farming systems zones in agricultural research and planning: lessons from pemba

8/14/2019 Farming Systems Zones in Agricultural Research and Planning: Lessons from Pemba

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MINISTRY OF'AGRICULTURE, LTVESTOCKAND NATURAL RESOURCES

ZANZTBAR CASrr CROPSFARMTNGSYSTEMSPROJECT(ZCCFSP)

paperpreparedfor the ZARCAnnusl ResearchReviewmeetingZanzibar.14-15November1995

FARMING SYSTEMSZONESIN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCHAND PLANNING ;Lessonsrom Pemba

BY: ZCCFSPPembaHamadi Masoud AliMartin WalshRupert Woods eds)

ZCCFSPPO BOX 2283Zg;nzib,J.Telephone fax: (054)33121


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FARMING SYSTEMSZONES N AGRICULTURAL RESEARCHAND PLANNING: LESSONSFROM PEMBA

IntroductionThis paperdescribes rogressmadesince he last ZARC AnnualResearchReviewmeetingn May 1994whenZCCFSPpresentedts Proposed armingSystems onesfor Ungujaand Pemba n a paperby Khatib MohammedKhatib. It outlines hereasons or the adoption of a zonal classification,and describes he ongoingdevelopmentof this on Pemba, where close collaborationbetween differentdepartmentsn the Ministry@ALNR) has aken he processurther han on Unguja.Theadvantagesf thisapproacho agriculturalesearchndplanning, ndsomeof thedifficultiesnvolved n furtherdeveloping nd mplementingt, are summarisedn theconcludingections.

Why FarmingSystems ones?The slands f Pemba ndUngujahave raditionallyeachbeendividedby agriculturalresearchersnto two broadagro-ecologicalones: the plantationareasand he coralrag. Thissimple lassificationf Zannbar'sarming esourcesasbeenusedsince hecolonial period, and still providesresearchersnd otherswith a quick and easyframework or conceptualising ajor land use differences. More recentresearch,however, ndicateshat the plantation coral rag distinction ails to describe heincreasingomplexity ndgeographicaliversityof farmingsystemsFS) n Zannbar,especiallys hese avedevelopedver hepast wo decades.On Pemba, or example, here is a very obviousdifferencebetween arming inMakangale nd farming n Mwambe,which the old classification oes not capture.Thisdifferences all the moreapparentwhen actors ike the organisation f labourand marketingn eachof theseareasare also aken nto account. Examples uchasthis canbe multipliedacross oth slands.Thenewclassificationf Zaruibar'sarmingsystems onesdeveloped y ZZCFSPn collaboration ith otherdepartmentsf theMinistry@ALNR) representsrefinement f the raditional lassificationhich akesaccount f all of these actors.Thisdoesnot meanhatagro-ecologicalariables avebeengnored.The newclassificationncorporates,or example, befferunderstandingof Zarwbar'ssoil types andtheir fertility thanhas beenavailablen the past. Theemphasis,however, is upon farming systemsas a whole, and this includesconsideration f both on- and oFfarm components, nd how theseare evoMngtogether.Thisclassificationasnot beendevelopedor the sakeof classificationlone. Oneofthe principalaimsof producing ucha classifications to help rationalise griculturalresearchndensurehat t is more n tunewith the needs f farmers' hemselves. imeand moneycan be saved f researchs targettedas effectivelyas possible,and the

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carefuldistribution f researchites o hat heoutputs romthemcangeneralisedithbetter confidences one way of achievinghis. Given that the vast majority ofZandbar'sactiveagriculturalesearchersre he farmershemselves,hen his shouldalsomeanhat heireffortsarebetterserved, nd heMnistry betterplacedo respondto them. Indeedthe FS zones hemselveswere first drawn up and have beenprogressivelyefined as a consequence f participatoryresearchwith farmersconducted y ZCCFSP hrougha seriesof villagePRASand its ongongwork withFarmerResearch roups FRGS).The FS Zonesare also ntendedo serveas a planningool for the Ministry. Theexistingstructure f the Ministrydoesnot alwaysacilitatecoordinated lanning, ndthis hampersts ability o respond fficientlyo farmers'needs.Someof the Ministry'sactivities,especiallyts extension ervices, re organised round he administrativehierarchy,with particularemphasispon district-levelnstitutions. Other activities,including most ongoing research, are conducted on a project-by-project,subject-by-subject,nd often crop-by-cropbasis, As a result planners andimplementersend to deal with isolatedpiecesof Zamibar's armingsystemsatherthan hewhole,and armers'needs ften receive o more hanpartialattentionn theprocess. This lack of an integratedapproachs alsoclearlywasteful n terms ofresources. As a tool for improvingparticipatoryplanning, he FS zonesare notdesignedo replaceexisting nstitutionalarrangements,ut simply o facilitate greatercoordination,y focusing ttention nthe needs f farmers s hese ary rom one areato another.

