farming system for nutrition: need and scope in odisha
TRANSCRIPT
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FARMING SYSTEM FOR NUTRITION:
NEED AND SCOPE IN ODISHA
R. Rukmani
G. Anuradha
R. Gopinath
Samyuktha Kannan
July 2018
M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation
Chennai
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MSSRF / RR / 18 / 44
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CONTENTS
Abbreviations
Acknowledgments
Section 1: Introduction
Section 2: Nutritional Profile of Odisha
Section 3: Agricultural Profile of Odisha
Section 4: Biofortification
Section 5: Policy Landscape Analysis of Odisha
Section 6: Recommendations for Promoting Farming System for Nutrition in Odisha
Annexure
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Abbreviations
APMC Agriculture Produce Marketing Committee
ATMA Agriculture Technology Management Agency
BCC Behaviour Change Communication
BMI Body Mass Index
CCSAMMN Climate Change and Sustainable Agriculture Monitoring, Modelling and
Networking
CED Chronic Energy Deficiency
DFID Department for International Development (UK Govt.)
DRWA Directorate of Research on Women in Agriculture
ECCE Early childhood care and education
FSN Farming System for Nutrition
FPO Farmer Producer Organization
GCA
GDP
Gross Cropped Area
Gross Domestic Product
GoO Government of Odisha
GP Gram Panchayat
GSDP
IFS
Gross State Domestic Product
Integrated Farming Systems
ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research
ICDS Integrated Child Development Services
ICMR Indian Council of Medical Research
ICT Information and Communication Technology
ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
IMR Infant Mortality Rate
INM Integrated Nutrient Management
ISOPOM Integrated Scheme of Oilseeds Pulses Oil Palm and Maize
IPM Integrated Pest Management
IWMP Integrated Watershed Management Programme
IYCF Infant and Young Child Feeding
KVK Krishi Vigyan Kendra
LAMPS Large Area Multipurpose Cooperative Societies
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MGNREGA Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act
MIDH Mission for Integrated Development for Horticulture
MMR Maternal Mortality Rate
MoU Memorandum of Understanding
MSSRF M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation
NFSM National Food Security Mission
NMAET National Mission for Agriculture Extension and Technology
NMSA National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture
NGO Non-Governmental Organization
NRLP National Rural Livelihood Project
NSSO National Sample Survey Organisation
OLM Odisha Livelihoods Mission
ONAP Odisha Multi-Sectoral Nutrition Action Plan
OTELP Odisha Tribal Empowerment and Livelihoods Programme
OUAT Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology
PACS Primary Agricultural Credit Societies
PKVY Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana
PPP Public Private Partnership
RDA Recommended Dietary Allowance
RIDF Rural Infrastructure Development Fund
RMC Regulated Market Committee
RKVY Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana
SC Scheduled Caste
SRI System of Rice Intensification
ST Scheduled Tribe
UNICEF United Nations International Children’s Fund
WCD Women and Child Development
WHA
WHO
World Health Assembly
World Health Organisation
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Acknowledgements
Our Founder Chairman, Prof. M. S. Swaminathan, who developed the concept of Farming
System for Nutrition (FSN), has given us immense support in our current engagement of
advocacy for the FSN approach to address the problem of malnutrition in the states of Andhra
Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra and Odisha. I am extremely grateful to him for the interest he
took in our work and for his constant guidance, encouragement and above all the trust he
placed in me and my team.
Completing the project requirements across the target States, within a short span of 18 months,
has been possible only because of the commitment, sincerity and hard work of my team
comprising of G. Anuradha, R. Gopinath, A. Sakthi Velan, Samyuktha Kannan, R. Sanjeev and
Varun Kumar Yadav. Conducting orientation and advocacy events on FSN, for different
stakeholders, was a key method adopted in this project. In this, R. Gopinath played a pivotal role
in building rapport with senior government officers, in networking with concerned institutions
and organising the events. G. Anuradha took on the crucial responsibility of preparing a range of
background and dissemination material and developing and maintaining the web related
communication. Preparation of Reports pertaining to each of the target States, such as the current
report, “Farming System for Nutrition: Need and Scope in Odisha” is an important output of the
project. My co-authors- G. Anuradha, R. Gopinath and Samyuktha Kannan- have drafted
different sections: the core section , the Policy Landscape Analysis, was conceived and written
by Samyuktha Kannan; the Nutritional Profile by G. Anuradha; and Agricultural Profile by R.
Gopinath. Information on biofortified crops was compiled by R. Sanjeev; Varun Kumar Yadav
compiled and analysed relevant data and documents and provided overall assistance.
A. Sakthi Velan has provided meticulous secretarial assistance. I acknowledge with thanks the
valuable contribution of each of my teammates.
Dr. Prakash Shetty, CEO, LANSA, has provided guidance and encouragement all through;
R. V. Bhavani and L. Vedavalli supported in many different ways; Akshaya Kumar Panda,
S. Malarvannan and E. D. Israel Oliver King helped in taking the FSN concept forward in
Odisha; the Executive Director and other colleagues at the MSSRF have provided all necessary
support; members of the Technical Advisory Committee of the project have provided guidance;
and the Tata Trusts provided financial support without which this work would not have been
possible; my sincere thanks to all.
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Senior officials from the Government of Odisha have been extremely supportive and receptive to
the concept of FSN. They willingly gave their time and allowed us to share our findings and
recommendations for promoting FSN in Odisha. We are particularly thankful to
Shri. R. Balakrishnan I.A.S., Development Commissioner cum Additional Chief Secretary,
Planning & Convergence Dept., Dr. Sourabh Garg, I.A.S., Principal Secretary and
Dr. M. Muthukumar, Director, from the Department of Agriculture and Farmers’ Empowerment,
Govt. of Odisha. We thank senior officials from the National Institute of Rural Development and
Panchayati Raj, Hyderabad and Institute on Management of Agriculture Extension (IMAGE),
Bhubaneswar for their support in organising advocacy workshops in Bhubaneswar. Odisha
University of Agriculture and Technology, Regional Centre of Central Tuber Crops Research
Institute, Bhubaneswar, National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, as well as colleagues from
CARE India, Odisha Hub and LANDESA have been very supportive and our heartfelt thanks to
them.
R. Rukmani Director, Food Security
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Section 1:
INTRODUCTION
One of the major issues concerning India is the persistent problem of malnutrition,
particularly among children and women. Over the several decades of planned development,
many different programmes and schemes have been put in place to tackle the problem of
malnutrition across different age groups of population, and focusing on infancy, childhood,
adolescence and women in their reproductive years. In spite of various efforts, including
rapid advances made in food production, malnutrition persists in India at unacceptable levels.
Stunting, wasting and underweight among children, anaemia and chronic energy deficiency
among women remain key public health challenges in India. The prevalence of malnutrition
in India has accompanied a reduction in diversity of food crop production over the years.
There has been a tendency towards cereal-dominant farming systems of rice and wheat, with
a decline in production of a variety of millets and pulses over time, in the country.
Malnutrition is caused by multiple factors and any approach to tackle the problem of
malnutrition would require a holistic, multidimensional approach. A combination of nutrition
specific interventions and nutrition sensitive interventions is required to address
malnutrition1. The United Nations International Children’s Education Fund’s (UNICEF)
conceptual framework identifies household food insecurity as one of the underlying causes of
malnutrition (UNICEF, 2017). For much of India’s rural population dependent on agriculture
and allied activities, household food security and nutrition is closely linked to farm diversity,
productivity and profitability.
M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF) promotes Farming System for Nutrition
(FSN) as a pathway for addressing malnutrition in India. The FSN approach is defined by
Prof. M. S. Swaminathan as:
“The introduction of agricultural remedies to the nutritional maladies prevailing in
an area through mainstreaming nutritional criteria in the selection of the
components of a farming system involving crops, farm animals and wherever
feasible, fish”. (Nagarajan et. al, 2014)
1 Nutrition-specific interventions address the immediate causes of undernutrition, like inadequate dietary intake
and some of the underlying causes like feeding practices and access to food. Nutrition-sensitive interventions
address some of the underlying and basic causes of malnutrition by incorporating nutrition goals and actions
from a wide range of sectors such as agriculture, education and social welfare UNICEF (2017).
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The FSN approach comprises a combination of measures including advanced crop production
practices, biofortification2, promotion of kitchen gardens of fruits and vegetables, livestock
and poultry development, and setting up of small-scale fisheries, combined with nutrition
awareness. Primarily, the approach calls for the promotion of location-specific farming
systems that integrate arable farming, horticulture, backyard farming and animal farming to
sustainably improve household availability of nutritious food while also mitigating risk and
conserving natural resources. In developing a design for the farming system, feasible
agricultural interventions to address the nutritional deficiencies of the
household/community/location would have to be incorporated. In the words of M. S.
Swaminathan, “....the design of the farming system [can] include specific crop varieties that
can address the identified deficiencies. Sweet potato might provide vitamin A, drumstick tree
(moringa olifera) and Amaranthus sp. could address the lack of iron.” (Rao and
Swaminathan, 2017) In addition, the approach recognises the need for other direct
interventions – to improve production and market linkages of nutritious crops - and indirect
interventions – to improve women’s empowerment, nutrition, education, drinking water,
sanitation and natural resource management, along the pathway from agriculture to nutrition
(Das et al, 2014; Gillespie and Kadiyala, 2012; Shetty, 2015).
In the Indian context where malnutrition levels are closely linked to inadequacy in food
intake as well as lack of balanced diet among the rural population, the FSN approach that
promotes on-farm production diversity has the potential to enhance consumption diversity.
However, given the magnitude of the problem of malnutrition the FSN approach has to
become a state initiative to contribute towards enhancing food security and nutrition for large
sections. There is thus a pressing need to reorient agricultural policies towards achieving
nutritional goals. Agricultural policies can affect nutrition through different pathways, such
as through food production, or agricultural income or women’s empowerment. Agricultural
policymaking across the different domains should become more nutrition-sensitive and aim
to unite the twin goals of agricultural growth and nutritional improvements (Gillespie &
Kadiyala, 2012).
2 Biofortification is a process by which the nutritional quality of food crops is improved through agronomic
practices, conventional plant breeding or modern biotechnology (WHO, 2016).
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The Farming System for Nutrition approach can be seen as encompassing 8 distinct domains.
At its core, the approach calls for improving agricultural production diversity by
incorporating an integrated farming system involving crops, livestock and aquaculture in the
field or in the homestead. Other core domains that can directly improve the local availability
of deficient nutrients include agricultural production, biofortification and agricultural value
chains. Indirect or non-core domains that supplement the food related processes, include
nutrition-education and women’s empowerment, sanitation, hygiene and safe drinking water
and natural resource management (Fig 1.1).
Fig 1.1. Domains of Farming System for Nutrition
MSSRF has been engaged in advocacy for a FSN approach in four selected states-Andhra
Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Odisha- and has undertaken a policy landscape analysis to
explore the scope for FSN in these states (For details see http://mssrf-fs-fsn.com/).
The current Report discusses the need and scope for a FSN approach in the state of Odisha.
Odisha, with its rich natural resources and large rural and tribal population presents a unique
development challenge to policymakers. In recent years, Odisha’s Gross Domestic Product
(GDP) growth has consistently outpaced the national average although per capita incomes
continue to lag behind the all-India figures. The state government has taken several initiatives
to improve social sector performance, achieving the largest reduction in poverty among major
states in India in the period 2004-05 and 2011-12, as well as major improvements in several
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key health and education indicators. Despite the progress, poverty and malnutrition,
especially among Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes and among women and children,
remain a major challenge in rural Odisha.
The Report is organised in six sections: Section 1, the current section, discusses the context
and perspective on FSN; Sections 2 and 3 discuss aspects relating to the nutritional and
agriculture status of Odisha; Section 4 provides details on biofortified crops suitable for
adoption in Odisha; Section 5 provides a desk review of government policies (central and
state) that foster nutrition-sensitive agriculture in the state of Odisha; and Section 6 provides
the policy recommendations for promoting farming system for nutrition approach in Odisha.
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Section 2:
NUTRITIONAL PROFILE OF ODISHA
2.1 Nutritional Status of Children and Women
Odisha has made reasonable strides in improving maternal and child health and nutrition over
the last decade, between 2005-06 and 2015-16 (IIPS, 2008; IIPS&ICF, 2017), as reflected by
the three anthropometric indicators of child malnourishment, namely, stunting (too short for
their age), wasting (too thin for their height), underweight (thin for their age) as also anaemia.
Similarly, malnourishment among women in reproductive age group (15-49 yrs), measured
using the Body Mass Index (BMI) and prevalence of anaemia shows progress over the last
decade.
Figure 2.1 reveals a decline in percentage of children under 5 years stunted and underweight
in rural Odisha while Figure 2.2 indicates a decline in percentage of women (15 – 49 yrs)
with Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED). However, obesity and overweight is emerging as a
nutritional problem among women even in rural Odisha. Figure 2.3 shows a decline in
percentage of women and children suffering from anaemia. Despite considerable reduction in
incidence of women and children suffering from anaemia, as many as 50% of women (15 –
49 yrs) and 45% of children under 5 years report to be anaemic, in rural Odisha in 2015-16;
one-third of children remain stunted or underweight while close to 30% of women in
reproductive age group suffer from CED. Thus the problem of child and women malnutrition
continues to remain a huge challenge, in 2015-16, in rural Odisha.
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The nutrition status of women and children vary across social groups. Figure 2.4 shows that
the problem of stunting, wasting and underweight of children under 5 years is most severe
among ST category.
Table 2.1 provides the nutritional status of children and women, across districts of Odisha.
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Table 2.1: Nutritional Status of Children and Women across districts, Rural Odisha,
2015-16
Sl.
No:
Name of the
District
Children
under 5
years
who are
stunted
(%)
Children
under 5
years
who are
wasted
(%)
Children
under 5
years who
are
underweig
ht (%)
Children
age 6-59
months
who are
anaemic
(%)
Women
(15-49
yrs) with
CED (%)
Non –
Pregnant
women age
15-49 years
who are
anaemic (%)
1. Angul 33.6 21.6 36.2 35.6 23.5 44.5
2. Boudh 42.8 22.8 44.4 43.6 31.5 49.6
3. Bolangir 44.4 28.3 46.8 68.0 34.5 61.1
4. Bargarh 39.8 25.2 39.8 68.2 32.0 69.2
5. Balasore 32.1 18.4 34.0 29.1 26.6 41.0
6. Bhadrak 36.7 16.3 30.6 22.4 31.2 44.1
7. Cuttack 12.4 7.9 15.5 16.1 22.0 36.5
8. Debagarh 33.2 20.4 37.8 29.2 32.5 42.8
9. Dhenkanal 28.7 18.6 31.2 40.2 27.8 40.8
10. Ganjam 31.2 17.5 23.0 41.4 23.1 43.7
11. Gajapati 34.0 18.9 33.9 59.8 24.1 59.5
12. Jharsuguda 42.5 24.2 40.2 68.0 34.1 71.3
13. Jajpur 30.1 17.3 30.1 30.8 28.4 43.8
14. Jagatsinghapur 19.4 12.6 16.8 22.7 18.0 35.9
15. Khordha 24.8 12.7 19.8 24.6 19.2 46.7
16. Kendujhar 44.2 18.6 42.6 29.1 31.2 40.4
17. Kalahandi 37.3 25.5 40.8 69.6 36.1 70.6
18. Kandhamal 39.5 23.5 44.3 42.4 28.9 52.9
19. Koraput 43.7 29.3 46.6 73.1 37.4 67.6
20. Kendrapara 27.2 12.5 24.7 29.2 25.1 42.8
21. Malkangiri 47.2 33.0 52.5 72.6 47.5 71.4
22. Mayurbhanj 44.6 17.6 44.9 31.5 33.2 42.0
23. Nabarangpur 46.6 36.0 51.6 72.7 37.2 71.5
24. Nuapada 36.4 27.0 40.0 65.6 35.1 65.8
25. Nayagarh 27.8 18.2 26.4 26.7 16.9 39.9
26. Puri 16.7 11.2 17.7 29.0 16.8 44.9
27. Rayagada 46.5 23.3 44.4 51.5 35.6 56.7
28. Sambalpur 44.2 30.4 51.3 75.3 32.2 75.6
29. Subarnapur 47.1 22.3 43.4 73.7 33.3 69.2
30. Sundergarh 38.3 34.4 46.0 80.3 30.3 72.8
Odisha 35.3 20.9 35.8 45.7 28.7 51.7
Note: CED refers to Body Mass Index of less than 18.5 kg/m2
Child Anaemia refers to haemoglobin level of <11.0grams / decilitre;
Women Anaemia refers to haemoglobin level of <12.0grams / decilitre;
Source: IIPS-ICF, 2017
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Table 2.1 reflects the large variation in the intensity of nutritional problems across districts.
