fast water response tactics and uscg guides kurt a. hansen, p.e. (860) 441-2865
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U.S. Department of Transportation United States Coast Guard Research and Development Center Groton. Connecticut. Fast Water Response Tactics and USCG Guides Kurt A. Hansen, P.E. (860) 441-2865 [email protected]. Fast Water Response Project (1998-2003). Initial Assessment Field Tests - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
U.S. Department of TransportationU.S. Department of TransportationUnited States Coast GuardUnited States Coast Guard
Research and Development CenterResearch and Development CenterGroton. ConnecticutGroton. Connecticut
Fast Water Response
Tactics andUSCG Guides
Kurt A. Hansen, P.E.(860) 441-2865
Fast Water Response Project (1998-2003)
Initial Assessment Field Tests
– Columbia River– Martha’s Vineyard– New York Harbor
Ohmsett Tests– Off-the Shelf Skimmers– R&D Approaches– University of NH Skimmer
Reports– CG-D-18-99 “Control of Oil Spills in High Speed Current, A
Technology Assessment”– CG-D-01-02 “Oil Spill Response in Fast Currents, A Field Guide”– CG-D-02-03 “Evaluation of New Approaches to the Containment and
Recovery of Oil in Fast Water”– CG-D-03-03 “Oil Response in Fast Water Currents: A Decision Tool”– “Oil Response in Fast Water: A Training Video, September, 2003
Fast Water Field GuideCHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTIONCHAPTER 2. DECISION APPROACHCHAPTER 3. HYDRODYNAMIC CONSIDERATIONS Estimating currents and boom deflection angles Selecting the best control points considering flow and topography Determining forces on boom and the effects of mooring line anglesCHAPTER 4. SCENARIOS & TACTICSCHAPTER 5. BOOMING TECHNIQUESCHAPTER 6. SKIMMING TECHNIQUESCHAPTER 7. SPECIAL CONDITIONS/ALTERNATE TECHNIQUESCHAPTER 8. SUPPORT EQUIPMENT Mooring Systems and Techniques Boats & powering considerations and Aircraft Temporary Oil Storage: Floating & Land CHAPTER 9. SPECIALIZED METHODS AND TECHNIQUES
Decision GuideScenario Amplifying
InformationTactics Page
Rivers/Canals (Non-Tidal): Depth is greater than typical boom skirt depthMay have tidal influence, but current always goes in same direction
Current speed dependentVessel traffic dependent
Single Diversion BoomCurrent < 2 knots use boom skirt of 12 inchesCurrent > 2 knots use boom skirt 6 inches or less
13
Currents over 2 knots Cascading Diversion BoomUse short skirts, shorts boom lengths and sufficient overlap
17
Collection areas available on both sides
Chevron Booms Open for vessel trafficClosed if no traffic
18
Currents less than 2 knots and river is wide
Single Diversion BoomExclusion Boom for Sensitive AreasEncircle & Divert to Collection Area
131319
Sufficient room to maneuver
Skimmers for Collection 46
No Vessels Available Boom VaneFlow Diverters
4264
Special Conditions Air and Water Jets 61
Isolated Areas Sorbents and Pom-Poms 59
Maximum Boom AnglesThis reduces forces and stops entrainment Page 8
Based on critical escape velocity of 0.7 knots
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Boom Angle to Current (degrees)
Cu
rre
nt
Ve
loc
ity
(k
no
ts)
Flow Angle
Shoreline
Estimated Current SpeedCurrent Chip Log Appendix F
Time to Drift Velocity Velocity Velocity Max Boom Deflection
100 Feet (ft/sec) (m/sec) (knots) Angle
(seconds) (degrees)
6 16.7 5.1 10.00 4.0
8 12.5 3.8 7.50 5.4
10 10.0 3.1 6.00 6.7
12 8.3 2.5 5.00 8.0