TheProcess n PembaFarmingsystems re fluid. They changeover time, as do the notionalboundariesbetweenhem. The simplestule to follow in drawingup boundariess that the on-and oflfarm activitiesof most farmerswithin a zoneshouldconform o a generalpatternwhichcanbe readilydistinguishedrom the pattern dentifiedn other zones.TheFSzones scurrently efined epresent compromiseetween ver-generalisation(i.e.plantation s coral agagriculture) ndover-differentiatione.g.between ifferentvillages). Practicalas well as analyticconsiderationsave nfluencedhe degreeofzonaldifferentiation.Wider patternsand more ocaliseddifferences o, of course,exist,butparticipatoryplanning t eitherendof this spectrumwouldbe nappropriatefor oneor otherof the two munparticipants,.e. he Ministryand armershemselves.Following he 1994Review,henumber f FS zonesdentifiedon Pembawas reducedfrom 8 to 5, includingone zonewith two sub-divisions.The numberof zonesonUnguja emained onstantat 4, one of whichwas also subdividednto two. Thesezoneswere henpresentednddiscussedn separate orkshops, ne for each sland,Although ts conclusions ere positive, he Unguja workshopdid not generate nyfollow-up. The Pembaworkshop,whichwas attended y a wide rangeof Ministrystaffonthe sland,provedmoresuccessfulrom thispointof view. At the endof theworkshopt wasagreedhat thecommentsndconclusionsf the participantshouldbe writtenup and submittedo a workinggroupcomprising epresentativesf eachactivedepartmentn Pemba ndcoordinatedy ZCCFSP.


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This working group met for the fust time on 24 Novemb r 1994 o consider hedefinitionand boundaries f the zones n the light of commentseceivedand theknowledge f thedepartmentshey epresented. s a result he 5 zoneswereretained,but someof theirboundaries erechanged nd heir numberingmodified. A secondmeetingwas held n Decembern whicheachdepartmentutlined ts existingactivitiesin each one. Subsequentiscussionocused pon he need o definea programme ffurther esearchnthe zones ndmake ecommendationsor theiruse. 11wasdecidedthat he most ruitful approach ouldbe o beginby collatingmore nformation nd oexaminehe principalconstraints ndopportunitiesor agriculturen eachzone. Aseries f regularmeetings ideallyoneevery wo months)was thereforeproposed,oexamine achof the 5 zonesn turn.To datemeetings avebeenheldon 4 of Pemba's zones.Most of thesehavebeenwell-attended, nd haveseensome ively discussion nd debate. One of the mostuseful aspectsof them has been the exchangeof informationbetweendifferentdepartmentsbout heiractivities nd esearch roposals, nd he closercollaborationwhich his hasgenerated.A lot of extra nformationon the zonesand heir principalfeatures asbeenpresented,nd his s in theprocess f beingcompilednto a handouton the zoneswhichsupercedesn earlierversion a sample raft is appendedo thispaper). Moreover, this work has produceda collectiveunderstanding f theagricultural roblems ndpotential f Pembawhich s not limited o anyoneor areaordepartmental peciality. The delineationof the zoneshas assistedZCCFSP inorganisingts work with FRGs, n decidingwhere o locatenewgroupsandgivinganindicationof the extent to which their outputs can be generilised. The FRGprogranrmeasalsobeenconductedn collaboration ith otherdepartments,nd heresultsof this farmer-participatoryesearch avebeen ed backdirectly nto the FSzoneanalysis.

Strengths f the FarmingSystems onesApproachTo summarise,he newclassificationf FS zonesand he ongoingwork in developingthisapproachnPemba anbe said o havehe ollowingstrengths:o it provides a better classificationof Zanzibar'scontemporaryFS than thetraditional lantation coral agdistinction oeso it providesa readymadeand cost-effective ramework for coordinatingandtargettingon-farm esearch

it can unctionasan mportantool in participatory gricultural lanningits canhelpstrengthenhe Mnistry's capacityo respondo farmers'needs ndactas a facilitatorof agriculturaldevelopment


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o it fosters nter-departmentalollaborationwithin the Ministry and more efficientuseof its limited esources