In order to understand if there are spatial patterns to the nutritional problems, an exercise at
grouping the districts based on their nutritional performance was attempted. In grouping the
districts, the values for each indicator (stunting, wasting underweight, anaemia and CED) was
classified into five categories using equal interval classes based on the level of the problem,
namely, very low, low, moderate, high and very high. Districts with lower value had
relatively lower problems while districts with higher values reflect relatively higher extent of
the problem. In the maps the darker shaded districts indicate relatively higher intensity of the
nutritional problem than the lighter shaded districts. (Tables 2.2 to 2.7 and Figures 2.5 to 2.9)
Table 2.2: Categorisation of Districts, w.r.to Stunting of Children under 5 years, Rural
Odisha, 2015-16
Level of Insecurity Names of Districts
Very Low Cuttack, Puri Low
Jagatsinghapur, Khordha Moderate Kendrapara, Nayagarh, Dhenkanal, Jajpur, Ganjam, Balasore,
Debagarh High Angul, Gajapati, Nuapada, Bhadrak, Kalahandi, Sundergarh,
Kandhamal, Bargarh Very High Jharsuguda, Boudh, Koraput, Kendujhar, Sambalpur, Bolangir,
Mayurbhanj, Rayagada, Nabarangpur, Subarnapur, Malkangiri
Note: Percentage of children stunted in different categories are in the range of:12-19% in very low level
insecurity; 20-26% in low; 27-33% in moderate; 34-40% in high and 41-47% in very high.
Source: Table 2.1
Fig 2.5 Percentage of Children Stunted
Percentage of stunted children
under 5 years varies widely
across the districts of rural
Odisha with a minimum of 12.4
in Cuttack to a maximum of
47.2 in Malkangiri in 2015-16.
Cuttack and Puri fall in the
very low intensity of problem
category as the percentage of
children stunted are relatively
lower in these districts. On the contrary, 11 out of 30 districts - Jharsuguda, Boudh, Koraput,
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Kendujghar, Sambalpur, Bolangir, Mayurbhanj, Rayagada, Nabarangpur, Subarnapur and
Malkangiri - have more than 40% of children who are stunted and are categorised as ‘very
high’ intensity of the problem. The average percentage of stunted children in rural Odisha is
35.3. In 19 districts, in the high and very high categories, the problem is much worse than the
state average.
Table 2.3: Categorisation of Districts, w.t.to Wasting of Children under 5 years, Rural
Odisha, 2015-16 Level of
Insecurity
Names of Districts
Very Low Cuttack, Puri, Kendrapara, Jagatsinghapur, Khordha
Low Bhadrak, Jajpur, Ganjam, Mayurbhanj, Nayagarh, Balasore,
Dhenkanal, Kendujhar, Gajapati
Moderate Debagarh, Angul, Subarnapur, Boudh, Rayagada, Kandhamal,
Jharsuguda
High Kalahandi, Nuapada, Bolangir, Koraput, Bargarh
Very High Sambalpur, Malkangiri, Sundergarh, Nabarangpur
Note: Percentage of children wasted in different categories are in the range of: 8-14% in very low level of
insecurity; 15-19% in low; 20-25% in moderate; 26-30% in high and 31-36% in very high.
Source: Table 2.1
Fig 2.6 Percentage of Children Wasted
Percentage of children under 5 years
who are wasted varies widely across
the districts of rural Odisha with a
minimum of 8% in Cuttack to a
maximum of 36% in Nabarangpur in
2015-16. Cuttack, Puri, Kendrapara,
Jagatsinghapur and Khordha districts
fall in the very low insecurity
category as the percentage of
children wasted are relatively lower
in these districts. On the contrary
Sambalpur, Malkangiri, Sundergarh
and Nabarangpur districts have more than 30% of children who are wasted. The average
percentage of wasted children in rural Odisha is 20.9 and it is clear that in 16 districts in the
moderate, high and very high insecurity categories, the problem is worse than the state
average.
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Table 2.4: Categorisation of Districts, w.r.to Underweight of Children under 5 years,
Rural Odisha, 2015-16
Level of Insecurity Name of Districts
Very Low Cuttack, Jagatsinghapur, Puri, Khordha
Low Ganjam, Kendrapara, Nayagarh, Jajpur
Moderate Bhadrak, Dhenkanal, Gajapati, Balasore, Angul
High Debagarh, Bargarh, Nuapada, Jharsuguda, Kalahandi, Kendujhar,
Subarnapur, Kandhamal, Boudh, Rayagada, Mayurbhanj Very High Sundergarh, Koraput, Bolangir, Sambalpur, Nabarangpur, Malkangiri
Note: Percentage of children underweight in different categories are in the range of: 16 -23% in very low level
of insecurity; 24 -30% in low; 31-38% in moderate; 39-45% in high and 46-53% in very high.
Source: Table 2.1
Fig 2.7 Percentage of Children Underweight
Percentage of underweight
children under 5 years
varies widely across the
districts of rural Odisha
with a minimum of 16% in
Cuttack to a maximum of
53% in Malkangiri with the
state average at 35.8% in
2015-16. Cuttack, Puri,
Jagatsinghapur and Khordha
districts fall in the very low
insecurity category as the percentage of underweight children are relatively lower in these
districts. On the contrary Sundergarh, Koraput, Bolangir, Sambalpur, Nabarangpur and
Malkangiri districts have more than 30% of children who are wasted. The percentage of
underweight children in 18 districts is above the state average and mostly falls in the high and
very high insecurity categories.
Anaemia is a major health problem in Odisha3.
3 Anaemia is a condition that is marked by low levels of haemoglobin in the blood. Iron deficiency is the major
cause for anaemia with malaria, hookworms, other nutritional deficiencies, chronic infections, and genetic
conditions being other contributors. Anaemia can result in weakness, diminished physical and mental capacity,
and increased morbidity from infection, etc among children and women (IIPS-ICF, 2017).
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Table 2.5: Categorisation of Districts, w.r.to Children (6-59 months) with Anaemia,
Rural Odisha, 2015-16 Level of Insecurity Name of Districts
Very Low Cuttack, Bhadrak, Jagatsinghapur, Khordha, Nayagarh
Low Puri, Balasore, Kendujhar, Debagarh, Kendrapara, Jajpur,
Mayurbhanj, Angul, Dhenkanal, Ganjam
Moderate Kandhamal, Boudh, Rayagada
High Gajapati, Nuapada
Very High Bolangir, Jharsuguda, Bargarh, Kalahandi, Malkangiri, Nabarangpur,
Koraput, Subarnapur, Sambalpur, Sundergarh
Note: Percentage of children with anaemia in different categories are in the range of: 16 -29% in very low level
of insecurity; 30-42% in low; 43-55% in moderate; 56-67% in high and 68-80% in very high.
Source: Table 2.1
Fig 2.8 Percentage of Children with Anaemia
Percentage of children (6-59 months) who
are anaemic in rural Odisha varies widely
across the districts with a minimum of 16%
in Cuttack and a maximum of 80% in
Sundergarh. On an average 45.7% of
children are anaemic in rural Odisha. 13
districts which largely fall in the high and
very high insecurity categories have higher
percentages of children who are anaemic than the state average. Cuttack, Bhadrak,
Jagatsinghapur, Khordha and Nayagarh districts have relatively lower percentage of children
with anaemia while Bolangir, Jharsuguda, Bargarh, Kalahandi, Malkangiri, Nabarangpur,
Koraput, Subarnapur, Sambalpur and Sundergarh districts have more than 68% of children
who are anaemic.
It is clear from the above analysis that in Cuttack, Puri, Jagatsinghapur, Khordha and
Nayagarh districts, the intensity of nutritional problems among children with respect to at
least three indicators of child malnutrition is relatively lower. On the other hand, Sambalpur,
Nabarangpur, Malkangiri, Bolangir, Sundergarh and Koraput are the districts where the
problem is relatively severe with respect to at least three of the child malnutrition indicators.
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Table 2.6: Categorisation of Districts, w.r.to Women (15-49 years) with Chronic Energy
Deficiency, Rural Odisha, 2015-16
Level of Insecurity Name of Districts
Very Low Puri, Nayagarh, Jagatsinghapur, Khordha, Cuttack
Low
Ganjam, Angul, Gajapati, Kendrapara, Balasore, Dhenkanal, Jajpur,
Kandhamal
Moderate
Sundergarh, Bhadrak, Kendujhar, Boudh, Bargarh, Sambalpur,
Debagarh, Mayurbhanj, Subarnapur, Jharsuguda, Bolangir, Nuapada
High Rayagada, Kalahandi, Nabarangpur, Koraput
Very High Malkangiri Note: Percentage of women with CED in different categories are in the range of: 17 -23% in very low level of
insecurity; 24-29% in low; 30-35% in moderate; 36-41% in high and 42-48% in very high.
Source: Table 2.1
Fig 2.9 Percentage of Women with CED
As regards nutritional problems among
women (15-49 years), the percentage of
women with CED was lowest in Puri
district at 17% and highest in Malkangiri
district at 48%, in 2015-16. On an
average 29% of women were suffering
from CED in rural Odisha and 17 districts
recorded a higher percentage of women
with CED than the state average. Puri,
Nayagarh, Jagatsinghapur, Khordha and
Cuttack are the districts with relatively
lower percentage of women with CED
while Malkangiri, Rayagada, Kalahandi, Nabarangpur and Koraput districts are in the high
insecurity category.
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Table 2.7: Categorisation of Districts, w.r.to Women (15-49 years) with Anaemia, Rural
Odisha, 2015-16
Level of Insecurity Name of Districts
Very Low Jagatsinghapur, Cuttack, Nayagarh, Kendujhar, Dhenkanal, Balasore,
Mayurbhanj, Debagarh, Kendrapara, Ganjam, Jajpur
Low Bhadrak, Angul, Puri, Khordha, Boudh
Moderate Kandhamal, Rayagada, Gajapati
High Bolandir, Nuapada, Koraput
Very High Bargarh, Subarnapur, Kalahandi, Jharsuguda, Malkangiri, Nabarangpur,
Sundergarh, Sambalpur
Note: Percentage of women with anaemia in different categories are in the range of: 36 -44% in very low level
of insecurity; 45-52% in low; 53-60% in moderate; 61-68% in high and 69-76% in very high.
Source: Table 2.1
Fig 2.10 Percentage of Women with Anaemia
On an average 52% of women in the
reproductive age group in rural
Odisha suffer from any form of
anaemia. The intensity of the problem
varies widely across the districts.
Jagatsingpur district has a minimum
of 36% of women who are anaemic
while Sambalpur has a maximum of
76%. 14 districts that fall in the
moderate, high and very high
insecurity categories have higher
percentage of women with CED than the state average.
Nayagarh, Jagatsinghapur and Cuttack districts have relatively lower problems while
Malkangiri, Nabarangpur and Kalahandi have relatively higher problems, with respect to the
two indicators of women malnutrition.
On the whole, in rural Odisha, Cuttack, Jagatsinghapur and Nayagarh are the three districts
which have relatively low intensity of nutritional problems with respect to children and
women whereas Malkangiri and Nabarangpur are the two districts which have relatively high
intensity of nutritional problems with respect to children and women4.
4 It is beyond the scope of this Report to examine the factors underlying the observed spatial patterns of
nutritional problems in rural Odisha.
22
2.2 Average Consumption Levels in Rural Odisha
Some of the immediate factors influencing the malnutrition levels of women and children are
related to the quantity and quality of food intake. Using available secondary data on quantity
of food intake, it is seen that the per capita average monthly intake of cereals in rural Odisha
is 12.12kg, on par with the recommended dietary allowance (RDA) norm5 of
12kg/month/person. Rice is the major cereal consumed in rural Odisha (GoI, 2014a; ICMR,
2011). Average per capita consumption of pulses and milk in rural Odisha is much lower than
the daily recommended allowance as well as the national average (Table 2.8). Table 2.9
indicates that with respect to all nutrients, except Vitamin C and Niacin, the average
consumption levels are lower than the RDA.
Table 2.8: Monthly Per Capita Average Consumption of Selected Commodities in Rural
Areas, 2011-12
Commodities Monthly Per capita average consumption of food items in rural
areas
Odisha India
Rice (kg) 12.12 6.03
Wheat (kg) 0.67 4.29
Total cereals 13.42 (112%) 11.22 (94%)
Arhar (Tur) –kg 0.16 0.21
Moong (green gram) -kg 0.18 0.09
Masur ( red lentil)-Kg 0.06 0.11
Urd (black gram ) kg 0.05 0.08
Gram split (kg) 0.04 0.08
Total pulses 0.61 (25%) 0.78 (33%)
Milk (litre) 1.20 (13%) 4.33 (48%)
Eggs (no.) 1.34 (8.9%) 1.94 (13%)
Fish (kg) 0.44 0.27
Goat meat /mutton (kg) 0.02 0.05
Note: 1) RDA as per the norms of Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) are as follows:
Cereals=12kg/capita/month; Pulses=2.4kg/capita/month; Milk=9kg/capita/month; Egg=15
numbers/capita/month
2) Figures in brackets provide the percentages with respect to RDI norms.
Source: GoI (2014a); ICMR (2011)
5 Recommended Dietary Allowances are estimates of intakes of nutrients which individuals in a population
group need to consume to ensure that the physiological needs of all subjects in that population are met.
23
Table 2.9: Average Consumption of Nutrients (CU/Day) in Rural Odisha, 2011-12
Items Consumption of nutrients
(CU/day)
Consumption as a % of
RDA
Protein (g) 48 80
Energy (Kcal) 2017 74
Calcium (mg) 416 69
Iron (mg) 15.2 89
Vitamin A (µg) 554 92
Thiamin (mg) 1.3 76
Riboflavin (mg) 0.7 41
Niacin (mg) 19.3 107
Vitamin C (mg) 92 230 Note: One consumption unit is defined as the calorie consumption of an average adult man, weighing 60kg,
doing sedentary type of work
Source: NIN, 2012
To lead a healthy life, human beings need to consume a well balanced diet which includes
various nutrients in proper proportions: cereals, roots and tubers (that provide energy and
fibre to the body); protein rich foods like pulses, meat, fish, eggs and milk and milk products
(that help to build muscles); sugars and oil (that give instant energy); and fruits and
vegetables (that provide the vitamins and minerals required for many metabolic functions in
the body).
2.3. Access to Water and Sanitation in Rural Odisha
Access to safe drinking water, clean and hygienic environment have a positive influence on
nutrition status. Figure 2.11 shows that over the decade 2005 to 2015, there is considerable
improvement in the percentage of rural households that have access to safe drinking water
and sanitation. However, in 2015 nearly 77 percent of rural households do not have access to
improved sanitation facility while 13 percent of rural households do not have access to
improved drinking water sources in Odisha.
24
Considering the importance of non-food factors such as safe drinking water, sanitation and
hygienic environment in the absorption of food in human system and therefore in the
nutrition status, it is necessary that attention is paid to improve the access of these crucial
household amenities in rural Odisha.