14 7.1 2.2 4.29 9.4
17 5.9 1.8 3.53 11.4
20 5.0 1.5 3.00 13.5
24 4.2 1.3 2.50 16.3
30 3.3 1.0 2.00 20.5
40 2.5 0.8 1.50 27.8
60 1.7 0.5 1.00 44.4
>86 <1.2 <0.35 <0.70 90.0
Angle Measurement Page 8
X ANGLE1 45.02 26.03 18.04 14.05 11.06 9.57 8.08 7.010 5.720 3.030 2.0
Example: Angle = 14 degrees X = 4 Using boat length: Lay out 4 boat lengths of boom along the shore.Anchor boom end one boat length out from shore
1
X
ANGLE
Rivers/CanalsSite Selection Page 12
Preplanning is important
Select natural collection points
Sand Bars
Island
Eddy
Turbulence
Eddy
Com bined Faster F low C urrent
Restricted Flow FasterCurrent
O ilDeflectionBoom
O il Containm ent
Areas
Rivers/Canals Rivers/Canals (Tidal) Small Streams/Culverts Coastal
Techniques
Diversion Boom (single and cascade) Chevron Encircling Sealing (blocking and overflow and
underflow) Skimmers Air and Water Jets Sorbents (for special areas)
Diversion Boom
Double Boom
Cascade
Chevron
Tidal
Shoreline Seal
Culverts
Shoreline
Shoreline Cascade
Lower Level Inlets
Inlets
Variations
Variations (cont)
Boom Deflectors
Boom Vane
Boom Vane
Skimmers
VOSS NOFI V-Shape Inclined Plane Dynamic Inclined Plane (DIP 600) Rope Mop ZRV Expansion Weir Circulation Weir
NOFI and Others
Special Conditions
Ice Sorbent Applications Pneumatic Booms Water Jets Moored vessels Propeller Wash Log Booms Flow Diverters Debris
Special
Pneumatic Boom
1.3 Knot current for 5 SCFM/foot of pipe
Support equipment
Mooring Systems Shoreline Mooring Boats and Power Selection Temporary Storage
AnchoringTry to stay onshore
Anchoring
Boom Forces Page 9
For a 100 foot section of boom (draft of one foot) at two knots of current, the force is over 250 pounds.
No one can hold this amount
Light lines will be broken
Failures could also be submergence or skirt failure
Forces on Towed Boom
Current
Skirt Depth (knots)
(inches) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
4 0.03 0.11 0.24 0.42 0.66 0.95 1.30 1.69 2.14 2.65
6 0.04 0.16 0.36 0.64 0.99 1.43 1.95 2.54 3.22 3.97
8 0.05 0.21 0.48 0.85 1.32 1.91 2.59 3.39 4.29 5.29
12 0.08 0.32 0.71 1.27 1.98 2.86 3.89 5.08 6.43 7.94
Forces on Boom
F= K * A * V2
– K is Coefficient (1.7-4.7)– A is total boom area– V is speed in knots
Specialized Methods
Lessons learned Tricks of the Trade
Oil Spill Response in Fast Currents, A Field Guide”
APPENDICESA. Table and Worksheet for Fast Water ResponseB. DefinitionsC. Conversion TablesD. Processes Accelerated in Swift CurrentE. Cascade Tactic for Booming a River F. Current Estimation and Mooring Line IssuesG. Diversion Boom Mooring Line Force WorksheetH. Vector Analysis for Currents and WindI. Heavy OilsJ. Culvert CalculationsK. SafetyL. Technology AssessmentREFERENCES
Oil Spill Response in Fast Water Currents: A Decision Tool
Decision Charts Safety Drawings of Techniques Hydrodynamic Calculations
– Requirements– Forces
Mooring
Decision Charts
Safety
Hazard Injury Potential Control Slips, Trips and Falls
Broken limbs, lacerations, head injuries
Awareness, protective clothing, safety lines
Ergonomic Back injury, joint injuries, hernias
Proper lifting methods, lifting devices
Heat and Cold Stress
Frost bite, hypothermia, heat stroke
Proper clothing, nutrition, rest, & medical monitoring
Flammability – Fire & Explosion
Death, severe burns, broken limbs, loss of eyes
Awareness, proper ventilation, monitoring
Oil Toxicity Eye/skin irritation, nausea, dizziness, long term effects
