fate of specific pathogen indicator in extended...
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FATE OF SPECIFIC PATHOGEN INDICATOR IN EXTENDED AERATION
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT, UTHM
DR. NORSHUHAILA BlNTl MOHAMED SUNAR MASAYU BlNTl MASLAN
GERAN STG NO. VOT 1083
UNlVERSlTl TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
ABSTRACT
Pathogen indicators normally used in water quality indicator because large numbers of
the bacteria are always present in the faeces of humans, but are not naturally found in
water. Since these bacteria don't live long in water once outside the intestine, their
presence in water means there has been recent contamination through effluent
discharges or other sources. Like other enteric pathogens, a common mode of
transmission for E.coli is via contaminated water, food and by direct person to person
contact. Infection often causes severe bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and possibly
fever. In some cases, infection can lead to kidney failure and possibly death. In order to
evaluate the efficiency of extended aeration wastewater treatment plant (EAWWTP),
the microbial analysis such as enumeration of E.coli and total coliform were measured.
Besides, this study also involved the measurements of pH, turbidity, DO (Dissolve
Oxygen), BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) and
SS (Suspended Solid). This study summarized that each treatment process gives
important roles to overall efficiency of EAWWTP. The secondary treatment was proved
sufficient not only on reducing pathogen indicators but for all examined parameters.
Significantly, this study conclude that numbers of pathogen indicators discharges in
effluent meet the regulated standard guideline after treated through the EAWWTP.
ABSTRAK
Petunjuk patogen digunakan sebagai penunjuk kualiti air kerana sejumlah besar bakteria
sentiasa hadir dalam najis manusia, tetapi tidak secara semulajadi terdapat di dalam air.
Oleh kerana bakteria ini tidak hidup lama dalam air sekali di luar usus, kehadirannya di
dalam air bermaksud terdapat pencemaran yang hadir melalui pelepasan effluen atau
sumber-sumber lain. Seperti lain-lain patogen enterik, cara biasa penghantaran adalah
melalui air tercemar, makanan dan manusia kepada manusia secara langsung. Jangkitan
sering menyebabkan cirit-birit berdarah teruk, kram perut, dan mungkin demam. Dalam
beberapa kes, jangkitan boleh membawa kepada kegagalan buah pinggang dan
kemungkinan kematian. Dalam usaha untuk menilai kecekapan loji rawatan air sisa
pengudaraan lanjutan (EAWWTP), analisis mikrob seperti penghitungan E.coli dan
jumlah koliform diukur. Selain itu, kajian ini juga melibatkan ukuran pH, kekeruhan,
DO (Oksigen Terlarut), BOD (Keperluan Oksigen Biokimia), COD (Keperluan Oksigen
Kimia) dan SS (Pepejal Terampai). Kajian ini diringkaskan yang setiap proses rawatan
menyediakan peranan penting kepada keberkesanan keseluruhan EAWWTP. Rawatan
sekunder telah membuktikan bahawa bukan hanya mencukupi dengan mengurangkan
petunjuk patogen tetapi untuk semua parameter juga perlu diperiksa. Secara signifikan,
kajian ini menyimpulkan bahawa jumlah peiepasan penunjuk patogen dalam efluen
memenuhi garis panduan standard terkawal selepas dirawat melalui EAWWTP.