To sum up, despite improvements in nutritional status over the last decade, the extent of
malnutrition among children and women continue to remain huge in rural Odisha; the
average consumption of calorie, protein and number of micro nutrients are below the
recommended daily allowance; and the consumption of pulses by an average adult is just one
fourth of the recommended dietary intake. It is in this context, the promotion of Farming
System for Nutrition approach becomes important as a method of enhancing household
production of a diversified basket of nutritious food leading to diversified diet of farm
families. The observed spatial pattern in nutritional problems can help in prioritising
interventions aimed at addressing the problem of malnutrition.
25
Section 3:
AGRICULTURAL PROFILE OF ODISHA
Odisha is primarily an agrarian economy where agriculture continues to be the most
important source of livelihood for a large section of the population. However,
the contribution of agriculture to the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) has declined over
time. The share of the agriculture sector which was around 55% of GSDP in 1950-51 has
come down to a level of 19.91% by 2016-17, while the combined share of industries and
services sectors has risen from 45% to 80.09% during the same period (GoOD, 2018).
Agriculture in Odisha is prone to natural calamities such as floods, cyclones and droughts and
their frequent occurrences lead to instability in the agricultural production system.
Agriculture is also affected by acidic soils, salinity and water logging. The state is divided
into ten agro climatic zones based on the soil type, topography, rainfall and cropping pattern
(GoOD, 2017a). Figure 3.1 depicts the various agro-climatic zones of Odisha.
Figure 3.1: Agro-Climatic Zones of Odisha
Source: GoOD, 2017a
The frequent occurrence of natural calamities in Odisha contributes to instability in the
agricultural scenario and the state recorded a decline in the net sown area from 38% of total
26
geographical area in 1999-2000 to 29% in 2012-136 (Paltasin et. al, 2013). The gross cropped
area also declined during the reference period bringing down the cropping intensity from 1.38
in 1999-2000 to 1.15 in 2014-15.
Figure 3.2: Share of Net Sown Area and Fallows to Total Geographical Area, Odisha,
1993-94 to 2014-15
Source: 1. EPWRF, 2017; 2. GoOD, 2017a
Figure 3.2 shows that net sown area has registered a declining trend since the early 1990s
and this trend had not been arrested till 2014-15. Contributing to the decline in net sown area
is the increase in current fallows and other fallows, particularly since 2010-11.
Agriculture in Odisha is predominantly rainfed with 29 percent of gross cropped area under
assured sources of irrigation while the corresponding percentage for the country as a whole is
49% (GoI, 2017a). Moreover, the area under irrigation in Odisha has not recorded any
improvement and remained stagnant over the years.
6 The values are triennium averages centred around the given years (EPWRF, 2017; GoI, 2017a).
27
Table 3.1: Area under Major Crop Groups, Odisha, 1994-95 to 2015-16,
(Area in ‘000 ha)
Triennium
Average centered
around the year
Total
Cereals
Total
Pulses
Total
Vegetables
Total Oilseeds Gross
Cropped Area
1994-95 5020.4 2153.4 8.8 1127.9 9435.3
53.2 22.8 0.1 12.0 100.0
1997-98 4911.4 1564.8 6.0 886.9 8139.5
60.3 19.2 0.1 10.9 100.0
2000-01 4958.0 1586.1 5.8 801.6 8097.7
61.2 19.6 0.1 9.9 100.0
2003-04 4842.7 1536.1 8.1 741.4 8029.2
60.3 19.1 0.1 9.2 100.0
2006-07 4900.5 1937.5 7.6 833.5 8614.3
56.9 22.5 0.1 9.7 100.0
2009-10 4814.3 2057.5 8.2 798.7 8364.8
57.6 24.6 0.1 9.5 100.0
2012-13 4555.4 2044.6 8.2 756.0 8381.0
54.4 24.4 0.1 9.0 100.0
2015-16 4499.6 1972.7 8.1 686.1 8164.4
55.1 24.2 0.1 8.4 100.0 Note: Figures in shaded cells are percentage to gross cropped area
Source: GoOD, 2017a
The cropping pattern in the state appears to be more or less stable with food grains
constituting more than three fourth of the total cultivated area, cereals accounting for more
than 50 percent of the gross cropped area and pulses accounting for 20 to 24 percent, over the
last two decades (Table 3.1). However, a closer examination of area under crops brings out a
slight decline in crop diversity within the broad groups of cereals and perhaps, pulses too
(Tables 3.2 & 3.3). While paddy was the single most important cereal crop even in early
1990s, the position of paddy got further consolidated over the two decades with decline in
area under all other cereal crops except maize. Wheat, ragi, bajra, sorghum and small millets
registered a decline in area under cultivation. Similarly, even while total area under pulses
has fluctuated over the two decades since 1994-95, some pulse crops- green gram, Bengal
gram, cow pea and field pea- have registered an absolute increase in area under cultivation
while some others- horse gram, red gram and a variety of pulses clubbed together as other
pulses- have registered a decline in area.
28
Table 3.2: Area under Cereals, Odisha, 1994-95 to 2015-16 (Area: in '000 ha) Triennium
Average
centered
around the
year
Rice Wheat Maize Finger
Millet
(Ragi)
Jowar
(Sorgum)
Pearl
Millet
(Bajra)
Small
Millets
Total
Cereals
1994-95 4513.4 20.3 168.0 229.9 21.7 6.1 61.1 5020.4
89.9 0.4 3.3 4.6 0.4 0.1 1.2 100.0
1997-98 4470.3 16.3 166.4 190.6 15.8 4.1 47.9 4911.4
91.0 0.3 3.4 3.9 0.3 0.1 1.0 100.0
2000-01 4511.7 18.2 171.4 198.1 13.0 4.1 41.6 4958.0
91.0 0.4 3.5 4.0 0.3 0.1 0.8 100.0
2003-04 4422.2 16.3 172.7 190.2 10.7 3.4 27.3 4842.7
91.3 0.3 3.6 3.9 0.2 0.1 0.6 100.0
2006-07 4460.4 17.5 200.5 188.9 9.4 2.7 21.0 4900.5
91.0 0.4 4.1 3.9 0.2 0.1 0.4 100.0
2009-10 4348.5 19.3 234.9 182.5 8.9 3.0 17.1 4814.3
90.3 0.4 4.9 3.8 0.2 0.1 0.4 100.0
2012-13 4069.2 13.8 274.1 169.3 8.0 3.0 18.0 4555.4
89.3 0.3 6.0 3.7 0.2 0.1 0.4 100.0
2015-16 4053.9 6.9 254.3 152.8 6.5 2.2 23.1 4499.6
90.1 0.2 5.7 3.4 0.1 0.0 0.5 100.0 Note: Figures in shaded cells are percentage to total cereals area
Source: GoOD, 2017b
Table 3.3: Area under Pulses, Odisha, 1994-95 to 2015-16 (Area: in '000 ha) Triennium
Average
centered
around the
year
Green
Gram
(Moong)
Black
Gram
(Biri)
Red
Gram
Bengal
Gram
Field
Pea
Lentil Cow
Pea
Horse
Gram
(Kulthi)
Other
Pulses
Total
Pulses
1994-95 756.7 598.1 166.4 34.9 18.8 8.5 20.7 373.7 175.6 2153.4
35.1 27.8 7.7 1.6 0.9 0.4 1.0 17.4 8.2 100.0
1997-98 543.8 468.6 136.6 31.1 20.5 9.2 31.1 324.0 0.0 1564.8
34.8 29.9 8.7 2.0 1.3 0.6 2.0 20.7 0.0 100.0
2000-01 578.4 490.7 137.2 27.9 20.8 9.4 39.4 282.2 0.0 1586.1
36.5 30.9 8.7 1.8 1.3 0.6 2.5 17.8 0.0 100.0
2003-04 577.0 499.2 127.0 27.5 19.9 6.9 38.5 240.0 0.0 1536.1
37.6 32.5 8.3 1.8 1.3 0.4 2.5 15.6 0.0 100.0
2006-07 732.5 590.2 134.2 37.0 23.5 11.9 79.6 258.5 70.2 1937.5
37.8 30.5 6.9 1.9 1.2 0.6 4.1 13.3 3.6 100.0
2009-10 808.1 620.3 135.6 41.5 30.5 13.3 64.4 246.3 97.5 2057.5
39.3 30.1 6.6 2.0 1.5 0.6 3.1 12.0 4.7 100.0
2012-13 830.0 593.7 140.6 42.4 33.0 12.5 50.4 230.5 111.6 2044.6
40.6 29.0 6.9 2.1 1.6 0.6 2.5 11.3 5.5 100.0
2015-16 819.0 545.6 138.1 43.2 31.6 9.9 51.1 213.8 120.5 1972.7
41.5 27.7 7.0 2.2 1.6 0.5 2.6 10.8 6.1 100.0
Note: Figures in shaded cells are percentage to total pulses area
Source: GoOD, 2017b
29
Green gram has remained the most important pulse crop in Odisha accounting for 35 to 42%
of total area under pulses, over the time period under consideration. According to the
Agriculture Statistics at a Glance 2016, vegetables and fruits constitute 12% of Gross Cropped Area
(GCA), in 2015-16: fruits occupied 320.04 thousand hectares (4% of GCA); and vegetables covered
664.23 thousand hectares (8% of GCA) (GoI, 2017b). The Economic Survey of Odisha 2017-18
notes that the potential to cultivate vegetables and fruits have not been fully exploited.
“Diversity in agro-climatic conditions and physiographic zones help Odisha to enjoy a natural
comparative advantage for horticulture crops with possibilities for growing a diversified
basket of fruits, vegetables, spices, tuber crops and flowers; whose potential has not been
fully exploited” (GoOD, 2018). In sum, the cropping pattern continues to be dominated by
food grains, with paddy remaining as the most important cereal crop and green gram
emerging as the most important pulse crop over the two decades under consideration. But it is
a matter of concern that area under cereals and pulses have declined over the years.
Rice production in the state has increased over the two decades under consideration in spite
of an absolute reduction in area under cultivation, mainly due to an increase in yield (Table
3.4). Yield of rice has increased from 1452 kg/ha in 1993-94 to 1992 kg/ha in 2014-15 in
Odisha. However, the yield of rice in Odisha is lower than the all India average. For example,
the state average was 1992 kg/ha in 2014-15 whereas the all India average was 2416 kg/ha
during the same year. Maize is the only foodgrain which reported both increase in area as
well as yield during 1994-95 to 2015-16. Maize yield increased from 1100 kg/ha in 1993-94
to 2053 kg / ha in 2014-15. Yield of maize in Odisha remains lower than the all India average
yield of 2632 kg/ha in 2014-15. Production of ragi, small millets, black gram and total pulses
have registered a downward trend over 1994-95 to 2015-16 in Odisha. With respect to
vegetables and fruits too, yield levels in Odisha are relatively lower. The share of area under
fruits in Odisha to all India was 5.3%, but the production share was 2.6% only. Likewise, the
share of area under vegetables in Odisha to India was 6.2%, whereas the production share
was 5%, indicating relatively lower yield levels in 2015-16 (GoI, 2017b).
30
Table 3.4: Production of Major Crops in Odisha, 1994-95 to 2015-16 (in ‘000 MT)
Triennium
Average Centred
around the Year
Rice Maize Ragi Small
Millets
Total
Cereals
Green
Gram
Black
Gram
Total
Pulses
1994-95 6398.8 203.5 201.0 31.3 6737.1 385.9 318.7 1154.4
1997-98 5344.2 196.2 120.5 21.6 5715.6 205.0 185.2 629.8
2000-01 5649.8 206.5 149.9 18.2 6058.5 206.9 182.1 619.2
2003-04 5504.9 205.7 136.4 11.4 5888.0 187.6 167.9 568.6
2006-07 7182.0 360.4 150.5 9.5 7734.9 289.4 238.6 856.1
2009-10 6956.6 554.1 161.7 8.7 7718.5 348.8 269.2 985.3
2012-13 7668.4 687.5 148.1 9.2 8543.9 378.8 263.1 1005.3
2015-16 7860.0 708.8 132.5 11.6 8730.4 387.8 246.5 996.4
Source: GoOD, 2017a
Livestock
In 2017, the share of Odisha to total livestock population of India was 4.05% (Table 3.5).
Table 3.5: Livestock Population of Odisha and India, 2012
Name Numbers (in '000) % share of
Odisha to India Odisha India
Cattle 11621.27 190904.10 6.09
Of which, Crossbred 1305.77 39731.81 3.29
Buffaloes 726.31 108702.10 0.67
Sheep 1581.13 65069.19 2.43
Goats 6513.09 135173.10 4.82
Total livestock 20732.50 512057.30 4.05
Total Poultry 19890.54 729209.30 2.73 Source: GoI, 2014b
Of the total 11621.77 thousand cattle, 11% were crossbred, in Odisha in 2017, while the
corresponding percentage is 21% at all India level. That is, 89% of cattle in Odisha are either
indigenous or non-descript that give much lower milk yield. Average per capita milk
availability in Odisha was 128 gm/day whereas the all India average was 355 gm/day, in
2016-17. According to Livestock Census, 2012, percentage of rural households owning cattle
and backyard poultry are higher in Odisha than the all India average whereas percentage of
households that own goats and buffaloes are higher in India (Figure 3.3) (GoI, 2014b).
31
Figure 3.3: Percentage of Households Owning Animals/Poultry Birds in
Rural Areas, 2012
Source: GoI, 2017c
District-wise analysis of cattle population reveals that cattle population is well spreadout
among all districts in Odisha (Figure 3.4). The maximum share of cattle population is 7.2%
in Mayurbhanj. As a contrast, poultry appears to have a geographical concentration with
more than three-fifth of the total poultry seen in five districts, namely, Cuttack, Dhenkanal,
Puri, Ganjam and Khordha (Figure 3.5). Balesore district has 7% of total cattle population
and 6% of poultry in the State, in 2012.
32
Figure 3.4: Percentage Share of Districts in Cattle Population, Odisha,
2012
Source: GoI, 2017c
Figure 3.5: Percentage Share of Districts in Poultry Population, Odisha, 2012
Source: GoI, 2017c
Figure 3.6 shows the per capita availability of eggs has declined from 58 eggs/annum in
2009-10 to 46 eggs/annum in 2015-16, in Odisha and this is a matter of concern. In contrast,
33
in the country as a whole per capita availability of egg has steadily increased over the same
period.
Figure 3.6: Per Capita Availability of Egg (No./annum)
Source: GoI, 2017c
Fisheries
Odisha has the largest inland fishery resources among all states of India, as per Basic Animal
Husbandry and Fisheries Statistics, 2015. The state has 9.89 lakh hectares of inland fishery
resources and it constiutes 13% of all India resources. Apart from this, the state has 480 KM
of coastal line. However, the share of fish production of Odisha to India is just 4% indicating
the state’s potential to improve production. Reservoirs are an important source for fisheries
and the average productivity of the reservoirs in Odisha is 9.3 kg per ha whereas at all India level
it was 15 kg/ha in 2012-13 (GoI, 2015a).
Consumption from Home Grown Stock
Details of an analysis of the unit level data from National Sample Survey Organisation
(NSSO), on consumption by producer households from home grown production are given in
Table 3.6. Of the total rural households in Odisha, 25 percent are classified as self employed
in agriculture whose major source of income is own-cultivation of land, in 2011-12 (GoI,
2015b). Of these self employed households, a notable section uses their produce for home
consumption: 77% of households consume rice, 53% of households consume milk, 46% of
34
households consume vegetables and 33% of households consume pulses and nutri-cereals
from their own production. As regards the quantity that is consumed from home grown stock,
it is seen that 60 percent of rice that is consumed by producer households is from home
grown production; and 70% of the total milk consumed is from home production. This
analysis clearly indicates that farmers do retain a portion of their production for home
consumption and there is scope to strengthen this tendency. For instance, with regard to
vegetables, fruits, pulses and egg there is scope to enhance the importance of home
production for home consumption.
