Earth’s crust. The surfaces on either side of the break move past

Types of Faults

Strike SlipsChange in horizontal direction (side to side).

Left-lateral

Right-lateral

Page 5: Faults & Topography. What’s a Fault? A fault is a break in the rock that makes up the Earth’s crust. The surfaces on either side of the break move past

What Causes Faults?

Stresses and strains on the earth’s upper layers create breaks (faults) in the earth’s crust. These stresses are caused by things like:

• Plate boundary movements• Thermal expansion and contraction• Gravitational forces

To learn more about Plate Boundaries, click here.

Page 6: Faults & Topography. What’s a Fault? A fault is a break in the rock that makes up the Earth’s crust. The surfaces on either side of the break move past

Faults Across the Globe

Faults were found near Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia.

Page 7: Faults & Topography. What’s a Fault? A fault is a break in the rock that makes up the Earth’s crust. The surfaces on either side of the break move past

Faults Across the Globe

Faults possibly due to earthquake in 2004.

Page 8: Faults & Topography. What’s a Fault? A fault is a break in the rock that makes up the Earth’s crust. The surfaces on either side of the break move past

Faults Across the Globe

Page 9: Faults & Topography. What’s a Fault? A fault is a break in the rock that makes up the Earth’s crust. The surfaces on either side of the break move past

Faults Across the Globe

What kind of fault is this?

Page 10: Faults & Topography. What’s a Fault? A fault is a break in the rock that makes up the Earth’s crust. The surfaces on either side of the break move past

Faults Across the Globe

San Andreas fault in California occurred as a result of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake.

Page 11: Faults & Topography. What’s a Fault? A fault is a break in the rock that makes up the Earth’s crust. The surfaces on either side of the break move past

Topography

• Topography is the study of the earth’s surface.

• A Topographic Map is a representation of the earth’s 3-D surface on a flat piece of paper.

• Topographic Maps show important geographical features, landmarks, and land contours.

• Land contours are shown by contour lines.

Page 12: Faults & Topography. What’s a Fault? A fault is a break in the rock that makes up the Earth’s crust. The surfaces on either side of the break move past

Topographic Map

• Contour lines are curves that connect congruent points of the same altitude.

• Rules of Contour Maps:– The Rule of O’s– The Spacing of Contours– The Contour Interval

Page 13: Faults & Topography. What’s a Fault? A fault is a break in the rock that makes up the Earth’s crust. The surfaces on either side of the break move past

Topographic Maps

Contour Line

Page 14: Faults & Topography. What’s a Fault? A fault is a break in the rock that makes up the Earth’s crust. The surfaces on either side of the break move past

Topographic Maps

Page 15: Faults & Topography. What’s a Fault? A fault is a break in the rock that makes up the Earth’s crust. The surfaces on either side of the break move past

What are some major differences

between these topographic maps?

Page 16: Faults & Topography. What’s a Fault? A fault is a break in the rock that makes up the Earth’s crust. The surfaces on either side of the break move past

How’s It Used?

Can you think of some ways a topographic map might be used?

Topographic Maps are used in:– Geographic Planning– Architecture– Civil Engineering– Earth Sciences– Mining– Hiking


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