SomeConstraintso Further ImplementationAt the same ime, t shouldbepointedout that therearesomeobviousconstraintsothe furtherdevelopment f the FS zonesapproach. The fact that the processhasstalledon Unguja s one ndication f this. Experienceo dateon Pemba uggestshatthese onstraintsncludehe ollowing:o the relevance f FS zones o somedepartments,.g. isheries,s not immediatelyapparent,glven their focus on particularactivitiesand technologieswhich cut

across oneso a zonalapproach oesnot blendwell with the currentworkingpractices f somedepartments,.g. extension, ho havedeveloped structure ndependentf thembut linked o the administrativeierarchv

if resources re scarce, here s a danger hat somezoneswill be seenas moredeserving f them hanothers,eadingo regionalnequalitiesn distributionotherministries, ,g.LandsandEnvironment, avenot participated irectly n theprocess f developingheFS zonesapproach, ndmightquestionts relevanceotheir ownconcernswithin MALNR the processof developinghis approach till reliesheavilyuponZCCFSP,and t is sometimeseen wrongly)as he 'property' of the projectandtherefore f limiteduse o others

ConclusionIn conclusion,he FS zonesapproach asconsiderableotential,but thereremainanumberof obstacleso its further development nd implementation.Most of theconstraintsdentifiedabove eflect he currentstructureandpractices f the Ministry.In this context t is all too easyor thepurposes ndapplication f a zonalapproachobe misunderstood.As notedearlier, he FS zonesare a potentiallyuseful ool foragriculturalesearch ndplanning. Theiruse n this way doesnot entailany majorreorganisation,ut merelyclosercollaboration etweendepartments ndtheir moreeffective ntegrationn participatoryesearch rograrnmesnd the planningprocess.Thepotential enefits f this, n termsof appropriatenessf research,he developmentof a more armer-responsiveinistry,and moreefficientuse of scarce esources,aroutweighhe costs. The recognitionanduse of FS zones s not the only meansoachievehesegoals. More importanthan he tool itself s the thoughtbehind t: theneedo develop moreparticipatory pproacho agricultural esearch ndplanningnZannbar.


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PN,MBA rARMING SYSTEMSZONES

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Draft asat 5/11/95PEMBA ZONBT

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SUMMARYDESCRIPTIONPenninsularf land o the northof ngezi orest.pro-dl_clionf foodcrops esp.sweelpotatoes),andMicheweni.

Sandy oil, some oral ag. CommercialManymainlanders,lso armersrom TumbeBASEDATAArea 16sq crn 35sqKm with ngezi orest)Fopulation 3,039 1988 ensus)3,738 1995est@ 3Yoanrual rowth)Population ensity ?33 * (lne r4-.ngure s.probablymuchhigheras herearemanythrmersiom Micheweni.)Topography Flat, ow-lying.No ricevalleys.Soils Coral ag ype soilswith highsand ontent.Thinred soils o thewestanddeepsandy oils o theeastof the road.poor moistureretention.Moderateertility,but manyareas renow exhausteddue o continuousultivation.Most of the and o thewest s open(notrees)and here s little replacementf organicmattern theseareas.Rainfall 1,600-1,70p_mm-p.a.easonableistribution, aindryperiodsJanuaryo March. Receivemore ain rom Julv o Octoberhanotherareas f Pemba.Infrastructure TransportPoorroadaccess,o regularpassengerehicle.Most transport yoxcart.Other3 fishingharbours,.Animalealthandproductioncentre AI andveterinary ervices),ip (notcurrently sed),hotel (undeiconstruction).List of villages Makangale,Tondooni, VeraniListofblocks KondeHISTORYPre19401940-60s1970s

Thepresent.day $angalewascalledMsukaMjini, apopurationentre,possibly atingback o the l4th Century.Theareawasconsideredo havepoor


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t, . 1990s Someof the mainlandersave eturnedo themainland,ut peopleromMicheweni reaaremovingn to find and or foodcropping.Sweetpotatoyields allingdramatically ue o exhaustion f the soil. Somearmersurningto production f groundnuts.LAND TENURESYSTEMSTherearemany anddisputes ecause ostof the and s ownedby peopleiving n Msukaareaandnot by the occupiers f the and. In someof the caseshe occupier asbeen old thattheycan:purchasehe and;plant reecropsanddivide he areawith theowner;or move.Anothercause f landdisputes thatpeoplerom Micheweni realsomoving o Makangaleandborrowing and northern art). Theuncertaintiesf landownership robably xplainshelackof treesn muchof this area outsideheprotectedorest).Someof the currentholdingsare argeand n excess f 20 acres.There s a 39hagovt.rubberplantation t Makangale.Ngezi orest s some1,400ha.LAND USE SYSTEMSMakangales a commercialarmingarea. Sweetpotatoes re hemaincash rop. Hiredlabour s regularly sed.Formerlyareaswere ested or I year+,nowmost and susedcontinuously hichhas esultedn yield eductions.Thereare hreemain and ypes:Coralrag soilsLargeopenareaso the westandnorthernip. Deep edcoral agsoils,some hinnerpatches.Mainsweetpotatoarea. Alsosome assava. ew rees.SandysoilsAreaclose o Makangale ndTondooni illages.Coconuts, ocoyams,weetpotatoes,groundnuts,rees manyneemAzadirichtandica reesnear o village).Some ananasndvegetablesear o houses.Forest areaProtected reas.FOODCROPSCassava nd sweetpotatoesarethe main food and cashcrops.Hired labour is regularlyused.Maize was an important crop, but now less s grown due to-declining soil fertilityCassava \tlostly- rown n sandy oilsnear o the villages.Mainplantingimeis masika, sa solecrop. Alsoplantedn mchoowith sweetpotato.Mainvarieties reKibiriti mweusi ndmwekunduJawawasimportant, utnow ittleused).Mainproblems recassavapestsmealy ug,mites),whichhave esultedn acuteplantrngmaterial hortages.Sweetpotato See nder ash ropsOther oodcrops Maize,cocoyams,ananas,egetablos,itrusCASHCROPSSweetpotatois the main cashcrop for this area. Large quantitiesare sent o Wete, Chake andother areas. Coconuts,cassava ndgroundnutsare minol cashcrops.Sweetpotato Somenlantedn May to multiplyplantingmaterial.Mainplantingseasonromendof June o July(earlyplanting)andAugust/September.(latelanting).Usuallygrownasa monocropon the easternoral agarea. Manyvarieties,ncluding Ikerewe,