Table 3.6: Consumption from Home Grown Stock in Rural Odisha, Self-Employed
Agricultural Households, 2011-12
Item Percentage of Consumption
from Home Grown Stock
Percentage of Households
consuming items from Home
Produce
Rice 60.30 77.14
Nutri Cereals 39.70 33.59
Pulses 28.10 32.90
Vegetables 18.10 46.40
Fruits 18.50 25.40
Milk 70.20 53.37
Eggs 13.40 12.48
Chicken 29.90 24.37
Note: 1. Nutri cereals, referred to as coarse cereals, include Jowar, Bajra, Maize and millets
2. Self employed agricultural households are those whose major source of household income is from own
cultivation of land
Source: GoI, 2015b
Agriculture Extension
To promote the FSN approach in rural Odisha, it would be necessary to strengthen the
agricultural extension system. Table 3.7 indicates a large number of vacancies in the
agriculture extension services in Odisha, particularly in the cadre of service providers at the
village level. Addressing the issue of vacancies in sanctioned posts would be an important
step towards reaching appropriate technical guidance to farmers to adopt a FSN approach.
35
Table 3.7: Status of Manpower in Department of Agriculture, Odisha, February, 2018
Sl. No: Name of the Post Number of
Posts
Sanctioned
Number of
Posts filled-
in
Number of
Vacant Posts
Nos. %
1. Additional Directors of Agriculture 2 0 2 100.0
2. Joint Directors of Agriculture 4 2 2 50.0
3. Deputy Directors of Agriculture 8 5 3 37.5
4. Deputy Directors of Agriculture (Range) 30 25 5 16.7
5. District Agriculture Officers 100 97 3 3.0
6. Subject Matter Specialists 264 126 138 52.3
7. Assistant Agriculture Officers 902 747 155 17.2
8. Agriculture Overseers 1568 1280 288 18.4
9. Village Agriculture Workers 3218 2321 897 27.9
Total 6096 4603 1493 24.5
Source: Collected from the Department of Agriculture and Farmers' Welfare, Govt. of Odisha
Concluding Observations
To sum up, an analysis of the agricultural profile of Odisha indicates that even while food
grains dominate the cropping scenario, there has been a decline in production of small
millets, ragi as also pulses. As paddy occupies nearly half the gross cropped area, promoting
pulses and vegetables in paddy bunds and fallows (without altering the basic cropping
pattern), could be an important way to increase pulse and vegetable production while also
diversify crop production. For instance:
1. Cultivation of vegetables and pulses (black gram, green gram) in bunds in paddy
fields is said to be a prevalent practice in the western region (e.g. Bolangir, Bargarh
districts) of Odisha. There is considerable scope to expand this practice of bund
cultivation to other areas of Odisha. Appropriate technical advice on suitable varieties
to be grown in bunds need be disseminated to farmers through an agricultural research
extension system. Further, distribution of appropriate varieties of pulse/vegetable
seeds to farmers on subsidy for bund cultivation would also promote this practice.
2. Scope to convert paddy fallows for pulse cultivation remains huge in Odisha. Early
maturing paddy varieties can be used in coastal areas so that pulses can be grown in
the residual moisture after paddy is harvested. Thus, making available appropriate
36
advice and suitable paddy seed materials to coastal farmers would help in promotion
of pulses in paddy fallows.
With regard to Fisheries, according to a report of NITI Aayog Task Force writes “By
judiciously harnessing these resources, the fish production from capture and culture based
capture fisheries could be substantially augmented to meet the domestic market demands,
create employment and income generating opportunities for the rural poor and enhance their
food, nutritional and livelihood security” (GoOD, 2015a). Further, Odisha Fisheries Policy,
2015 discusses the need to promote production of small fish species that are rich in micro
nutrients in seasonal and perennial ponds and water logged rice fields”( GoOD, 2015b). Thus
there is a recognition at the official level on the need to augment fish production for
enhancing the nutritional security of the people. Similarly, with regard to poultry, the Odisha
Poultry Policy 2015 notes that efforts to increase egg production are needed to “eradicate the
protein hunger of the State” (GoOD, 2015c).
37
Section 4:
BIOFORTIFICATION
“Biofortification is the process by which the nutritional quality of food crops is improved
through agronomic practices, conventional plant breeding, or modern biotechnology.
Biofortification differs from conventional fortification in that biofortification aims to increase
nutrient levels in crops during plant growth rather than through manual means during
processing of the crops. Biofortification may therefore present a way to reach populations
where supplementation and conventional fortification activities may be difficult to implement
and/or limited” (WHO, 2016).
Details of biofortified and stress tolerant crops that are developed and are suitable for Odisha
are listed below:
Table 4.1 Biofortified/ Stress Tolerant Crops Suitable for Odisha
Sl.
No:
Crop Variety/
Hybrids
Nutrient Availability / Stress
Tolerance Characteristics
Developed / Released
by
Seed
Availability
status1
1. Rice CR Dhan 310
(IET 24780)
Biofortified Variety
Contains high protein
content 10.3% (7.0-8.0 %)
Maturity days: 125 days
Grain yield: 45.0 q/ha
National Rice
Research Institute,
(NRRI), Cuttack
Released in 2016
Breeder seed
16.5q and
Truthfully
Labelled (TFL)
seeds 13.12q
available at
NRRI
CR Dhan 311
(Mukul)
Biofortified Variety
High protein rice variety
with 10.1% protein
content
Long bold grains, non-
lodging plant type with
average yield 5.54 t/ha
National Rice
Research Institute,
(NRRI), Cuttack
Released by State
Varietal Release
Committee (SVRC)
and notified in 2016
Breeder and TFL
seeds available at
NRRI
Swarna Sub1 Submergence
Tolerant to submergence
& flash floods
Tolerant to submergence
of about 2 weeks
Duration: 140-145 days
Average yield: 5.0-5.5 t/ha
Recommended for
cultivation in shallow low
land areas.
International Rice
Research Institute
(IRRI) and NRRI
Released in 2009
Breeder and TFL
seeds available at
NRRI.
CR1009Sub 1 Submergence
Tolerant to submergence
Short bold grains with
IRRI and NRRI,
Released in 2014
Breeder seed of
parental lines
available at
38
high milling percentage
and head rice recovery
Maturity: 155 days
Average yield: 5.8 t/ha
Recommended for shallow
low lands
NRRI.
Varshadhan Submergence
Tolerant to submergence
Long bold grains, late
maturity 160 days
Average grain yield:
4.0 t/ha
Recommended for low
land areas
IRRI and NRRI,
Released in 2006
Certified seed
available
CR Dhan 500 Submergence
Tolerant to submergence
Medium slender variety
Maturity duration: 160 days
Grain yield: 3.5 t/ha
Recommended for lowlands
IRRI and NRRI,
Released in 2011
Breeder seed of
parental lines
available at
NRRI.
Jalamani
(CR Dhan
503)
Submergence
Tolerant to submergence
Medium slender grains
Maturity: 160 days
Average yield: 4.6 t/ha
Recommended for
cultivation in deep water
situation of Odisha
IRRI and NRRI,
Released in 2012
Breeder seed of
parental lines
available at
NRRI.
Sahbhagi
Dhan
Drought
Highly drought tolerant
variety
It is semi-dwarf variety
with long bold grains
Early maturing: 100 days
Average yield: 3.8-4.5 t/ha
Central Rainfed
Upland Rice Research
Station (CRURRS),
Hazaribag, Jharkhand
& NRRI, Cuttack
Released in 2010
Breeder seed
available with
CRURRS,
Hazaribag,
Jharkhand
DRR Dhan 42
(IR64 Drt 1)
Drought
High yielding and drought
tolerant variety
Average yield: 5.0 -5.5
t/ha
Recommended for drought
regions of Odisha
especially in Puri,
Bhadarak, and Balasore
and Khorda districts.
Indian Institute of Rice
Research (IIRR),
Hyderabad
Released in 2014
Foundation and
TFL seeds
available with
IIRR, Hyderabad
CR 405
(Luna
Shanki)
Salinity
Highly saline tolerant
variety
Medium slender grains
Early maturing: 110 days
IRRI and NRRI
Released in 2013
Breeder seed of
parental lines
available at
NRRI.
39
Average grain yield: 4.6
t/ha
Recommended for coastal
saline areas
2. Quality
Protein
Maize
Pusa HM9
Improved
Biofortified (Hybrid)
Contains tryptophan 0.68
% (0.3-0.4%) and lysine
2.97% (1.5-2.0%)
Maturity: 89 days
Grain yield: 52.0 q/ha
Recommended for Kharif
seasons
IARI, New Delhi
Released in 2017
Breeder seed of
parental lines
available at
IARI.
HQPM-4 Biofortified (Hybrid)
Quality protein maize
hybrid possess lysine and
tryptophan double than
conventional maize
Orange flint grains, late
Maturing variety
Average yield: 54 q/ha
Haryana Agriculture
University (HAU),
Hisar
Released in 2010
Certified seed
available
3. Little
Millet
Tarini
(OLM 203)
Biofortified Variety
High iron content 51ppm
(32.71 ppm)
Duration 105-110 days
Average yield: 10-11 q/ha
Odisha University of
Agriculture and
Technology, (OUAT)
in 2001
Data not
available
4. Foxtail
Millet
Suryanandi
(SiA 3088)
Biofortified Variety
High iron content
129 ppm (27.19 ppm)
It is non-lodging early
duration variety.
Maturity: 70-75 days
Average yield: 20-25 q/ha
Regional Agriculture
Research Station
(RARS), Nandyal
Released in 2012
Breeder and TFL
seeds available
with RARS,
Nandyal
5. Sweet
Potato
Bhu Sona
(ST-14)
Biofortified Variety
(Orange fleshed)
It is pure line variety
(Clonal selection).
High Beta-carotene 14.0
mg/100 gm (2.3-3.0
mg/100gm)
Tuber yield: 19.8 t/ha
Dry matter: 27.0-29.0 %
Starch content: 20.0%
Regional centre,
Central Tuber Crop
Research Institute,
(CTCRI),
Bhubaneswar
Released in 2017
15,500 vine
cuttings were
marketed
Bhu Krishna
(ST-13)
Biofortified Variety
(Purple fleshed)
It is pure line variety
(Clonal selection).
High anthocyanin content
90.0 mg/100gm
Saline tolerant variety
Tuber yield: 18.0 t/ha
Regional centre,
CTCRI, Bhubaneswar
Released in 2017
82,000 vine
cuttings were
marketed
40
Note: Figures in brackets in column 4 refer to the nutrient content in conventional crop
Source: CTCRI, 2017; CCSHAY, 2011; Dash et.al, 2015; Banik, et.al, 2016; Singh, 2010; Singh, 2017; Yadava
et.al, 2017;
“Micronutrient deficiencies are a problem that is much greater than hunger and is a prime
example of the need to integrate both food and nutrition security. Sustainable food-based
approaches to enable adequate consumption of micronutrients include dietary diversification
and biofortification. Agriculture and agricultural biotechnology not only offer the opportunity
of increasing crop yields, thereby increasing food security, but also have the potential to
improve the micronutrient content of foods, thus contributing to the achievement of both food
and nutrition security” (Shetty, 2009).
Sree Kanaga Biofortified Variety
(Dark orange fleshed)
High beta-carotene
8.8-10 mg/100gm
Early maturity: 75-58 days
Tuber yield: 12-15 t/ha
Recommended for Kharif
season
Regional centre,
CTCRI, Bhubaneswar
Released in 2009
Data not
available
Bhu Kanti
(CIP-440127)
Biofortified Variety
(Orange fleshed)
It is pure line variety
(Clonal selection).
High beta-carotene content
6.2-7.6 mg/100gm
Duration: 100-110 days
Tuber yield: 23 t/ha
Regional centre
CTCRI, Bhubaneswar
Released in 2017
Data not
available
CIP-440038 Biofortified Variety
(Orange fleshed)
It is pure line variety
(Clonal selection).
Beta-carotene content
5.8-7.0 mg/100gm
Duration: 100-110 days
Tuber yield: 14-16 t/ha
Regional centre
CTCRI, Bhubaneswar
Released in 2017
Data not
available
Bhu Jha
(CIP-SWA-2)
Biofortified Variety
(Orange fleshed)
It is pure line variety
(Clonal selection).
High beta-carotene content
6.5-7.2 mg/100g
Duration: 110 days
Tuber yield: 23 t/ha
Regional centre
CTCRI, Bhubaneswar
Released in 2017
Data not
available
Gouri Biofortified Variety
(Orange-fleshed)
High beta-carotene content
4.5-5.5 mg/100 gm
Duration:110-120 days
Tuber yield: 19 t/ha
Regional centre
CTCRI, Bhubaneswar
Released in 2009
Data not
available
41
Given the availability of suitable biofortified varieties, particularly in rice, there is scope to
promote these varieties among farmers through appropriate policies. Further, given that
agriculture is prone to natural calamities in Odisha, promotion of stress tolerant rice varieties
among farmers would be an important way to reduce the risk involved in cultivation and
ensure increased quantum of rice grain availability at the farm household level. Needless to
add, promoting these varieties will have to be based on detailed field based studies on their
efficacy.
42
Section 5:
POLICY LANDSCAPE ANALYSIS OF ODISHA
This section presents a desk review of the current landscape of state and central government
policies that foster nutrition-sensitive agriculture by both promoting farming systems for
nutrition and improving food and non-food factors that enhance the availability of nutrition-
rich foods in rural households and markets in Odisha. The analysis framework recognizes
policy emphasis on each of 4 direct or core domains of farming systems for nutrition and 3
enabling or non-core domains7. A description of the policies considered within each domain
is provided in Table 5.1. In order to identify areas for improvement, we review government
documentation on both the policy agenda setting and the policy adoption stages of the
policymaking process (Sutton, 1999).
The review of policy agenda analyses farming system for nutrition related visions and goals
identified formally by the state government in long-term policy documents. The review of
policy adoption collates farming system for nutrition related schemes and programmes that
have been adopted by the state government through the allocation of funds in the state
budget. The landscape analysis conducted at both stages enables us to identify whether policy
gaps are arising from lack of recognition of policy issues or solutions, or a lack of
implementation of policy solutions.
Table 5.1: Farming System for Nutrition policy domains Domain Description
1. Agricultural Production
Diversity
Policies that encourage integrated farming systems and farm-level
diversity combining agriculture, horticulture, animal husbandry and
fisheries with the intention of enhance the availability of nutrients within
a household or local market.
2. Agricultural Production Policies that improve the production and productivity to enhance the
availability of nutrient-rich food in the regional market
3. Biofortification Policies that encourage the production of nutrient-dense biofortified
varieties for the regional market
4. Agricultural Value Chains Policies that support the production of nutrient-rich crops by creating
handling, storage, processing infrastructure, and avenues for marketing
and value addition to enhance availability in the local market
5. Nutrition-education and
behaviour change
Policies that improve the demand for nutrient-rich crops through
awareness creation and behaviour change communication
6. Women’s empowerment Policies that improve the demand for nutrient-rich crops by empowering
women to exercise their choice in household agriculture and nutrition
7. Natural resource
management
Policies that support the production of nutrient-rich crops by conserving
natural resources
7 Policies to improve access to safe drinking water and sanitation have not been covered in this analysis.
However, the status with respect to these factors has been discussed in Section 2.
43
Though the state government has accorded great importance to agriculture and has
undertaken several initiatives to improve productivity and farmer incomes while conserving
resources, there is ample potential to integrate nutrition objectives into agricultural policy,
with the aim of reducing Odisha’s malnutrition burden while also encouraging the production
of diverse, risk tolerant, high-value and marketable crop and animal products. The scope
available in the policies to enhance the nutrition focus is discussed below.
