family tree exercise questions answer the following questions on a separate sheet of paper: what...

Family Tree Exercise QuestionsAnswer the following questions on a separate

sheet of paper:What traits do you have that you think you

have inherited?What traits do you have that you think you

have developed or learned over time (i.e.- not inherited)?

Why do you think some traits are inherited and others are not?

The Seven Ages of Man

Unit IX. Development 3

The Last Stage

“TOAST”


Developmental PsychologyDevelopmental Psychology – The study of

people grow and change throughout the life span.

Psychologists often ask:How does heredity (nature) and the

environment (nurture) influence human development?

Does development occur gradually or in stages?

Why study development???Childhood experiences

affect people as adolescents and adults.

By studying development, we can learn about developmental problems.CausesSolutions

Motor and Verbal Abilities (Source Fernald and Fernald)

1. Walks alone; says several words2. Describes the difference between a bird and a dog 3. Turns head to follow moving object4. Names penny, nickel, and dime5. Climbs stairs; says many words6. Laces shoes7. Sits alone for one minute; says "da-da"8. Tells how a baseball and an orange or an airplane

and a kite are alike 9. Puts on shoes10.Tells time to quarter-hour11.Runs; uses simple word combinations 12.Walks while holding onto something


Proper sequence is

3, 7, 12, 1, 5, 11, 9, 6, 4, 2, 10, 8.


Proper Sequence2 Months / Turns head to follow moving object9 months / Sits alone for 1 minute: says “da-da”1 year / Walks while holding on to something1 year 3 months / Walks alone, says several words1 year six months / Climbs stairs, says many words2 years / Runs, uses simple word combinations3 years / Puts on shoes4 years / Laces shoes5 years / Names penny, nickel, and dime6 years / Describes the difference between a bird

and a dog7 years / Tells time to the quarter hour8 years / Tells how a baseball and an orange and an

airplane and a kite are alikeUnit IX. Development 9

Maturation and Critical PeriodMaturation – The

automatic and sequential process of development that results from genetic signals.

Critical Period – A stage or point in development during which a person or animal is best suited to learn a particular skill or behavior.

Physical Development: Height and Weight Infancy: Birth to Age 2(Rapid

Development)During pregnancy, infants

grow 20 inches or more and weigh up to a billion more times than at conception.

First 5 months: Double birth weight

1st year: Triple birth weight, grow 10 inches.

2nd year: Gain 4-7 lbs., grow four to six inches.

Physical Development: Height and WeightChildhood: 2

years old to adolescenceHeight: Gain 2 – 3

inches per year.Weight: Gain 4-6

lbs per year.

Physical Development: Motor DevelopmentMotor Development –

The development of purposeful movements.

Occurs in stages:6 months: roll8 months: sit9 months: crawl11 months: kneel12 months: stand15 months: walk

Physical Development: ReflexesReflex – Inborn,

involuntary response or reaction.

Examples – Swallowing, breathing, sneezing, coughing, blinking.

During the stages of development, some reflexes remain, while others dissappear.

Physical Development: Perceptual DevelopmentPerceptual

Development – Process by which infants learn to make sense of the sights, sounds, tastes, and other sensations to which they are exposed.

Influenced by ageSight, sent, hearing,

and touchVisual cliff study

Cognitive DevelopmentJean Piaget –

Psychologist who studied Cognitive Development in Children.Said children are

intrinsically motivated to explore and understand things.

Cognitive Development: Piaget’s Four Basic StagesStage 1: Sensory Motor Stage

(Birth to 2 years)Use taste and touch senses

to understand their worlds.Object Permanence – An

awareness that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.

Mental Representations – The ability to see and manipulate objects in your head.

Self Recognition – The ability to recognize one’s self.

Cognitive Development: Piaget’s Four Basic StagesStage 2: Preoperational

Stage (2 to 7 years) Thought is still tightly

bound to physical and perceptual experiences.

Egocentric – Difficulty seeing things from another person’s point of view.

Have trouble considering the past and future.

Cognitive Development: Piaget’s Four Basic StagesStage 3: Concrete

Operational (7 to 11 years)More flexible thinkingLearn to consider more

than one part of problem at a time.