Mpumbaw,Shangazi, umaini.Lessproblemshancassava,utsome roblep*ith poorsoil ertilityand nsectpests eatplantingmaterial).Plantingmaterial btainedrom Konde/lvlsuka.


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Groundnuts Becomingmore mportant.Plantedmainlyn masika ndmchoo,some n vuli. Planted .s olecrop or wittrcassava n sandy oils.Two types, edandwhite.LIVESTOCKChickens ndcattle. Chickensslqllyin rangeof 10-20perhousehold, attleup to 20,butTanyhouseholds.haveo 9?1lle.Big disease roblems i startof masika,Graziirgmosily nforgslareas, razing,availabilityotiaid to be aproblem.Wateravailabilitys mo1e f a"problem..Apprgxr60 cross-brednimals, ut number f animals oing or AI hasdeclined.Tend o de-stock1ellanimals)n dry season.Not much nterest-nmilt< roduction.Manyox-carts._2pairsof draftoxen. Cow manureittleused-animals ept n iorestareas ndnbtkraaled.Little opporhrnityo expandivestock umber.FISHERIES]-fishing9arryl @ago):Veraniand-Vumawimbi. lso fishing or majongooseaslugs).Mostof the ishermenome romMcheweni. There s a beach ecorherlasedat Veiairibeach.Catch s declining.Somereshwater akes n or near o the orestwith catfish(Kambari) nd5 otherspecies,ut ittleexploited.FORESTRYForestrySection reworking g irqpqovetatus fNgezi Forest.Settingup nformationcentre,naturerails, emoval f.Msisi forestcoloniser).Encouragingie-keeping someloans).Someplantingof casuarinay farmers.OFF.FARMINCOMEFew oflfarm activities. Somego fishing.Sources Fishing,makutiand ime-makingImportance fAgriculture Agricultures the mainsource f employmentLABOUR INFORMATIONLabourhiring s common or both menandwomen.women noriceor processing).Busiest eriod romMarch o November.

Thereare ew abour asksspecifioo

CONSTRAINTSDeclining oil ertilityIncreasing opulationLand enureconstrainto treeplanting)Declining weetpotatoyieldsAvailabilityof plantingmaterialor cassavandsweetpotatoPests ncassavandsweetpotato,OPPORTUNITIES

acreageor foodcrops, ackofAgroforestry@utconstraintsf land enure, educedfamiliarity)*Rotationwith leguminousrops.*Betteruseof animalmanure ncrops kraaling?)tFreshwater isheries


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tlnvolvement of local people n Ngezi+Tourism-bu! may well havenegativeeffect (take land, ittle local employment)*Milk, vegetableand fruit production (if demand rom tourist hotels) -MALNR ACTIVITIES* Rubberplantationi Forestryhavebeenworkingwith localpeopleon forestry esourcemanagementndprivatenursery upport,* AI services t Makangale, ip (unused).