5.1. Review of Policy Agenda
The first step in the policy-making process is ‘agenda-setting’ or the recognition of a problem
or space where policy can make a positive difference. Such recognition sets off deliberation
among policymakers and policy influencers on the problem, eventually leading to the
democratic adoption of a policy solution (Jann and Wegrich 2007). We analyze prominent
‘agenda documents’ - long term mission or vision statements or polices adopted by the
Government of Odisha for indications that the various domains of farming systems for
nutrition form a part of the state government’s agenda. The documents analysed include the
State Agricultural Policy (2013), the Recommendations of the State Level Task Force on
Agricultural Development (2015), Odisha Health Sector and Nutrition Plan (2009-2015),
Nutrition Operation Plan, Animal Husbandry Department Perspective Plan 2010-2020,
Fisheries Department Perspective Plan (2010-2020) and the Draft Policy on Organic Farming
(2017). In addition, the State Girl and Women Policy (2014) and Draft Early Childhood Care
and Education (ECCE) (2017) were also reviewed.
The most prominent agenda document for the agriculture department is the State Agricultural
Policy. The Odisha state government adopted their very first State Agricultural Policy in
1996 and followed it up with another Policy in 2008 which met with relative success in
boosting agricultural production and earnings. The need for more frequent policy revisions
was recognized and the latest State Agricultural Policy was adopted in 2013 to continue the
growth momentum and further expand the goals and priorities of agriculture and allied
sectors. Under the direction of NITI Aayog, the state Department of Agriculture also set up a
task force for agricultural development which came up with several recommendations for
rejuvenating the agriculture sector. Together, these two documents define the agenda for
agriculture in the state. The nutrition agenda for the state is defined in the recently adopted
44
multi-sectoral Nutrition Action Plan (ONAP)8 in partnership with the Azim Premji
Philanthropic Initiative. However, as this document is not yet available in the public domain,
the recommendations of the preceding Nutrition Operation Plan (2009-13) and Odisha Health
Sector and Nutrition Plan (2008-15) were included in the analysis. These plans have played a
big role in fostering the remarkable progress made by the state in reducing malnutrition
among women and children and provide the base for ONAP. Other prominent policies and
long term plans of the Fisheries and Animal Resources Department were included. Odisha
has not set a long term growth vision for the economy as a whole.
These plans and policy documents together define the scope of priorities recognized by the
state government in agriculture and nutrition including the scope for building a farming
system for nutrition. A brief description of the government agenda categorized according the
key aspects identified in Table 5.1 is summarized below. The full list of agenda points can be
found in Appendix 1.
1. On-Farm Production Diversity:
Ample emphasis is given to integrated farming practices in the state agenda. The State Level
Task Force on Agricultural Development (Task Force) devotes an entire section to integrated
farming systems discussing the importance and benefits of on-farm diversification and the
need to encourage the practice among farmers, especially those in vulnerable agro-climatic
and soil conditions. The State Agricultural Policy too recognizes the benefits of integrated
farming systems for risk mitigation, income and nutritional security. The practice is
recommended for wastelands, areas with problematic soils (high acidity, salinity or water-
logging) and rainfed areas.
The Task Force recommends the planning of cropping system recommendations suited to the
agro-climatic and regional context – incorporating cereals, pulses, millets, horticulture,
aquaculture, livestock and other livelihood activities such as bee-keeping and mushroom
cultivation. Involving the agricultural universities, KVKs and NGOs in further developing the
concept and improving outreach is recommended. However, the nutritional benefits of
diversification and the need to develop cropping systems that can also satisfy nutritional
needs do not find mention.
8 Launched by the Chief Minister of Odisha on 22nd December 2016 as reported in
http://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/Odisha-PPT_Niti%20Aayog.pdf
45
Specifically, incorporation of horticulture, backyard poultry and duck farming and fish
farming is encouraged in both the Task Force and Agricultural Policy 2013. Intercropping in
horticulture farm, intercropping horticulture and fodder crops, cultivation of dual food-fodder
crops and composite horticulture-dairy-aquaculture systems are recommended strategies. In
order to support backyard poultry farming, the policies specify the need to develop
appropriate backward and forward linkages and ensure access to veterinary and disease
prevention services. Although the need to develop pulse-based and millet-based cropping
systems is mentioned, no specific strategies to incorporate them into rotations are provided.
The nutritional benefits of pulses, millets, horticulture, livestock, poultry and fish are not
discussed.
2. Agricultural production
Recommendations to improve overall agricultural production include improving supply of
seed and planting material, sustainable fertilization and plant protection practices, farm
mechanization and better extension services. Direct-benefits-transfer through electronic
means is recommended as an efficient strategy to transfer input subsidy to farmers.
In addition, emphasis has been placed on conservation and promotion of indigenous varieties
of crops, livestock and fish. Organic farming is also encouraged and several measures to
improve the availability of seeds, knowledge of bio-fertilizers and bio-pesticides and market
linkages are provided. Promotion of crops with high market value and value-addition
potential is recommended to improve incomes to farmers.
In horticulture, a matrix of priority crops for each district is laid out by the Task Force
according to which district crop development plans are to be drawn. The use of labour saving
equipment and protected cultivation in horticulture is encouraged. The Fisheries and Animal
Resources Department recommends a variety of measures to improve the production of
livestock, poultry and fisheries.
Dairy production is to be enhanced through breeding techniques (eg. cross breeding, artificial
insemination, embryo transfer, progeny testing and bull calf rearing by departments) and
improvement of fodder availability and veterinary services. Development of small animals is
also recommended through improved breeding practices, nutrition and disease control.
46
Conservation of indigenous breeds of cattle, goat, sheep and pigs is accorded high
importance. Several measures are recommended for improving healthcare and extension for
livestock. Incentives to new commercial poultry units and dairy entrepreneurs are specified.
Fisheries production is to be improved by ensuring better supply and quality of seed,
exploitation of untapped resources such as community ponds and waterlogged areas and
promotion of best practices related to tank and sea cage culture.
3. Biofortification
Despite the availability of biofortified rice, millets and sweet potato in Odisha, the primary
sector and nutrition missions do not call for the promotion of these varieties or the
development of biofortified varieties for other crops.
4. Agricultural Value Chains
Agenda documents call for several infrastructure developments to improve post-harvest
management, and marketing – including establishment of community threshing yards, storage
facilities, market yards, procurement centres for paddy, and collection centers in hub and
spoke format for horticulture crops, as well as use of post harvest machinery such as
automated cleaning and bagging machinery at APMC mandis. The state should provide
subsidy for custom hiring centres and SHGs for threshing equipment. They also call for the
involvement of farmers in procurement and food processing at cluster level.
There is also specific reference to the need for promoting organic farming. Recommendations
under the Draft Organic Policy call for the government to bear cost of certification for first 3
years, promote organic farmers associations or cooperatives and use participatory guarantee
system or group certification to reduce costs. Setting up of separate post harvest infrastructure
and marketing for organic produce and indigenous varieties is recommended to reach urban
and high value markets.
For horticulture, a cluster based approach is recommended in order to develop storage,
processing and marketing infrastructure while at the same time avoiding market glut.
FPOs/Federations and private players are encouraged to enter marketing contracts. Quality
control, packaging and branding of high value crops for export market is gaining importance.
For livestock, specific recommendation is made to establish the Odisha Small Animal
47
Development Federation for promotion of small animal production and marketing of meat
products. Emphasis has also been given to the development of post-harvest infrastructure,
cold chains and cooperatives for the marketing of fisheries.
5. Nutrition Education and Behaviour Change
The recommendations of the Nutrition Operation Plan and the Odisha Health Sector and
Nutrition Plan emphasize the importance of nutrition education and BCC in complementing
other supply side interventions of the Women and Child Development Department to
improve the health and nutrition status of women and children. Several strategies are
recommended. The Draft ECCE Policy recommends using mother tongue or local language
to deliver contextualized health and nutrition messages. The Girls and Women Policy among
other gender equality and women’s empowerment issues, recommends creating an awareness
campaign on the gender disparity in food intake. Special attention is accorded to adolescent
nutrition education and BCC. The OHSNP calls for increasing social accountability of
nutrition programmes by involving women’s groups and other community groups in
programme planning and management.
6. Women’s Empowerment
Along with the nutrition policy documents, the Girl and Women Policy focuses on gender
equality, especially in education, livelihood, asset ownership, decision-making and political
participation, safety and health. Women’s groups are a prominent platform for delivering
women’s empowerment and nutrition messages.
The State Agricultural Policy recognizes the crucial role played by women in agricultural
development and strongly calls for capacity-building and empowerment of women, gender
sensitization of department staff and gender analysis of all agricultural development
approaches in order to achieve its goals for the sector. Pertinently, it calls for the design of
women-friendly farm equipment along with DRWA to reduce drudgery and burden on
women. It also called for measures to augment the income of women, including training on
post-harvest management and value addition, involvement of women's SHGs in dept
schemes, agricultural credit to women. The fisheries department takes special efforts to
provide a role for women in fisheries cycle planning, production and marketing.
48
7. Natural Resource Management
As Odisha is prone to natural calamities and problematic soil conditions, the state agenda
includes sufficient measures for conservation of water resources and soil fertility. The need to
develop/maintain irrigation infrastructure to improve availability and reduce transmission
loss is well recognized. The Odisha Watershed Mission and the central schemes on watershed
development emphasize identification of priority blocks and relevant conservation and
cropping techniques. Policies also recommend using community driven methods like
participatory irrigation management, establishment of pani panchayats, fisheries cooperatives
and rotational water supply to conserve water and aquatic resources. Soil testing is to be
expanded. The agriculture policy documents promote use of conservation agriculture
machinery and sustainable agricultural practices like INM and IPM, organic farming and
need-based fertilization and plant protection.
5.2. Review of Policy Adoption
The next step after agenda-setting in the policy-making process is the policy formulation and
adoption stage. Once a policy problem has been recognized, governments decide on a policy
solution. A core element of policy adoption is the specification of programme details and the
allocation of resources, including human and physical capital (Jann and Wegrich 2007). In
the absence of a publicly available comprehensive record of adopted policies, we define the
set of adopted policies as those that have received a budget allocation in the state budget. For
Odisha, we include the two most recently presented state budgets, for 2016-17 and 2017-18,
as well as the Agriculture Budgets of the same years. All policies relating to the 4 core
domains and nutrition-sensitive policies in the 3 non-core domains of farming systems for
nutrition, from the budgets of the departments of agriculture, co-operation and farmer’s
welfare, animal husbandry, fisheries, women and child development, rural development,
health, medical and family welfare, backward classes and minority welfare.
The Odisha Government each year presents its annual budget in two parts – the first part
forms the agriculture budget which not only provides the outlays for agriculture and allied
departments but also macroeconomic outlook and context, and the second part consists of the
general budget. This split reiterates the importance of the sector to majority of the state
population and its GDP. As with other states, Odisha too moved from distinguishing
expenditures into Plan and Non-Plan categories to State Contribution and Central
Contribution categories in the financial year 2017-18. All schemes in the agriculture and
49
allied department budgets, as well as those of rural development, women and child
development, health and family welfare and SC, ST and minority welfare were analysed.
Further information on selected schemes was included from the Activity Report (2016-17) of
the Department of Agriculture and Farmer’s Empowerment and the Citizen’s Charter of the
Directorate of Agriculture and Food Production. Prominent stand-alone policies adopted by
the state government – Odisha Poultry Policy 2015, Odisha Fisheries Policy 2015, and the
Food Processing Policy 2016 – that were mentioned in the budget and specify programme
details or receive allocation were included.
The schemes listed in the state budget and stand-alone policy documents provide a picture of
the existing policy framework that promotes and enables farming systems for nutrition. A
summary of the schemes and policies under each of the 8 core and non-core domains is
provided below. The complete list of policies and schemes is categorized in Appendix 2 and
matched to the source document in Appendix 3.
1. On-farm Production Diversity
Provision has been made in the agriculture budget for programmes on “Promotion of
integrated farming” in all areas and especially in tribal areas. Under this scheme,
demonstrations on integrated farming systems are conducted and subsidy assistance is
provided to set up a number of these farms in rural and tribal areas. The National Mission for
Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA) under its sub-schemes Cropping systems suitable to bio-
physical environment promoted under Climate Change and Sustainable Agriculture
Monitoring, Modelling and Networking (CCSAMMN) and Rainfed Area Development, and
the Integrated Watershed Management Programme (IWMP) recommend mixed cropping
systems to natural resources and create farms resilient to climate fluctuations. The IWMP
also calls for a number of integrated farming activities to enhance livelihoods in areas of
water scarcity.
The National Food Security Mission (NFSM) – Pulses sub-scheme conducts demonstrations
on rice-rice-pulse and blackgram-greengram intercropping and rotations. The Rashtriya
Krishi Vikash Yojana (RKVY) also promotes the cultivation of pulses in rice fallow
areas/seasons. The Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) promotes
intercropping of horticulture crops in fruit orchards. The Horticulture Department also
provides seedlings of fruit trees, coconut and drumstick at a subsidized rate for backyard
50
plantation. Rural backyard poultry and backyard duck farming is promoted by the Animal
Husbandry Department state schemes through provision of chicks, assistance in construction
of shelters and vaccination. The integration of duck and fish farming is also encouraged
through trainings.
2. Agricultural production
Prominent national schemes such as the National Food Security Mission (NFSM) and the
RKVY, along with several sub-missions such as those pertaining to mechanization and input
subsidy and organic farming are implemented, with emphasis provided to the improvement of
prominent local crops. Odisha is one of the states where RKVY sub-mission Bringing Green
Revolution to Eastern India is being implemented to promote modernization of inputs.
Central extension programmes such as NMAET are supplemented by state schemes
promoting specific practice and crops. National schemes for the promotion of organic
farming – PKVY, NMSA and National Project for Organic Farming are in place. In addition,
special programmes for under-performing districts to boost production have been sanctioned.
Initiatives under NFSM and ISOPOM are targeted at improving the productivity of pulses
and coarse cereals. Demonstrations on HYV seeds and improved package of practices are
conducted. Pulse production is also targeted by the Technology Mission on Pulses and
Oilseeds. Under NFSM and a state workplan scheme, special emphasis is given to boosting
the production of ragi (finger millet), a popular millet in Odisha. A provision has also been
made by the state for promotion of millets in tribal areas through extension on best practices.
The centrally sponsored Mission on Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) and the
National Horticulture Mission mandate several guidelines for the usage of quality seeds,
inputs and mechanization of horticulture. Horticulture “Mission Plus” activities focus on
protected cultivation and post-harvest management. State plans for horticulture include
implementation of programmes in non-NHM districts, popularization of implements and
equipment and special programmes for potato, vegetable and spice development.
Livestock and poultry production programmes abound with central schemes focusing on
infrastructure development, improvement of breeds, upgradation of veterinary services and
extension. The RKVY programme on Small Animal Development and state schemes for
genetic upgradation will improve the production of small animals like goats, sheep and pig.
51
Ample emphasis has also been given to poultry development and fodder cultivation. Odisha
also has several state schemes to promote inland, marine and brackishwater fisheries with
ample support for infrastructure creation, mechanization and welfare of fishermen.
3. Biofortification
No major state-wide policy initiatives have been taken to promote the production of
biofortified varieties of rice, millet and tubers.
4. Agricultural Value Chains
The Odisha State Government has adopted a Food Processing Policy in 2016 to develop a
competitive food processing industry that can improve farmer incomes. The Policy provides
fiscal and non-fiscal incentives for value addition and set up of cold chains, primary
processing centre. It also seeks to enhance credit availability and skill development for local
farmers and entrepreneurs. State schemes to establish marketing infrastructure such as sale
centres and farmer markets (krushak hata) are in place.