LIST OF TABLES
NO. TITLE
viii
PAGE
Table 2.1
Table 2.2
Table 2.3
Table 2.4
Table 2.5
Table 2.6
Table 2.7
Table 2.8
Table 3.1
Table 4.1
Composition of human feces and urine (Mara, 1994)
Typical composition of untreated domestic wastewater
(Metcalf and Eddy, 2004)
Typical of Organisms of Untreated Domestic
Wastewater (Metcalf and Eddy, 2007)
Typical and Number of Microorganisms of Untreated
Domestic Wastewater (Metcalf and Eddy, 2007)
Parameter Limits of Effluent of Standard A and
Standard B (Environment Quality Act, 1974)
The Interim Marine Water Quality Standard (IMWQS)
(DOE Report, 2006)
National Water Quality Standard for Malaysia (Source :
EQR2006)
Water Classes And Uses(Source : EQR2006)
Sample Concentration Range and COD Digestion
Reagent Vial Types
Parameter Standard (Parameter Limits of Effluents of
Standards A and B (DOE, 2006); National Water
Quality Standard for Malaysia (Source : EQR2006)
1.2 Problem Statement
Number of student at Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia is approximately near to
15,000 peoples. Large volume of untreated wastewaterif directly discharged into river it
will bring pollution to the river. The E.coli and total coliform are the harmful bacteria
contains in wastewater. The infection is coming into contact with the feces, or stool, of
humans or animals. This can happen when we drink water or eat food that has been
contaminated by feces. These pathogen can also spread from one person to another,
usually when an infected person does not wash his or her hands well after a bowel
movement. It can spread from an infected person's hands to other people or to objects.
The pathogens in wastewater need to remove before it will discharge into the stream.
People can become infected when a contaminated city or town water supply has not
been properly treated or when people accidentally swallow contaminated water while
swimming in a stream, lake, pool, or irrigation canal. This study is important because it
will give knowledge about the efficiencies EEWWTP to remove E.coli and total
coliform. Previously, water quality test at extended aeration wastewater treatment plant
UTHM just involved on physical and chemical parameters. Therefore this study is
carried to examine the biological contaminations by using specific pathogens indicato
1.3 Objective of the Study
The objectives of this study are:-
(i) To understand the process of EAWWTP specifically to biological
parameter.
(ii) To determine the efficiency of EAWWTP to remove pathogen
indicators.
(iii) To analyze the removal of E.coli and total colifom in EAWWTP.
1.4 Scope of the Study
Wastewater samples were collected from wastewater treatment plant at Universiti Tun
Hussein Onn Malaysia. The plant is a major treatment facility in UTHM, which process
wastewater was originating from campus and hostels area. Sample source collected at
every batch of extended aeration wastewater treatment plant. Characteristic of the
following parameters will be assessed:
i) PH ii) Turbidity
iii)DO (Dissolve Oxygen)
iv) BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand)
v) COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand)
vi) SS ( Suspended Solid)
vii) Enumeration of E.coli and total coliform
process is said to be in an aerobic environment and this process produces non-
objectionable, stable end products such as carbon dioxide (C02), sulphate
(So4) and nitrate (NO3). Processes without the presence of oxygen are said to
be in an anaerobic environment.
Therefore, the biochemical oxygen demand defined as the amount of
oxygen required by microorganism to oxidize organic wastes aerobically in the
presence of oxygen. It is often expressed in milligrams of oxygen required per
litre of wastewater (mg/L) although it may have various units. Most pristine
rivers will have a 5-day BOD below 1 mg/L. Moderately, polluted rivers may
have a BOD value in the range of 2 to 8 mg/L.
The total amount of oxygen that will be required for biodegradation is
an important measure of the impact that a given effluent will have on the
receiving watercourse. A standard practice to measure and report the depletion
of oxygen demand had been restricted to a five-day BOD, also known as
BOD5, is the total amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms during the
first five days of the biodegradation process.
ii) Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
The chemical oxygen demand (COD) test is commonly used to indirectly
measure the amount of organic compounds in water. Most applications of
COD determine .the amount of organic pollutants found in surface water (e.g.
lakes and river), making COD a useful measure of water quality. It is
expressed in milligrams per liter (mg/L), which indicates the mass of oxygen
consumed per liter of solution. Older references may express the units as parts
per million (ppm).
The COD test is more sophisticated and has more advantages than the
BOD5 test because the results are available within two and half hours instead
of five days. The test also has the capability of measuring organic material which is resistant to biological decay. The COD is used comprehensively in
evaluating the waste treatment processes for industrial wastes for which BOD5
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