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Draft as at23l7l9SPEMBA ZONB3SI'MMARY DESCRIPTIONThelargeqt onecomprising orth-west, entralandsouthern artsof the slandromKondeto Mkoani. Deepsoilsandhigh ainfall.Hills and icevalleys.Clovebasedarmingsystem.VARIATION WITHIN ZONEThe ollowingare hemainvariationswithin zone3',Bopweclove areasThe maincloveareas.Steep ills,dense loveplantations,icevalleys.Heaviest oncentrationof clovesareareas orth-west f Wete,Dayafiv{tambwerea,Piki areaandmostof the are4southof Chanjamjawiri.CoastalbeltA stripof sandy oilson the coast. Fewclove rees,morecoconuts nd ruit trees.Gando,Ukunjwi,Mtambwe,Makongeni, undaua,Watrbaa,Michenzani, hokocho, engeja.SandyuplandsoilsT.ess illy,variable andy oilswith smallareas f ndambaheathland).Cloves n patches nthe more ertilesoils.Largeropenareas, sed or food cropping.Konde,Matangatuani,ule,Shumb,Finya,Pandani,Mzambarau, Ziwam,Gombani,Wawi.ChakeareaHeavier clay)soils n theareasurrounding hake, own o Chanjamjawiri. essclove rees.BASE DATAArea 519 qkmPopulation 149,6181988 enzus)184,010 1995est.@ 3oloncreaseerannum)49,742 (1995est.urban opulation)Population density 354people ersqkm Total urban rural),1995st259people ersqkm Rural,1995 stimate.Topography Steep illsandvalleysn thesouthandnorthwest. Flatter ncentralandnorthern artof zone Konde-Shumba-Pandani-Ziwani-Wawi).SoilsThe. oilsareveryvariable.Thesoil mapof Carlton 1955) s misleading,t showsadistinction etween gpwe,UtasiandSemi-Utasioils.Farmers o nofrecognisehe words'Utasi'or 'Semi-Utasi'and Bopwe'is usedo meanhecloveareasn gerreril.Also hevariation s sogreat hat t wouldbeverydifficult o realisticallyhowgeographicalboundariesf tiresoil ypes.-Thesoil niapshouldherefore e usedaia r6ughguideonly.Themainsoil ypeswithinthis zoneaccordingo J.Bennett,OIRI soil consufaniy1994)-we:Bopwesoils'.Truncated_soilsntanyqyelsor horizons verlyingeachother,distinctchanges etweenhorizons)Surface rgaru.c_lqyerndshallow,well-structuredub-soil verlyi-ngeep,soft,weathering arentmaterialfury.) Below hesurfacehe structuresusually layey, ut otherproperties uchascolour,deptho parentmaterial,mottling n parentmaterial revery


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variable.Farmersecognize ifferentypesof fuwe,someof whicharesaid o begood or bananasndtreecropsandothers redcolour)aresaid o be nfertile.Sandyupland soils:Thecommon rofile s of coarse ver iner extureandpaleoverbrightercolours.Variesfrom loamy.sandversandy oam o sandyoamover lay. Surfacicolours ary rom grey obrown,brightercoloursat depth increaseillay). Some6avempeded rainage ndshow-mottlingat- epth.Thechang,esith depthcanoccur apidlyat shallowdepth-ormoregraduallyhroughoutheprofile. Often-similaro coastalmiifutifusoils,bit mtifutifusoilstend o havedeeper andyopsoil.Yalley soils:MLnly dark,heavy racking laysoils. In some reas edimentationf sand,washedromcultivated lopes, s occuring n the valleys.Soil ertilityof zone3 soils s low to moderate ndusuallydepends ntheparentmaterials ndtheamountof organicmattern tlrg opsoil. Usuallydefi6ienfn Nitrogen nd Phosphatendoften n Potash.These oilsareall veryacidandaluminiumoxicity n thesub-soilssuspectedo_be proplqm prevents enetrationf rootswhichefficts uptakeof nutrients ndcan nducephysiolggrgalrought). Without he nutrientcyclingof trees, hese oilswouldQgickly ecomenfertile. fhus for long ermsustainabilityitrereitt hav6o be a combinationof treeandannual rops agroforestry).Physical tructure f theBopwe-andplandsoils susuallygoodand hese oilsareverysuilable ortree crops,exceptwherehere s impeded rainqgeegascaused y certainypesof fu-we^atepth)- hese mpeded rainage reaiarevery ndrtileind certain lgetation iusually ound growing.lhere egmibura, Mcherewaji typeof fern)). Wheredeepsandytopsoilsoccur hese oils end o dryout quickerandarb-usuallyeds ertile. TheBopwesoilsareveryprone o erosion.Sedimentationf sand l-thp valleyareass amajorproblem.Thevalleys ecomenfertileanddo not retainwater,which s verybad or rice armiirg.Rainfall 1,600o l,900mm .a.Heavymasikaains, uli rainsmoredependablehan n otherzones.Infrastructure Thiszonecontainshe major owns-ChakeandWete.Transportl)Ieafuall villages re oundnear o the roads ribbondevelopment)Manyof thesecondaryoadsareseriouslydeterioratingnd making ehicleaccess problem.Villigesnear

to themain oadsarewell-servicedy vehicleransport.Slmesecondarygadghaveoccassionalassengerehicles roadsoGando,.P*!*i, Shumba, itongoji,Pujini,Ukutini,'Chambani,Kgngqni).Areaswith verypoor ransport ccessncludeYJapbryepqlunsular,Wesha, undaua,Wambaa,Mgelema,Chokocho, iwani,Makombeni).Donkeys recommonly sed nthemost emoteareas illyareas ndoxcirts n the lattei areas.NurseriesGovernment urseries t KondeandChanjaaniforestry),Weni,Piki,Chanjaani, katamaini, igope Mamlaka).Someprivatenurseriesevelopingmostlycoconuts)Gando,Pandan,Ziwani