The Horticulture Department has adopted schemes to support Farmer Producer Organizations
and setting up of a company for marketing of fruits and vegetables and development of post-
harvest infrastructure specific to horticulture. Schemes to strengthen dairy entrepreneurship
and self-employment in animal products value chain through capital and interest subsidy and
capacity building are in place. Fisheries value chains are aided by state and central schemes
for development of marine fisheries infrastructure & post-harvest operation, and state plan
schemes for the rejuvenation of fisheries cooperatives and a hub Kaushalyaganga.
5. Nutrition Education and Behaviour Change
Information on current nutrition interventions is limited due to the non-availability of the
ONAP document. Nutrition education and BCC is primarily conducted through the
Department of WCD schemes, namely the Integrated Child Development Services (nutrition
counselling, supplementary nutrition and community management of malnutrition), Kishori
Shakti Yojana and SABLA Scheme for adolescent girls and the Pradhan Mantri Matritva
Vandana Yojana/Indira Gandhi Mattritva Sahyog Yojana. The state government’s effective
conditional cash transfer scheme for pregnant women, known as the MAMATA scheme also
includes a counselling component where awareness on nutrition is provided. An allocation
52
has also been provided to the newly constituted National Nutrition Mission. NRLP SHGs
were also recipients of a nutrition BCC programme called Shakti Varta.
6. Women’s Empowerment
Central schemes for women - the National Mission for Empowerment of Women, One Stop
Centre, Prevention of violence against women, State Commission for Women, Gender Cell,
Anti-human trafficking measures, Pradhan Mantri Matritva Vandana Yojana/Indira Gandhi
Mattritva Sahyog Yojana and the MAMATA scheme are in operation in Odisha. Central
schemes for adolescent girls - the Kishori Shakti Yojana and SABLA Scheme also improve
women’s empowerment in the state. A novel scheme, Biju Krushak Kaylan Yojana, provides
health and accident insurance for farm families, thereby providing a safety net to women
farmers. Despite recognition of the need to orient extension, farm mechanization and
agricultural planning towards women farmers, no such scheme has been undertaken. The
Mahila Vikas Samabaya Nigam and the NRLP coordinate programmes for self-employment
and income generation for women.
7. Natural Resource Management
Several schemes on soil and water conservation are being implemented in Odisha. The
NMSA and state plan schemes promote Soil Health Management through soil testing, usage
of Soil Health Card and soil conservation training. In order to facilitate integrated nutrient
management, the state will set up or upgrade soil testing facility (static and mobile) and
provide nutrient subsidy based on soil analysis. Central schemes for irrigation and watershed
development such as IWMP, RKVY, Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayi Yojana/Har Khet ko
Pani, Jalanidhi/RIDF and NMSA subsidise infrastructure creation. Biju Krushak Vikash
Yojana, Biju KBK Yojana, Mukhyamantri Adibandha Tiari Yojana, World Bank assisted
Odisha Community Tanks Management Programme and Neeranchal Project and the Asian
Development Bank assisted Odisha Integrated Irrigated Agricultural and Water Management
Project are state schemes to improve availability of irrigation through infrastructure
development.
Further strategies to conserve natural resources includes crop planning through the NMSA
sub-schemes Watershed management, Rainfed Area Development, Climate Change and
Sustainable Agriculture Monitoring, Modelling and Networking (CCSAMMN), Organic
Farming Policy and effective management of crop reside. A Global Environmental Facility
53
Project is also in operation in Odisha to prevent land degradation and mitigate the effects of
climate change through biodiversity conservation.
5.3. Policy Analysis
Odisha in recent years has emerged as a success story in combating malnutrition on the
strength of innovative multi-sectoral community-led interventions, effective implementation
of national nutrition and child health schemes and coordination between governmental and
non-governmental partners. The momentum generated must be maintained in order to achieve
the WHA targets on maternal and child nutrition and expand the scope to improve nutrition in
men and women of all age groups. Odisha has taken initial steps to do that through the
adoption of a multi-sectoral Nutrition Action Plan (ONAP). The long-term path to sustainable
improvements in the nutritional status of the state population however lies in the propagation
of nutrition-sensitive agricultural practices to ensure availability and access of nutrients to all.
Given that the average landholding size is approximately 1 acre and many districts are
predominantly tribal and contained communities, farming system for nutrition strategies are
especially relevant in Odisha.
Although the state government has prioritized agriculture by periodically adopting medium-
term perspective policies and presenting a separate annual budget for agriculture, the
convergence of nutrition and agriculture goals will improve the policy environment for a
farming system for nutrition in Odisha. The policy landscape analysis reveals the status and
scope available that can be addressed in order to achieve nutrition for all through agricultural
growth. These gaps occur in both the policy agenda-setting as well as policy adoption stages.
A summary of these gaps in relevance to the priority areas for improvement is provided in
Table 5.2.
54
Table 5.2: Policy Analysis with a farming system for nutrition perspective: A case of
Odisha
On-farm Production Diversity
Policy Agenda Policy Adoption
Status
Integrated farming systems (IFS) are well
encouraged
Scope:
Integration of nutrition focus in the IFS
Status
Promotion of specific schemes to enhance
production diversity:
IFS in rural and tribal areas;
Mixed cropping systems under
watershed and rain-fed area
development plans;
Backyard plantation and intercropping
of horticulture crops;
Backyard poultry, duck and fish
farming.
Scope
Integrate nutrition dimension in the
existing schemes
Strengthen convergence across
agriculture, horticulture and animal
husbandry schemes
Agricultural Production
Policy Agenda Policy Adoption
Status
Enhancing availability and quality of inputs,
mechanization and extension.
Organic farming, conservation of indigenous
varieties and breeds.
Improved breeding practices, nutrition and
disease control for livestock and small ruminants
Better inputs and exploitation of untapped
resources for fisheries
Focus on priority horticultural crops for districts
Scope
Nutritional benefits of indigenous varieties of
cereals, millets and livestock can be highlighted
Status
Central and State schemes in place to improve
availability, quality of inputs, mechanization
and extension.
Organic Policy has been drafted
Poultry Policy and Fisheries Policy will
provide impetus to both sectors.
Programmes in place for bovine and small
animal development
Scope
Priority may be given to improve availability
of stress-tolerant paddy seeds
55
Biofortification
Policy Agenda Policy Adoption
Status
No agenda in place to promote cultivation of
biofortified crops
Scope
Policy agenda should incorporate a road map
for promoting bio fortified crops
Status
No state-wide schemes are in place for the
promotion of biofortified paddy and millets
Pilot promotion of beta-carotene rich sweet
potato
Scope
Existing schemes can include promotion of
biofortified cereals and tuber crops
Agricultural Value Chain
Policy Agenda Policy Adoption
Status
Improvement of post-harvest, storage and
marketing infrastructure is recommended for
paddy, organic produce, high value
horticulture crops and animal products
including fish.
Scope
Policy recognition needed to improve
availability of processed and perishable
commodities and pulses in rural markets.
Status
Schemes for improvement of post-harvest
activities, storage and marketing of horticulture,
dairy and fisheries are in place.
Food Processing Policy focuses on developing
value chains for high value commodities.
Scope
Schemes are required to promote processing,
storage and marketing of pulses and non-
commercial horticulture crops, especially in rural
markets
56
Nutrition Education and Behaviour Change
Policy Agenda Policy Adoption
Status
The nutrition policy documents recognize the
importance of nutrition knowledge and
behaviour change communication
Involvement of women’s groups and
adolescents is encouraged.
Scope
Nutrition knowledge and behaviour change
communication must recognize importance of
communicating concepts of diet diversity,
linkage between nutrition and agriculture and
appeal to men and women of all age groups.
Status
Major national schemes of the Dept. of WCD
are in place.
State conditional transfer scheme MAMATA
incorporates nutrition education.
Scope
The existing WCD programmes can include
nutrition education to cover men and women of
all age groups
Nutrition education can cover the importance
of integrating locally available nutrient rich
food items in diets
Women’s empowerment
Policy Agenda Policy Adoption
Status
Laudable emphasis has been provided to
women’s role in agriculture and the need for
gender sensitization of agriculture policy
Need for developing women-friendly
technologies, involving them in planning and
post-harvest activities recognized.
State Policy for Girls and Women adopted
Status
Major national schemes of the Dept. of WCD
are in place
Scope
Specific state wide schemes, in tune with the
agenda documents can be developed
Natural Resource Management
Policy Agenda Policy Adoption
Status
There is substantial recognition of the
importance of water and soil conservation.
Integrated farming systems are mentioned as a
strategy for sustainable use of natural
resources.
Sustainable and conservation agriculture
practices, organic farming, soil testing and
community participation in resource
management are encouraged.
Status
Central and state schemes for watershed
management and sustainable agriculture are
available
Rainfed and watershed area development
through mixed cropping is promoted under the
IWMP
Note: See Appendix A for the full list of goals and vision recognized by the Odisha State Government
See Appendix B for the full list of schemes and programmes adopted by the Odisha State Government.
See Appendix C for the sources referred.
57
Section 6:
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PROMOTING
FARMING SYSTEM FOR NUTRITION
Government of Odisha has both a sound vision and policy framework for improving
agricultural production and natural resource management. Odisha has also adopted a multi-
sectoral Nutrition Action Plan. However, nutrition has not yet been recognised as a goal for
agriculture and allied sectors. The long-term path to sustainable improvements in the
nutritional status of the population lies in the propagation of nutrition-sensitive agricultural
practices to ensure availability and access of nutritious food to all. Given that the majority of
farmers in Odisha operate small or marginal holdings, ‘farming system for nutrition’ (FSN)
strategies are especially relevant in Odisha. While there is recognition of integrated farming
systems, organic and natural farming and the importance of animal food products, there is
scope to make existing primary sector policies more nutrition-sensitive and introduce
supportive policies that will enable the state to improve its nutritional indicators while
maintaining rapid agricultural growth.
Some Preliminary Recommendations are:
i. Integrated farming strategies have been recognized in agenda-setting documents such
as the State Task Force for Agricultural Development as beneficial for resource poor
and climate-vulnerable areas. Benefits of integrated farming on diversification of
incomes and risk are recognized. Recommended strategies clearly specify the need for
intercropping and mixed cropping of cereals, pulses, millets and horticulture, and also
lay down opportunities for integrating livestock and aquaculture. However, the
nutritional benefits of these strategies have not been acknowledged. Guidelines of
schemes to promote integrated farming can incorporate instructions to design
cropping calendars and package of practices to meet the nutritional deficiencies. Other
initiatives by the horticulture department to promote backyard plantation and kitchen
gardens can also take into consideration nutritional requirements. Mainstreaming
nutrition into integrated farming strategies would be a step towards promotion
of FSN.
ii. A policy that spells out a clear-cut strategy for biofortification is required for Odisha.
In the context of micronutrient and protein-energy malnutrition, high-iron, high-zinc
varieties or rice and millets, high-protein maize and orange flesh sweet potato can be
an effective way to address nutritional requirements without significantly altering
diets and production systems. Formulating an effective strategy for making
58
available the seed and planting materials of biofortified varieties would be
necessary.
iii. Formulating a road map for improving seed availability of stress tolerant rice
varieties to farmers in vulnerable areas would help reduce risk in cultivation.
iv. There are specific policies to improve production of most crops in Odisha. However,
these can be further expanded to cover region specific non-commercial horticulture
crops – Vitamin A rich fruits, green leafy vegetables and other vegetables.
Programmes to promote local entrepreneurship, such as through Farmer Producer
Organisations and women’s groups, in processing and value addition, can improve the
availability of these commodities in rural markets. Focused strategies to increase
production of non-commercial horticulture crops would be needed.
v. Untapped potential available in inland fishery sources to be utilised through
appropriate strategies to enhance local availability of fish. Strategies to promote
inland fisheries are required.
vi. In 2005-06 the Government of Odisha launched the Vasundhara scheme with an
objective to provide homestead plots to the homestead-less population. Bringing about
convergence between Vasundhara scheme and other government schemes such as
Women Food Security Groups that promote nutrition garden for vegetable cultivation,
backyard poultry, goat-rearing and horticulture could be attempted to enhance food
and nutrition security of the families that have received homestead plots in the
Vasundhara scheme. Given the positive relationship between ownership of
homestead land and household food security, repeating a state-wide survey on
homestead- less families for appropriate action may be attempted.
vii. Strengthening the agricultural extension system would be necessary so that
farmers can receive appropriate technical guidance for adopting the FSN approach. It
would be necessary to address the large number of vacancies that exists within the
agriculture extension services in Odisha.
While we provide the recommendations based on a systematic review of publicly available
state-level formal policy documentation of the Odisha government, we acknowledge that the
policy space is rapidly changing. We are limited by access to documentation of newer orders,
policy adoption at smaller geographical levels such as the district, block and panchayat and
current implementation status of various policies. Further feasibility study is required to
deliver recommendations in detail.
59
APPENDIX A
REVIEW OF POLICY AGENDA: GOALS AND VISIONS RECOGNIZED BY THE ODISHA STATE GOVERNMENT
Part A of Review of Policy Agenda: GENERAL AGENDA STATEMENTS EXTRACTED FROM LISTED SOURCES*
CO
RE
DO
MA
INS
1. Agricultural Production Diversity
- Integrated farming systems approach will be encouraged in the State. A proper combination of
different farm production systems namely, agriculture, horticulture, livestock, poultry,
agroforestry, sericulture and pisciculture will be promoted. Benefits recognized - security against
complete failure of a system, minimization of dependence for external inputs, optimum utilization
of farm resources, efficient use of natural resources etc.
- Increase nutritional security through vertical and horizontal expansion of horticulture crops,
promotion of crop diversification
- Develop farming system packages and plans suited to regional and agro-climatic context : rice-
based, vegetable based, pond based, fruit-based, silvi-horti based and integrated farming system
- Support on farm diversification by involving OUAT, KVKs, NGOs, resource organizations in
conservation and production of indigenous organic seeds, knowledge and tech dissemination to
FPOs
- Adopt cropping plans suitable for problematic soils - high acidity, high salinity and water
logging.
- In rainfed areas, transition from cereal based cropping system to oilseed, pulse and vegetable
based cropping system, millets in infertile and dryland areas.
- Adopt scientific watershed management and agri-horti cropping system, development of allied
entrepreneurial activities - bee keeping, dairy, mushroom cultivation in wastelands
- Farm pond construction through MGNREGA and State Plan
2. Agricultural Production
'- Increase certified/hybrid seed production by entrepreneurs, private organizations and contract
farming. Establish seed processing plants and storage facilities. Improve quality of seeds by
stregnthening research and testing institutions
- Improve distribution of quality seeds through sale centers in Gram Panchayat, PACS, LAMPS.
60
Conduct awareness campaigns on seed treatment.
- Conserve and promote indigenous varieties of rice, fish, livestock and poultry. Integrate R&D
institutions and local/indigenous seed system
- Promote sustainable agricultural practices - INM and IPM, bio-fertilizers and bio-pesticides,
seed treatment, pest monitoring devices and surveillance, plant protection equipment
- Promote organic farming in paddy, millets, oilseeds, pulses, fruits, plantation crops, spices and
medicinal/aromatic herbs through cluster approach to improve availability of safe commodities
for rural and urban consumption. Organic Farming Systems/Package of Practices to be
developed for each agro-climatic region. Set up Odisha Organic Mission and State Organic
Farming Board to promote organic farming.
- Promotion of crops amenable to value addition and processing. Development of detailed action
plan for market-driven high-value agriculture
- Improve efficiency of input subsidy through direct benefit transfer
- Increase farm mechanization by developing new relevant farm machinery through a new State
Level Training and Testing Centre of Farm Machineries and exisiting institutions, improving
maintenance of machinery through training of farmers and mechanics, promoting agro service
centres
- Adopt new strategies using farm schools, lead farmer model, gram krushak manch, Information
Kiosks, Farm Information and Advisory Centres and use strategic research extension plan to
develop and disseminate relevant technology. Improve functioning and capacity of ATMAs for
farmer led extension.