Air monitoring, respiratory protection, gloves, coveralls
Line Hazards Death, loss of limbs & eyes, broken limbs
Adequate line strength, safety observer, knife available
Heavy Equipment Hazards
Damage to eyes, hearing loss, exhaust inhalation, cuts and abrasions
Eye and ear protection, secure loose clothing, stay clear of danger points/ exhaust
Water (drowning)
Critical - death, hypothermia
Consider the following: Don’t swim against
current, swim perpendicular
Swim on back, feet downstream
Use hands and feet to fend off obstructions
Do not tie rope around swimmer or rescuer
Angle rescue lines down current
Stay on upstream side of the line
Never clip into the line
Buddy System Life jackets Cold weather gear Fall restraints Life rings, boat
hooks Rescue boats Avoid waders Bicycle helmets can
be substituted for hardhats only if no overhead hazards exits
Avoid slip on fireman boots
Avoid loose clothing
Pictures
Shore
Direction of Oil
Boom
Hydrodynamic Calculations
Determine Max Deflection Angle – Min Boom Length – Lboom
Determine: Total Force on Boom – TboomTotal Number of Anchor Points –
AP#Length on Mooring Lines – D x 7=
LlineTension on Mooring Lines –
Tboom / AP# = Tline
Assess ResourcesAdjust as NecessaryDevelop Deployment Plan
Check Line Strength and Anchor Holding Power
Tline < Nominal Breaking Strength (Table 5)
Tline < Table 6 Value x Anchor Weight /100 lbs
Determine Current Speed (V in Knots) and Depth (D in Feet)
Figure 15
Table 4
Table 5 andTable 6
Determine Max Deflection Angle – Min Boom Length – Lboom
Determine: Total Force on Boom – TboomTotal Number of Anchor Points –
AP#Length on Mooring Lines – D x 7=
LlineTension on Mooring Lines –
Tboom / AP# = Tline
Assess ResourcesAdjust as NecessaryDevelop Deployment Plan
Check Line Strength and Anchor Holding Power
Tline < Nominal Breaking Strength (Table 5)
Tline < Table 6 Value x Anchor Weight /100 lbs
Determine Current Speed (V in Knots) and Depth (D in Feet)
Figure 15
Table 4
Table 5 andTable 6
Worksheet
Time to Drift 100 Feet (Seconds
)
Velocity (Knots)
Max Boom
Deflectio
n Angl
e (Degrees
)
Boom Leng
thRequired
for 100 ft.
Profile to Current
(feet)
T=Total Force on Boom (pounds)
(without Waves) K=2per 100 ft. of boom length
Total Force on Boom (pounds)(with Waves) K=4
per 100 ft. of boom length
Anchors if
Placed every
50 ft.or less
6 inch boom draft
12 inch boom
draft
18 inch boom
draft
6 inch boom
draft
12 inch boom
draft
18 inch boom
draft
100 0.5 90 100 25 50 75 50 100 150 3
60 1.0 45 150 71 141 212 142 282 424 4
40 1.5 30 225 112 225 338 224 450 676 6
30 2.0 20 300 137 274 410 274 548 820 7
20 3.0 13 450 202 405 607 404 810 1214 10
15 4.0 10 625 284 567 851 568 1134 1702 14
12 5.0 8 725 348 696 1004 696 1392 2008 16
10 6.0 7 875 438 877 1316 876 1574 2632 18
River Example
River Width 600 feet 1000 feet
Maximum Angle 10 Deg
Boom Length 3750 feet
Force on Boom6” draft 170412” draft 3402
Chip Log Time 15 sec 40 sec
45 Deg
2250 feet
Force on Boom6” draft 112012” draft 2250
Questions?
Reports at
www.rdc.uscg.gov
Lessons Learned Pages 78-80
Buoys on permanent anchors can get stolen Use the smallest rope possible to reduce drag Use mechanical devices such as Grip Hoist, Come-
Alongs and Handgrips to facilitate deployments Loop of rope can be used in lieu of grippers Roll up skirt during deployment in high currents Shorter boom sections and shorter bridles make
handling easier
Reports at www.rdc.uscg.gov