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Agricultural stations in use)!{atangalqani,Wesha,Weni(Research); akuwe Marnlaka);Kigope,Msaani Agriculture).LivestockseryicesAnimalHealthandProduction entres:main)Konde,Wete,Chake,Mkoani. minor)Mtambile,KengejaA.I.: (main):Wete,Chake, onde,Mtambile;(minor):Shidi,Kengeja, hanjamjawii+ othersPermamentull centres: angani,Kengeja,Mzambarauni,Matangatuani,ondeSlaughter ouses:Wete,Chake,Mkoani.Cattleauction:Chake everyMondayandFriday)Irrigated rice valleysMangwena,Fi sheriesanding sitesWete,GandoOtherTowns.Ports.Wawi distillerv.Listofvillages Gando,Konde,Shumba yamboni, inya,Pandani,Mgogoni,W.1., Mfambwe,Dayu,tfwondwe, Mlianjuni, Pki, Sr'anlafu,Kisiwani,Ziwam,Mchangawa kwale,Mkoroshoni,Chak-e,]l_dag-oni,esha,Kilindi, Chanjamjawiri,hungi,NgwachaniWambaa,Mgelema,Chonga,Mgagadu,Mtambile,Kengeja,Mj mbini,Kangani,Mbuguani,Mkanyageni, hidi,Chokocho,Makombeni,MkoaniList of blocks Gando,Konde, Shumba,Pandani,Mtambwe, Utaani, Piki,1iw aru,Chachani,Wawi, Chonga,Kilindi, Wambaa,Mzingani,Uweleni, Mtambile,Kiwani, Kengeja,Mkanyageni,KanganiLAND TENURESYSTEMSA land egistration ilot exercise asstartedn Pemban 1993?with theassistancef Finnida.It isasaetuncertainwhetherhisexercise ill be carriedout for thewhole slandandwhat, fanydifferencet will m{e. Registration f all andwouldprobablyake n excess f l0-llIealsj Thebiggest-landssues thatof 3 acre and. This s avery o[tical issueandnodecisionslave etbeenakenaboutchanginghecurrentawsc6nierninghis and. Theresconsiderablyess3-acreand n Pemba ompared ith Unguja.Cloveareas* Mosllypriya{eheld and,but some3 acre andandsome argeareas ndergovernmentcontrol agricultural tations ndGovernmenthambas).* Most householdsavesome love rees,often n several lots. In the esspopulous reas(egMrambwe,Mgelema,Mtambile)manyplantationsre ir excess f 150 r'eeiandmaysometimesxceed thousandrees.I Many plantation wn9r..sive-awayrom heirplots, n otherpartsof Pemba r in Unguja. Inthese ases,managers"(usuallyeiatives) resbmetimesmpioyed homayget aprip6rtionof the harvestn return or lookingafter_therees-his may ikeihe formof kJepin! hi clovesin theyearsof smaller arvest. S-omebsent wners eturn o organiseheclovbhirvest nthegoodyears ofteq e$eg out)qndmayalsogivepermissiono-rpeoplen thevillage oplant ood cropson the and, o helppreventheclove rees romb6ingovergrown iforest.