3. Biofortification -
4. Agricultural Value Chains
- Establish post-harvest infrastructure - community threshing yards, storage facilities, RMC
Market Yards/Sub-Market Yards and Temporary Procurement Centres for paddy, Terminal
Market Complex and collection centers in hub and spoke format for horiculture crops.
- Promote use of modern post harvest machinery through PACS and in village level clusters,
Renovation of automated cleaning and bagging machinery at mandis. Subsidy for custom hiring
ops and SHGs for threshing equipment.
- Establishment of food processing clusters and common facility centers. Involvement of farmer
61
groups in village-level primary processing and collection centres of the APMC
- Promote organic farming by bearing cost of certification for first 3 year, use of participatory
guarantee system or group certification to reduce costs, promoting organic farmers association.
- Involve farmer groups and women’s groups set up under OTELP and OLM already initiated in
organic/natural farming at NPM to form cooperatives for organic farming, procurement of
inputs, certification and marketing
- Set up of separate post harvest infrastructure for organic produce, facilitation of direct
marketing through weekly organic bazaar, kisan mandis and organic marketing centre,
awareness campaign
- Promote indigenous rice varieties through branding exercise
NO
N-C
OR
E D
OM
AIN
S
5. Nutrition Education and Behaviour
Change Communication
- Provide Health and Nutrition Education at Anganwadi Centres in mother tongue or local
language. Undertake other relevant interactions in local language to ensure more receptiveness
and making the centre more accessible to the community.
- Enhance the nutrition security of girls and women by ensuring access to adequate food, public
awareness campaign on gender disparity in food intake
- Establish multisectoral nutrition policy, supply and demand side interventions and departmental
convergence required to address undernutrition in Odisha
- Give priority to adolescent nutrition education and BCC
6. Women’s Empowerment
- Women recognized as important project partners in agricultural development; emphasis will be
laid upon capacity-building and empowerment of women to achieve the goals, gender
sensitization of department staff and gender analysis of all agricultural development approaches.
- Design of women-friendly farm equipment with cooperation of DRWA, training on post-harvest
management and value addition to young women to augment their income, involvement of
women's SHGs in dept schemes, availability of agricultural credit to women
- Odisha State Girl and Women Policy for education, livelihood, asset ownership, decision-
making and political participation, safety, health
- Strengthen and empower social accountability mechanisms, women's and community groups to
raise awareness and efficiency of nutrition programmes
- Involvement of fisherwomen in fisheries cycle planning, training and capacity-building to
62
address their requirements and concerns
7. Natural Resource Management
- Promote use of conservation agriculture machinery - zero tillage, unpuddled transplanting -
through financial incentive
- Promote sustainable agricultural practices - INM and IPM, bio-fertilizers and bio-pesticides,
seed treatment, use of pest monitoring devices and plant protection equipment, green manure
crops, vermi hatchery, vermi compost, SRI and SSI, bio-fuel crops - through training and
campaigns
- Promote organic farming in rainfed area to improve productivity, soil fertility and resilience to
climate change.
- Improve availability of water and reduce transmission loss by improving irrigation
infrastructure, promotion of rainwater harvesting, subsidy for lift and micro irrigation,
rejuvenation of traditional water bodies, electrification of dugwells, link irrigation subsidy to
socio-economic status and adoption of sustainable practices
- Improve participatory irrigation management by establishing pani panchayats, adopting
rotational water supply
- Watershed Mission: Identification and prioritization of blocks/GPs, development of integrated
watershed development programmes, dissemination of appropriate crop planning and
conservation agriculture techniques
-Expansion of DFID – assisted Western Odisha Rural Livelihood Project, “Watershed-plus”
approach
- Expansion of soil testing coverage through awareness creation, establishment/improvement of
static and mobile soil testing labs, block level facility, private tesing labs
- Provide alternate livelihood options to tribals practicing shifting cultivation, compensation
mechanism for crop loss due to industrial waste
- Reactivation of fisheries cooperatives and community groups for participatory management of
aquatic resources.
- Effect manure management to mitigate the negative effects of methane production
63
Part B of Review of Policy Agenda: AGENDA STATEMENTS EXTRACTED FROM LISTED SOURCES* - FOR MAJOR
NUTRITIOUS CROPS/LIVESTOCK (IN CORE DOMAINS)
Legumes Nutri-
cereals/Millets Horticulture Livestock and poultry Aquaculture
1. Agricultural Production
Diversity - -
- Encourage of home
gardens and nurseries
in urban areas.
- Priority for composite
pisiculture with
horticulture, dairy and
poultry
- Inclusion of fodder
crops in district
agricultural plans,
coordination with
horticulture department
for horti-fodder
farming systems.
- Priority for
composite pisiculture
with horticulture, dairy
and poultry
- Promotion of rural
backyard poultry and
duck breeding through
establishment of small
scale hatcheries and
broiler units,
vaccination coverage
and breeding farms.
Focus on coastal
areas. Expansion of
backyard poultry by
establishing backward
and forward linkages.
Setting up of village
level chick rearing
centres operated by
enterprising youth.
- Inclusion of fodder
crops in district
- Promote
adoption of rice-
fish farming in
waterlogged areas
- Priority for
composite
pisiculture with
horticulture, dairy
and poultry
64
agricultural plans,
coordination with
horticulture
department for horti-
fodder farming
systems. Dsitribution
of seasonal fodder
cropping system
minikits. Promotion of
dual purpose
food/fodder crops.
2. Agricultural Production - -
- District specific crop
development plan to be
decided based on
formulated matrix of
priority crops
- Promotion of
laboursaving tools and
equipment and
protected structures in
horticulture
- Improve R&D support
for horticulture through
OUAT, KVKs and other
ICAR institutes
- Promotion of bovine
and buffalo selective
breeding, cross
breeding, artificial
insemination, progeny
testing, embryo
transfer technology
breeding through
various initiatives.
- Development
programme for small
ruminants and pigs.
Selective breeding,
cross breeding,
artificial insemination
for goats, sheep and
pigs, better nutrition,
disease control,
- Enhance
production and
productivity
through quality
seed production,
establishment of
public/PPP/pvt
hatcheries/brood
banks, feed mills,
subsidy for
purchasing and
operating
equipment and
machinery
- Conservation of
aquatic resource
and genetic
diversity - through
65
research, input supply,
processing and
marketing
- Indigenous breed
conservation and
development in bovine,
sheep, goat
- Incentives for
commercial layer and
broiler units.
Improvement of
departmental
hatcheries for supply
to backyard units.
- Promotion of fodder
and azolla cultivation
among enterprising
farmers through
training, seed
availability
improvement, ensilage.
Involvement of vana
surakshya samiti for
fodder collection from
forest fringe areas.
Provision for leasing
of community land for
fodder crop
cultivation, district-
deployment of
artificial reefs and
fish aggregating
devices, capacity
building of
fishermen and
women, fisheries
resources
management plan,
diversification of
aquaculture in
inland and
brackishwater
- Standardised
leasing of
wasteland,
waterlogged areas
and government
owned water
bodies for fishing
entreprenuers.
Encouragement of
social fishery in
small sized
perennial ponds.
Subsidy under
Jalanidhi scheme
for deep
borewell/shallow
66
wise inventory
management of crop-
residue for preparation
of fodder blocks.
Development of
pasture land through
community action
- Improve availability
of feed by promoting
retention of byproducts
such as oilcakes, fish
meal, broken rice etc
and incentivizing
manufacturers
- Improvement of
veterinary/livestock aid
facilities, skill
upgradation of
personnel, provision of
non-chemical health
care support for
livestock. Campaign
for
deworming/vaccination
of livestock and
poultry, better control
and containment of
emerging diseases
through better
tubewell for fish
farms.
- Demonstration of
best management
practices related to
tank and pond
fisheries to
improve
productivity.
Promotion of sea
cage culture
67
monitoring.
- Special focus to the
dairy development
activities in the
Intensive Dairy Zone
by ensuring integrated
services like AI,
Fodder cultivation,
marketing, post
insemination advisory
services
- Improvement of
livestock extension
services by providing
mobility, extension
aids and infrastructure
3. Biofortification - - - NA NA
4. Agricultural Value Chains - -
- Cluster based
approach for
horticulture production
in order to develop
storage processing and
marketing and avoid
market glut. Subsidy to
horticulture farmers for
packing.
- Post harvest
management, value
addition and marketing
- Establishment of
Odisha Small Animal
Development
Federation for
promotion of small
animal production and
marketing of meat
products, set up of
marketing
infrastructure and
farms
- Establishment or
improvement of
landing
centres/harbours,
post-harvest
infrastructure,
fishery clusters,
cold chain and
support for
transport and
distribution to
reduce losses
68
linkages through
formation of FPOs and
federations
- Encouragement to
private players to enter
into marketing
contracts. Capital
subsidy and electricity
at special rates for cold
storage facilities set up
by private players.
- Quality control,
packaging and
branding of high value
crops for export market
- Development of
aquaculture
clusters, cold
chain, aqua shops,
hygienic fish
markets
- Stregthening of
fisheries
cooperatives with
forward and
backward linkages
for marketing
management.
*See References – Agenda documents for list of sources
69
APPENDIX B
REVIEW OF POLICY ADOPTION: SCHEMES AND PROGRAMMES ADOPTED BY THE ODISHA STATE GOVERNMENT
Part A of Review of Policy Adoption: GENERAL SCHEMES AND PROGRAMMES EXTRACTED FROM LISTED SOURCES*
CO
RE
DO
MA
INS
1. Agricultural Production
Diversity
1. State Plan: Programme for Promotion of integrated farming, Special Programme for Promotion of
integrated farming in tribal areas
2. NMSA: Cropping systems suitable to bio-physical evironment promoted under Climate Change and
Sustainable Agriculture Monitoring, Modeling and Networking (CCSAMMN)
3. IWMP and NMSA: Rainfed area and watershed development using mixed cropping patterns.
Livelihoods, production system and microenterprise promotion.
2. Agricultural Production
1. State Plan : Input subsidies (direct benefit transfer) for seed, fertilizer, bio-fertilizer, insecticide, bio-
pesticide etc for agriculture and horticulture, production and distribution of quality planting materials,
financial subsidy to seed growers
2. National Food Security Mission (NFSM): Demonstrations on hybrid paddy cultivation, SRI,
cropping systems, commercial crops. Input subsidy for micronutrients and plant protection.
3. Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY): Bringing Green Revolution to Eastern India (BGREI) sub-
mission, Foot and Mouth Disease sub-mission, rice fallows for oilseeds and pulses, diversification for
tobacco farmers sub-mission - initiatives in modernizaion of inputs, extension, mechanization and
irrigation.
4. State Plan: Promotion of improved package of practices, need based plant protection, technology
missions for various crops
5. State Plan Schemes for Extension: Intensive extension campaign on agriculture, system
development,Information, education and communication for agriculture and horticulture
6. National Mission on Agriculture Extension and Technology (NMAET): Sub-mission on agricultural
mechanization, agricultural extension, plant protection and quarantine, seed and planting material
7. Central Schemes for Organic Farming: Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY), National Project
on Organic Farming, National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)
8. State Plan: Special Programme for KBK districts for soil testing, cropping patterns for watershed
70
development, increasing use of best practices, self-employment through farm mechanization and
agriculture
9. State Plan: Establishment and operation of Department agriculture farms for experiments, adaptive
trials and quality seed production
3. Biofortification -
4. Agricultural Value Chains
1. Food Processing Policy: Fiscal and non-fiscal incentives for value addition and set up of cold chains,
primary processing centre. Facilitate continuous flow of credit from banks and skill development for
local farmers and entrepreneurs
2. State Plan: Establishment of Krushak Hata, Sale Centers
NO
N-C
OR
E D
OM
AIN
S
5. Nutrition Education and
Behaviour Change
Communication
1. Integrated Child Development Services
2. Central schemes for adolescent girls: Kishori Shakti Yojana, SABLA Scheme
3. Central schemes for women: Pradhan Mantri Matritva Vandana Yojana/Indira Gandhi Mattritva
Sahyog Yojana
4. MAMATA conditional cash transfer
5. National Nutrition Mission
6. Women’s Empowerment
1. Biju Krushak Kaylan Yojana, health and accident insurance for farm families
2. Central schemes for adolescent girls: Kishori Shakti Yojana, SABLA Scheme
3. Central schemes for women: National Mission for Empowerment of Women, One Stop Centre,
Prevention of violence against women, State Commission for Women, Gender Cell, Anti-human
trafficking measures, Pradhan Mantri Matritva Vandana Yojana/Indira Gandhi Mattritva Sahyog
Yojana
4. MAMATA conditional cash transfer
7. Natural Resource
Management
1.NMSA and State Plan: Soil Health (Integrated nutrient) Management and Soil Health Card, Soil
Conservation Training and Demonstration Centres, Soil testing facility (static and mobile) set up and
upgradation. Nutrient subsidy based on soil analysis.
2.IWMP/RKVY/Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayi Yojana/Har Khet ko Pani: micro/lift irrigation
subsidy programme, micro irrigation for horticulture
3. Jalanidhi/RIDF: Subsidy for the construction of shall tube wells, bores wells, dug wells and river lift
71
projects.
4.NMSA: Watershed management, Rainfed Area Development, Climate Change and Sustainable
Agriculture Monitoring, Modelling and Networking (CCSAMMN)
5. World Bank assisted Neeranchal Project
6.Biju Krushak Vikash Yojana: Sustainable harnessing of groundwater in deficit areas through
construction of deep bore wells, electrification and protective irrigation provision
7. Biju KBK Yojana irrigation works
8. Renovation and improvement of irrigation infrastructure through World Bank assisted Odisha
Community Tanks Management Programme, Asian Development Bank assisted Odisha Integrated
Irrigated Agricultural and Water Management Project - Odisha Integrated Irrigation Project for Climate
Resilient Agriculture (OIIPCRA) (EAP), Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP), State Plan:
Mukhyamantri Adibandha Tiari Yojana
9. State plan: Utilization of crop residue for livestock
10. Incentivizing scheme for bridging irrigation gap
11. Global Environmental Facility Project
12. Organic Farming Policy
13. Dredging of river, harbours and landing cetres/jetties for aquaculture
72
Part B of Review of Policy Adoption: SCHEMES AND PROGRAMMES EXTRACTED FROM LISTED SOURCES* - FOR MAJOR
NUTRITIOUS CROPS/LIVESTOCK (IN CORE DOMAINS)
Legumes Nutri-
cereals/Millets Horticulture
Livestock and
poultry Aquaculture
1. On-farm Production Diversity
1. NFSM:
Intercropping
demonstrations and
cropping system
demonstrations for
rice-rice-pulse and
blackgram-
greengram
2. RKVY:
Promotion of pulse
cultivation in rice
fallows
1. MIDH:
Intercropping in fruit
orchards
2.State Plan:
Seedlings of fruit
trees, coconut and
drumstick at a
subsidized rate for
backyard plantation
1. Poultry Policy:
Supply of chicks
from government
and private
hatcheries,
assistance for
shelter construction,
de-worming and
vaccination
assistance for rural
backyard poultry
2. Poultry Policy:
Encouragement of
backyard duck and
duck-fish farming,
supply of ducks
from government
hatcheries
3. Poultry Policy:
Extension for use of
poultry manure as
crop fertilizer
4. Training of
community level
poultry vaccinators
1. Poultry Policy:
Encouragement of
backyard duck-
fish farming
73
through
convergence with
OLM, OTELP
2. Agricultural Production
1.NFSM-Pulses :
Demonstrations on
HYV seeds,
improved varieties
2. Technology
Mission on pulses
and oilseeds
3. ISOPOM: State
assistance to seed
production, plant
protection and pest
management,
micronutrient
fertilizers and
sprinkler irrigation
1.NFSM-Coarse
Cereals and
ISOPOM-Maize :
Demonstration of
improved
package for
maize and Ragi
2. State Plan:
Special
Programme for
Promotion of
Millets in Tribal
Areas
3. State
Workplan
scheme: Sub-
scheme on Ragi
development
1.MIDH/NHM: Fruit
research and orchard
development,
Establishment/revival
of block level
nursery cum sale
centre, Seed
production
programme for
vegetables, Subsidy
for protected
cultivation,
mechanization of
horticulture,
Development of
potato, vegetables
and spices
2. State Potato
1. Rashtriya
Pashaudhan Vikash
Yojana
2. National
Livestock Mission
3. RIDF:
Infrastructure
development for
livestock services
4. National
Livestock Health
and Diseases
Control Programme
5. National Project
on Cattle and
Buffalo Breeding,
National
Programme for
1.State Plan:
Development of
brackish water
aquaculture,water-
logged areas,
freshwater
aquaculture
2. State Plan for
Extension:
Demonstration
and development
of inland fisheries,
Fisheries
extension
programme,
propaganda and
fairs
3. State Plan for
74
through
extension and
promotion of best
practices
Mission (Generating
Advances in Income
and Nutrition
through Sweet potato
currently in 4
districts)
3. Implementation of
horticulture
programmes in non-
Horticulture Mission
districts
4. State Plan:
Popularization of
agricultural
implements,
equipments and
diesel pump set
5. State Plan
Schemes for
Extension:
Strengthening school
of Horticulture
6. Horticulture
Mission Plus
Bovine Breeding
and Dairy
Development
6. RKVY: National
Mission for Protein
Supplementation,
Small Animal
Development
7. BAIF
implemented
Kalyani project,
Integrated Livestock
Development
Programme
8. State Plan:
Strengthening of
disease surveillance
of Animal Research
Institute.
