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UTILITARIAN EDUCATION

Born in Derby, England, Spencer was mainly self-educated.

philosophy is knowledge of highest generality;

science as the most important subject matter;

Utilitarianism is the doctrine that what is useful is good, and consequently, that the ethical value of conduct is determined by the utility of its results

liberty and justice were equivalent

Moral rights to life and liberty are conditions of general happiness

rights-oriented utilitarianism best fosters general happiness because individuals succeed in making themselves happiest when they develop their mental and physical faculties by exercising them as they deem most appropriate, which, in turn, requires extensive freedom.

Coined the phrase "survival of the fittest"

Spencer was an agnostic who believed that the only way to gain knowledge was through a scientific approach.

“Synthetic Philosophy”

Spencer outlined a plan for a comprehensive system of philosophy, based on evolution, that would embrace and integrate all existing fields of knowledge.

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CLICK HEREAccording to Spencer, Science is the most important subject matter.

TRUE

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LEARNING BY DOING

• Dewey was born in Burlington, Vermont in 1859.

• He lived in a period of immigration and industrialization. That’s why ethnic, social class, and religious diversity have influenced his views on education.

• He obtained a PhD in 1884.• He married Alice Chipman, which was one of

his students.• In 1896 he opened the Laboratory School.

LABORATORY SCHOOL

It opened in 1896.Dewey tested his ideas of

education there.Classes consisted of

theoretical work and practice.

The child came to school to do. Activities were based in craft activities and practical experiences.

His Own View Of Education

Dewey rejected curriculum-centred view of education and proposed a student-centred view.

His idea of education consisted in the interaction of students with the curriculum in order to make them part of their own knowledge. The teacher’s role should be that of facilitator or guide.

Teaching-Learning Process

• Learner’s past experiences are taken into account in the teaching-learning process, as well as the environment in which the event takes place, and the level of engagement or how involved the child is in the experience.

His theory was based on:–Continuity:• the Past and Future Matter to the Present;• past experiences influence the present

situation and the experience of the present moment will impact on the experience of future moments.

– Interaction:• education is living;• present experience arises from interaction

between past experience and present situation.

Theory of Experience

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Dewey rejected the student-centered view of education and proposed curriculum centered view. FALSE

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MONTESSORI METHOD

o At 13, Maria attended an all boy technical institute to prepare for a career in engineering.

o at the age of 16, she changed her mind and decided that she wanted to be a doctor instead.

o applied to the University of Rome’s medical program, but was denied because they did not admit women into the medical program.

o enrolled at the University of Rome to study physics, math, and natural sciences.

o hard work and dedication to her studies, with her persistency, finally gained her admittance into the University of Rome’s medical program.

MARIA’S CAREER• Maria’s early medical practice

was focused on psychiatry. working with and researching children with disabilities.

• She developed an interest in education, so she began taking classes on pedagogy and engaged herself in education theories.

• She visited asylums and observed children with mental disabilities.

Casa dei Bambini (or Children's House), enabled Montessori to create the "prepared learning" environment she believed was conducive to sense learning and creative exploration.

1. Instead of the child paying attention to the teacher, the teacher must pay attention to the child. Maria believed that you should follow the child and they will show you what they need to do, what areas they need to develop in and where you need to challenge them.

2. The child will learn at his or her own pace in a prepared environment organized to offer various methods of learning. Maria believed that kids should be in a beautiful, well prepared area that invites them to have freedom of movement.

The Basic Montessori Concepts

3. Providing imaginative teaching materials is the most important part of the teaching process. Maria observed that children learn without anyone teaching them.

4. Allow the child to see his or her own mistakes, and learn from them. Maria believed that there is never any need to point out a child’s mistake, however there is a way to make them realize it by showing them a different way to do it.

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Montessori’s education method is about having a prepared learning environment.

TRUE