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* Most householdssesorne orrowed and or foodcrops. This susuallydoneasarationalisationxcerciseather hanbeingdue o landshortage.Themain easonsorborrowingarethat hehouseholdsrivat-eandmaybe a onf way fromthe village;or,becauseheprivatelandmayhavemany reesandpeopleprefer o borrow moreoilen'landoplglt fogdcrops. Theresno paymentor borrovring-planatationreas.*Oftentherecanbesome carcity f landavailableiorbonowingclose o thevillage, essfood cropsare_planted!l areaq way romthe villagedue o proSlemsf theft andm6nkeys.+Jointownershipfamily and shambaa ukoo) scommon.r No investments maden 3 acre and egplantingof trees)due o the doubtsaboutownership. his and seitherused or food-cropping, r it isnot usedat all. Sometimesventhe clovesarenot harvested.* Buyrngandsellingof landoccurs, ut s notvery common.Riceand*.Ricevalleysarealsoprivatelyowned. Ofetn he valleys elong o the adjoining loveplantations,ut this s notalwayshecase,i fF inigated icevalleysareadministeredy WaterUseAssociationsJamuhiya),whodecide n seasonalllocation f the and.t Borrowingof riceplotsoccurs, ut s notcommon.* Most householdsn this zonehavesome ice and.LAND USE SYSTEMlTtrerea.remanyvariationswithin this zone,depending ainlyon soiltypes, ainfallandpopulation ressure.The ypical andusesystansare:ClovebasedCloveswith cassavandbananasn openareas.Monkeyproblemoften imits ypesof cropsthat canbegrown n theseareas.Manycloveareas re eturningo bush. Very ittleinvestments made n theseareas, lthough here s a lot of potentialor diversification.RicevalleysRain e! or irrigated..Manyareprone o floodingduringmasika.Most of the rainfed alleysareunderdeveloped,n manyonlyrice sgrown onecropperannum).Village homegardehs!rrea19r alietyof crops,multi-storey ropping,nclude: itrus,mbirimbi, ose-apple,breadfruit, ananas,egetables,ocoyam, oconuts, assava,weetpotato,pigeonpeas,cinnamon, lackpepper, enna, omegranate,angoes,ackfinrit, apaya.FOODCROPSCassava,ananas,readfruit nd iceare he main oodcrops.Cocoyams,weetpotatoes,cowpeas nd ruitsarealso mportant.Cassava Gtoy! on ridges in sandy r wetterareas) r moundsonheavyland,slopes r between love rees). Manydifferent arieties.Someproblems fmosaicvirus,mealybug and otting(in rains),butlessserious omparedo otherzones.Bananas Mostlyplanted ear o villages ndaround alleys.Mainvarietiesare:Pukusa,mkonowa tembo,Mzltrzu, ijikazi,mtwike. Problemof blacksigatoka, speciallyftermasikaains.Alsoweevilsandnematodesroblemsextentof nematode roblems not known).


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r !i (

Rice Non-irrigated valleysManydifferent arieties, ut ringaandkijivuli are hemostcommonvarieties5-6monthduration).Mainproblems re: looding,birds,monkeys nd imelycultivation(manydelay nanual ultivafionowait for tractors).Very abour ntensive, rownonly or homeconsumption.Irrigated2 cropsperyear. IRRI short ermvarieties sed.PestproblemsegHispa).Breadfruit Irnportant oodsource,when n season, ain seasonsre anffeb,Jur/Jul.Grownnear o houses,No pestanddiseaseroblems.Cheapood.CASH CROPSCloves, ananasndcassavare hemost mportant ash rops. Cloveshavedeclined,bananasndcassavare ncreasingn importance.Manyotherminorcash rops. This zonehas hegreatest otentialor cash rop diversification, ut mostof therecent-cashcropdevelopmentsavebeen n otherzones.This s themost conservative'zone.Cloves Decliningn importance ue o fallingprice. As a result: educedweedcontrol, ess eplanting, geingreepopulation,moremonkeys.Playsan mportantole n soil maintenanceerosion ontrolandadditionof organicmatter).Otherspice rops Importancearieswith locationbut still ona smallscale.Blackpeppermostcommon.FORESTRYThiszonehas hegreatest ensity f trees.Mostof the reesareplanted, ut there ssecondary ush egrowth n manycloveareas.Firewoodandpoles or buildingareabundantin mostareas.Mostofthe main imberspeciesmvule,mtondoo,mkungu)havebeenheavilyexploited ndonly ewremain.Wild treesareoftenconsideredo be ree-for-all. Thiszone sgurrgntly reatedas ow prioritybyForestry ertion,but theyassist ommunitieso setuplocalmanagementf existing on-protectedorestareas-SengenyanearDaya),Kwa Nondo(nearKengeja)nd vlgelema.Alsomanagementf Mangroves, ssistanceor beekeeping(goodopportunity or zone3), someimberspecies istributedbutnot many).LIVESTOCKCattleandchickensmost mportant.Donkeysmportant or transport.Guineaowl becomingmore mportantdue o problem f Newcastle iseasen chickens.Pigeons, ucksandgoatsmostly n the owns. Approximately 8,000heads f cattle n thiszone 1993 ivestockcensus).Most of the cattleare n themoreopen,sandy oil areaso the northandsouthof thezone.Numberof cattlequite ow in dense loveareas,Villageswith more han1,000headofcattleare:Konde 2,415),Pandani1,812),Shumbayamboni1,319),Gando 1,157),Mgogolu 1,155),Kanganil,1l l), Kengeja1,087) ndKiwani 1,174).Some erograzingor supplementaryegdingImprovedTraditional ivestockManagement)or milk productionclose o town. Problems f ECF, forageavailabilityduring iceseason), ootaniimouthdisease, yediseases,ewcastle isease Fasciolasischickens).OFF-FARM NCOMEManysources f oFfarm income.Relativemportancearieswith location. 'Msaada'(remittencesromUnguja,Dar,Gul| is alsocommon,more han n otherzones.Someout-migration, speciallyf youthsooking or betterprospects,o UngujaandDar esSalaam


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Sources Menandwomen:Govemment mployment,lovepicking.Mostlymen: businesses,harcoalmaking,poleand irewoodcollection,ish mongering,arpentry, xcarts, ired abour notmuch), ishing.Mostlywomen: Weavingmats),embroidery,ottery,petty rading,shellfish ollection.Importance fAgriculture Varieswith locationimportant.N"-iV uUpeople.