Upgradation of
livestock health care
services.
9. State Plan:
Genetic
upgradation of
livestock and small
animals through
selective and cross
breeding, artifical
mechanization:
Incentive for
small boat users,
motorization of
traditional craft,
Safety of
fishermen at sea,
popularization of
machineries /
equipments
4. State and
Central Schemes
for Development
of Marine
fisheries
infrastructure &
post-harvest
operation
5. Mathsyajibi
Unnayan Yojana:
Livelihoods and
social security for
fishermen
6. Implementation
of Fisheries
Policy
7. Promotion of
cage culture
through
75
insemination,
progeny testing.
10. Conservation
and improvement of
threatened
indigenous breeds
of livestock
11. State Plan for
Extension
12. Odisha Poultry
Policy: Financial
assistance for
expansion and set
up of private
commercial broiler,
layer poultry and
duck farms, feed
mixing plants
13. Feed and fodder
development
programme: specific
to agro-climatic
zone, training and
demonstrations
establishment of
infrastructure,
reservoir fishery
8.Blue revolution:
Integrated
development and
management of
fisheries
9. Maccha Chasa
Pain Nua Pokhari
Khola Yojana
10. Mathsya
Sampada Bikash
Utsav
11. Mathsyajibi
Basagruha Yojana
3. Biofortification NA NA
76
4. Agricultural Value Chains
1. Support to Farmer
Producer
Organizations
2. Setting up of
company for
marketing of fruits
and vegetables
3. Integrated post
harvest management,
Development of post-
harvest
infrastructure,
Infrastructure
development of Sale
Centre
1. Strengthening of
dairy marketing
federation
(OMFED)
2. Promotion of
Dairy
Entrepreneurship
through capital and
interest subsidy
3. Updragation of
skill in self-
employment for
animal resources
development
1. State and
Central Schemes
for Development
of Marine
fisheries
infrastructure &
post-harvest
operation
2. Reactivation of
Fisheries Co-
operative
Societies
3. Establishment
of fisheries hub at
kaushalyaganga
*See References – List of sources of Policy documents
77
APPENDIX C
COMPRENHENSIVE LIST OF POLICIES AND SOURCES: ODISHA
Sl. No: Scheme Name Source Category
1. MIDH: Fruit research and orchard
development
Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
2. MIDH: National Horticulture Mission
(NHM)
Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
3. Implementation of horticulture programmes
in non-Horticulture Mission districts
Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18,
Activity Report
2016-17
Production
4. Input subsidy on seed fertilizer, bio-fertilizer,
insecticide, bio-pesticide etc for agriculture
and horticulture
Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
5. Development of potato, vegetables and spices Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
6. Popularization of agricultural implements,
equipments and diesel pump set
Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
7. Strengthening school of Horticulture Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
8. MIDH: Intercropping in fruit orchards Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18,
Activity Report
2016-17
Production
Diversity
9. Production and distribution of quality
planting materials
Agriculture budget
2016-17
Production
10. National Food Security Mission (NFSM) Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
11. Establishment/revival of block level nursery
cum sale centre
Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
12. Promotion of SRI Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
13. Subsidy under Agriculture Policy Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
14. Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
15. Promotion of integrated farming Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
Diversity
16. Promotion of improved package of practices Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
17. National Project on Promotion of Organic Agriculture budget Production
78
Farming - agriculture and horticulture 2016-17, 2017-18
18. Intensive extension campaign for agriculture Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
19. Technology Mission on pulses and oilseeds Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
20. Horticulture mission plus Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
21. National Mission on Agriculture Extension
and Technology (NMAET): Sub-mission on
agricultural mechanization, seed and planting
material, plant protection and quarantine
Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18,
Activity Report
2016-17
Production
22. National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture
(NMSA)
Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
23. State Potato Mission Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
24. Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
25. Promotion of integrated farming in tribal
areas
Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
Diversity
26. Development of brackish water aquaculture,
water-logged areas, freshwater aquaculture
through FFDA
Agriculture budget
2016-17
Production
27. Demonstration and development of inland
fisheries
Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
28. Fisheries extension programme, fishery
propaganda and fairs
Agriculture budget
2016-17
Production
29. Fodder seed farm Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
30. Establishment of fishing harbour and fish
landing centre
Agriculture budget
2016-17
Production
31. Integrated development of inland capture
resource
Agriculture budget
2016-17
Production
32. Establishment of livestock aid centres Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
33. Establishment of livestock breeding cum
dairy farms
Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
34. Development of off-shore fisheries Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
35. Poultry breeding farm Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
36. Incentive for small boat users, motorization
of traditional craft
Agriculture budget
2016-17
Production
37. Training and demonstration in fodder Agriculture budget Production
79
cultivation and pasture development 2016-17, 2017-18
38. Infrastructure development for livestock
services
Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
39. Development of know-how for animal
welfare
Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
40. Safety of fishermen at sea Agriculture budget
2016-17
Production
41. Upgradation of livestock health care services Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
42. Strengthening of disease surveillance of
Animal Research Institute
Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
43. Encouragement of backyard poultry Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
Diversity
44. Genetic upgradation of small animals Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
45. Conservation and improvement of threatened
indigenous breeds of livestock, small animals
and poultry
Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18,
Odisha Poultry
Policy 2015
Production
46. Information, education and communication
programme for fisheries and animal
resources, skill development and training
Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
47. Development of shore base facilities Agriculture budget
2016-17
Production
48. Implementation of Kalyani project through
BAIF
Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
49. Mathsyajibi Unnayan Yojana Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
50. Infrastructure for cage culture Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
51. Implementation of Fisheries Policy Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
52. Promotion of reservoir fishery production Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
53. Blue revolution - Integrated development and
management of fisheries
Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
54. White revolution - Rashtriya Pashaudhan
Vikash Yojana
Agriculture budget
2016-17
Production
55. Assistance to fishermen for development of
livelihood (B&N)
Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
56. Promotion of intensive aquaculture Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
57. Empowering fishermen through mobile Agriculture budget Production
80
advisory and toll-free call centre 2016-17, 2017-18
58. National Livestock Health and Diseases
Control Programme
Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
59. National Scheme for Welfare of Fishermen Agriculture budget
2016-17
Production
60. Animal husbandry extension service through
mobile advisory
Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
61. Feed and fodder production in different agro-
climatic zones for livestock
Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
Diversity
62. Small animal breeding farm Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Production
63. Information, education and communication
for agriculture and horticulture
Agriculture budget
2017-18
Production
64. Special Programme for Promotion of Millets
in Tribal Areas
Agriculture budget
2017-18
Production
65. Mobile veterinary unit, animal helpline
facility with ambulance service
Agriculture budget
2017-18
Production
66. National Livestock Management Programme Agriculture budget
2017-18
Production
67. Maccha Chasa Pain Nua Pokhari Khola
Yojana
Agriculture budget
2017-18
Production
68. Mathsya Sampada Bikash Utsav Agriculture budget
2017-18
Production
69. Popularization of fisheries machineries /
equipments
Agriculture budget
2017-18
Production
70. Mathsyajibi Basagruha Yojana Agriculture budget
2017-18
Production
71. ISOPOM Agriculture budget
2017-18
Production
72. Workplan scheme: Ragi development Agriculture budget
2017-18
Production
73. Financial assistance to seed growers Citizen's charter Production
74. Special Programme for KBK districts Citizen's charter Production
75. Agriculture farms for experiments, adaptive
trials and quality seed production
Citizen's charter Production
76. NMSA: Climate Change and Sustainable
Agriculture Monitoring, Modeling and
Networking (CCSAMMN)
Activity Report
2016-17
Production
Diversity
77. Bringing Green Revolution to Eastern India
(BGREI)
Activity Report
2016-17
Production
78. MIDH: Seed production programme for
vegetables, Subsidy for protected cultivation,
mechanization of horticulture, Establishment
Activity Report
2016-17
Production
81
and revival of block level nurseries
79. Livelihoods, production system and
microenterprise promotion.
Activity Report
2016-17
Production
Diversity
80. IWMP and NMSA: Rainfed area and
watershed development using mixed
cropping patterns
Activity Report
2016-17
Production
Diversity
81. Financial assistance for expansion and set up
of private commercial broiler, layer poultry
and duck farms, feed mixing plants by
entrepreneurs
Odisha Poultry
Policy 2015
Production
82. Supply of chicks from government and
private hatcheries, assistance for shelter
constructuion, deworming and vaccination
assistance for rural backyard poultry
Odisha Poultry
Policy 2015
Production
Diversity
83. Encouragement of backyard duck and duck-
fish farming, supply of ducks from
government hatcheries
Odisha Poultry
Policy 2015
Production
Diversity
84. Extension for use of poultry manure as crop
fertilizer
Odisha Poultry
Policy 2015
Production
Diversity
85. Training of community level poultry
vaccinators through convergence with OLM,
OTELP
Odisha Poultry
Policy 2015
Production
86. Soil Conservation and Training,
Demonstration Centres
Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Natural
resource
management
87. Soil Testing Laboratory Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Natural
resource
management
88. Watershed management unit Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Natural
resource
management
89. RIDF Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Natural
resource
management
90. Integrated Watershed Management Program
(IWMP)
Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Natural
resource
management
91. Management of acidic soil Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Natural
resource
management
92. Sustainable harnessing of groundwater in
deficit areas - Biju Krushak Vikash Yojana
Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Natural
resource
management
82
93. Establishment of Krushak Hata Agriculture budget
2016-17
Nutrition
sensitive value
chains
94. Integrated post harvest managent,
Development of post-harvest infrastructure,
Infrastructure development of Sale Centre
Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Nutrition
sensitive value
chains
95. World Bank assisted Neeranchal project Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Natural
resource
management
96. Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayi Yojana
(PMKSY) - Har khet ko pani (HKP)
Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Natural
resource
management
97. Support to Farmer Producer Organizations Agriculture budget
2016-17
Nutrition
sensitive value
chains
98. Setting up of company for marketing of fruits
and vegetables
Agriculture budget
2016-17
Nutrition
sensitive value
chains
99. Management of soil health Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Natural
resource
management
100. Biju KBK Yojana Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Natural
resource
management
101. Odisha Community Tanks Management
Project
Agriculture budget
2016-17
Natural
resource
management
102. Command Area Development: Crop
demonstration and farmers training
Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Natural
resource
management
103. Odisha Integrated Irrigated Agricultural and
Water Management Project - Odisha
Integrated Irrigation Project for Climate
Resilient Agriculture (OIIPCRA) (EAP)
Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Natural
resource
management
104. Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme
(AIBP)
Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Natural
resource
management
105. Development of fisheries post harvest
infrastructure
Agriculture budget
2016-17
Nutrition
sensitive value
chains
106. Extension of fisheries cooperatives Agriculture budget
2016-17
Nutrition
sensitive value
chains
83
107. Strengthening of dairy organization Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Nutrition
sensitive value
chains
108. Establishment of fisheries hub at
kaushalyaganga
Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Nutrition
sensitive value
chains
109. Utilization of crop residue for livestock Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Natural
resource
management
110. Reactivation of Fisheries Co-operative
Societies
Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Nutrition
sensitive value
chains
111. Promotion of Dairy Entrepreneurship Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Nutrition
sensitive value
chains
112. Dredging of river, harbours and landing
cetres/jetties
Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Natural
resource
management
113. Microirrigation for horticulture Agriculture budget
2017-18
Natural
resource
management
114. Global Environmental Facility Project Agriculture budget
2017-18
Natural
resource
management
115. Incentivizing scheme for bridging irrigation
gap
Agriculture budget
2017-18
Natural
resource
management
116. Mukhyamantri Adibandha Tiari Yojana
(MATY)
Agriculture budget
2017-18
Natural
resource
management
117. Updragation of skill in self-employment for
animal resources development
Agriculture budget
2017-18
Nutrition
sensitive value
chains
118. Jalanidhi Citizen's Charter Natural
resource
management
119. NMSA: Climate Change and Sustainable
Agriculture Monitoring, Modeling and
Networking (CCSAMMN)
Activity Report Natural
resource
management
120. Promotion of need-based plant protection Activity Report,
Agriculture budget
2016-17, 2017-18
Natural
resource
management
121. Subsidy for agri-enterprises under Activity Report Nutrition
84
agricultural policy 2008 sensitive value
chains
122. Biju Krushak Kaylan Yojana - health and
accident insurance for farm families
Activity Report Women's
empowerment
123. MIDH: Establishment of marketing
infrastructure for horticulture produce
Activity Report Nutrition
sensitive value
chains
124. Livelihoods, production system and
microenterprise promotion.
Activity Report Nutrition
sensitive value
chains
125. ICDS Budget 16-17, 17-18 BCC
126. Kishori Shakti Yojana Budget 16-17, 17-18 Women’s
empowerment,
BCC
127. SABLA Scheme Budget 16-17, 17-18 Women’s
empowerment,
BCC
128. National Mission for Empowerment of
Women
Budget 16-17, 17-18 Women’s
empowerment
129. Biju Kanya Ratna/Biju Ananya Yojana Budget 16-17, 17-18 Women’s
empowerment
130. One Stop Centre Budget 16-17, 17-18 Women’s
empowerment
131. Prevention of violence against women Budget 16-17, 17-18 Women’s
empowerment
132. Mahila Vikas Samabaya Nigam Budget 16-17, 17-18 Women’s
empowerment
133. State Commission for Women Budget 16-17, 17-18 Women’s
empowerment
134. Support to SHGs and federations under
Mission Shakti
Budget 16-17, 17-18 Women’s
empowerment
135. Gender Cell Budget 16-17, 17-18 Women’s
empowerment
136. Anti-human trafficking measures Budget 16-17, 17-18 Women’s
empowerment
137. Pradhan Mantri Matritva Vandana
Yojana/Indira Gandhi Mattritva Sahyog
Yojana
Budget 16-17, 17-18 women’s
empowerment,
BCC
138. MAMATA conditional cash transfer Budget 16-17, 17-18 women’s
empowerment,
BCC
139. Mukhyamantri Mahila Sashaktikaran
Pariyojana
Budget 16-17, 17-18 Women’s
empowerment
85
140. National Nutrition Mission Budget 16-17, 17-18 women’s
empowerment,
BCC
141. Food Processing Policy: Fiscal and non-fiscal
incentives for value addition and set up of
cold chains, primary processing centre.
Facilitate continuous flow of credit from
banks and skill development for local farmers
and entrepreneurs
Food Processing
Policy 2016
Nutrition
sensitive value
chains
86
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