Learn to look at the situation from someone else’s point of view.

Still stuck in the here and now.

Cognitive Development: Piaget’s Four Basic StagesStage 4: Formal

Operational Stage (11-15 years)Begin to think

abstractlyCapable of going

beyond the here and now to understand things.

Criticisms of PiagetDo stages really always progress in an

orderly fashion?Do you really have to pass one stage before

moving onto the next?Are infants’ minds really that simple?What about human diversity?

Moral DevelopmentThe ability to make

choices based on morals, or what is right and wrong.

Lawrence Kohlberg

Moral Development: Kohlberg’s StagesStage 1: Pre-

conventional LevelPreadolescent

ChildrenBase their judgments

of right or wrong behavior on whether it is rewarded or punished, or whether or not it satisfies their own needs.

Moral Development: Kohlberg’s StagesStage 2: Conventional

StageAdolescenceDefine right behavior

by what pleases or helps others.

Mid-adolescence – begin considering abstract social virtues, such as being a “good citizen” and respecting authority.

Moral Development: Kohlberg’s StagesStage 3: Post-

conventional StageEmphasizes abstract

principles such as justice, liberty, and equality when making decisions.

Moral standards become the guidepost for what is right and wrong.

Discrepancies between what is moral and what is legal develop.

Criticisms of KohlbergMany never progress beyond the

Conventional Stage.Does that mean they’re underdeveloped?Where do values like caring and alleviating

suffering fit in the stages?

Social Development: Erik EriksonWhy mom’s?

Basic Trust – When babies needs are met in the first year, they learn to trust people. Leads to Autonomy –

Sense of independence and willingness to explore!

If needs are not met, they become insecure and anxious.

Erikson referred to the two possible outcomes as trust vs. mistrust.

Social Development: Erik EriksonAutonomy Age 2:

As autonomy grows, children become rebellious against parents. Answer NO to almost everything.

Leads to conflictSocialization - The process by which children

learn the behaviors and attitudes appropriate to their family and their culture.

Autonomy versus shame and doubt – If child fails to acquire a sense of independence at this stage, shame and self doubt may take hold.

Social Development: Erik EriksonAges 3 to 6:

Children take initiative to independently complete tasks.

Initiative vs. Guilt – Stage at which children develop a sense of joy in taking on new tasks, or a sense of worthlessness, resentment, and guilt for failing at new tasks. Depends heavily on

parenting.

Social Development: Styles of ParentingAuthoritarian

Parents rigidly control behavior and demand unquestioning obedience.

Children generally have poor communication skills, are moody, withdrawn, and distrustful.

Social Development: Styles of ParentingPermissive - Indifferent

Exert too little control, failing to set limits on their children’s behavior.

Parents are neglectful and inattentive, providing little emotional support.

Children tend to become overly dependent and lack social skills and self-control.

Social Development: Styles of ParentingPermissive – Indulgent

Parents are very attentive and supportive of their children, but fail to set appropriate limits on their behavior.

Children tend to be immature, disrespectful, impulsive, and out of control.

Social Development: Styles of ParentingAuthoritative

Most successful parenting style.Provide firm structure and guidance without

being overly controlling.Listen to children’s opinions and give

explanations for their decisions, still making it clear they are the ones who make and enforce the rules.

Children are likely to be self-reliant and socially responsible.

Social Development: Child Abuse and NeglectEffects of child abuse and neglect:

Develop psychological disordersInsecureLess self confidenceDepression and AnxietyLead to future abuse and neglect by the abused

child.

Social DevelopmentSocial Development –

Involves the ways in which infants and children learn to relate to other people.

Social Development: AttachmentAttachment – The

emotional ties that form between people.Infants to mothers about

4 monthsStranger Anxiety – Fear

of strangers (8 months)Separation Anxiety –

Causes infants to cry or behave in other ways that indicate distress if their mothers leave them.

Social Development: AttachmentSecure Attachment – Occurs when caregivers

are affectionate and reliable.Children do well in school, are mature, etc.

Insecure attachment – Occurs when caregivers are unresponsive or unreliable.Children do well in school, behavior problems.