In more emoteareas, gricultures morehouseholdslant ood crops,ncludingownLABOUR INFORMATIONWomenoften ess nvolvedn agriculture ompared ith otherzones.Busiestperiodsareduringmasika ndvuli rains.WEALTH CI{ARACTERISTICSBasedon Wealth anking n Daya,December 993Group I Luge plantationsoften n excess f 100 rees),Largebusinessrregular ncome, ashand oodcrops,cattle 2 +). Hire labour.Group2 Own and 50to 100+11sss1. egular ncome-business,ovt.employment.Cashand ood crops,cattle 1+). Occassionallyemployabour.Group3 Own someand 10+), but maynot be able o maintaint. Mainlyuseborrowedand or foodproduction, rregularncome.Work asemployedabour. Mostly oodcropping, Chickensmain ivestock,Look aftercattle or others.Group4 Little or noprivateand.Depend n others,ittle or no income, otfoodself-sufficient.MALNR ACTIVITIES* Mamlakanurseries* Foodcropssection.ResearchtMatangatuani, eniandWesha tations.* CashCropsSection.Researchn vanillaatMakuweandDaya.Spice rop rials. FarmerResearch roup atDaya. PRASatPandani, kutini, Daya.* Forestnursery tKondeandChanjaani, ssistocal orest esourcemanagement.* NCDP.Assistanceo privatenurseries- andani,Gando,Ziwarn.* Fisheries.Saleof equipment.* Agriculturesub-Comm.Kilimo shop, ractor services.* Livestook ub-Comm. I servicesn each lock n thenorthregion.At MtambileandKengejan south, Supporto zerogrmrng,veterinaryervices.* ILO riceproject.Developmentf valleys, onversiono irrigation.PROBLEMS N AGRICULTURG*Histgryof dependencencloves,Expectation ngovemmento solve heproblems, eliefthat clovemarketwill return, aws egulatingemovalof clove rees.Little diversificationncloveareas.Farmersn this zoneslow o pickup on new opportunities.*Lackof commufityorganisation-ealingwith theft,useof resources.*Monkeys*Soil fertilityproblemsn areas lose o village/town sed or long erm cassavaroduction,erosionon slopes, anddepositionn valleys, estsanddiseasesn food crops

J


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7Jlff*:faterial forsomeashrops-*Livestockdiseascs.llooyo$ for somcnteriorareas.1iffiffi andseasonalit5rf market or mostcrops.shortageof capital or 4gric.lturalOPPORTLNITIES

*Vanilla? Sdllbeing esle4 tui mV harrc omepotential.

*Developmentof ricevalleys: _water-#"T*_1f:*f"::::rygy:l*,- r$i,_cs,usarane,'l#i::!H.?"'A'i,:il';tiEtdHf,t**Diversiatin .crvereas.,$AH:lqrf;',roflttifi""#Sm #ffiIitr$ffi d'*'il ;;"p'.o';d;il;;;;; rur,,iti-,toi,v"6oro,ot;ffJl#;t]|Hll' will dependndwelqpmentf cloveareasasabove) ndcommrmityrErosionc-ontrol'Yill gtpgd on armenseing onvincedof enefits,eedesearchnuitableystemsor pembalprdi;;ihnd tsmueespeciallyearowrqwheieheproblemmostacuteF sbo''owe'*won,t norndor'iJn .;;ffiil#i][n::m:' t"fidd;;# & *pery t"ill z ervgrazhssupprernentary*Honeypmduciion.l9:3ry"P-t"*anisatio^n. communitieseedotakemoreself esponsibiliw-heftecucuorlmanasemnrf reso'rces.monkeyl;"r, ;r;lii;, ;aru;;."-"-rrrigation.usE rwrto omril&, f"";hffiilGlifue production.;3#?f$ffi"r Managem""i:mpt"duse fmanries,ulches,ornposrreennanure,#f#?"I"J"tm"L*T**3*-':1:"*:::Sl,i',*species,varieties,cropp,nststems. ncreasen usemilaepena or,,nontd;il;;]:"rr

speereslaneues' ropping;Ttr*tfil*:ij*i|h;f,3r."*itil"'"*ohorrr'i''i'"portantroodresource.Drying

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farming systems zones in agricultural research and planning: lessons from pemba

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