Name______________________________Period________

EOQ 2 Review PreAP Biology Your EOS exam is 70 MC questions. This review, coupled with your EOQ 1 review you received in October should lead you back through the important concepts for success on the EOS. The topics on the EOS include:TEKS: 2ABCD, 3A, 4AB, 6 ABCDEF, 9ABC

Topics: Safety & Scientific Processes, Biochemistry (Inorganic & Organic), DNA (Replication), Cell Division, Cell Structure & Function, Cell Transport & Communication, Meiosis , Chromosomes, Karyotypes, RNA (gene expression/protein synthesis—Transcription & Translation); Genetics (Variations, Punnett squares, Pedigrees); embedded in this material you have also learned about mutations, cancer, and some aspects of biotechnology22. Use this chart to compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. Circle the correct terms in the paragraph that follows.

DNA, RNA, & Genetics ( pictures from Web Cat)

1. DNA stands for ________________________; RNA stands for _________________________

2. 3 Differences between DNA & RNANucleic Acid 5-C Sugar Shape Base-pairing

DNARNA

3. DNA and RNA are made of smaller subunits called nucleotides which are made up of 3 parts: ______________, ____________________, and _______________ _________ Draw and label one.

4. Fill in the chart regarding RNA types.Type of RNA Name of RNA

TypeLocation Function

mRNAtRNArRNA

5. Three nucleotides of mRNA is called a __________ and codes for one ___________ ________.

6. Proteins (polypeptides) are made up of smaller molecules called __________ ______ and are held together by ____________ bonds.

7. 2 processes involved in protein synthesis: 1.__________________ and 2. ___________________

8. Why is DNA important in protein synthesis (the making of proteins)?

9. Transcription (DNA mRNA) Transcription occurs in the ________________. The DNA unwinds/unzips and serves as a

template/pattern to make mRNA. The mRNA leaves through the __________________________ and goes to the __________________ in the _______________ of a cell. The DNA closes and winds back up.

10. Translation (mRNA amino acid sequence = protein) Translation occurs in the ________________.

1

But I can’t FIND my first quarter EOQ review! Please go to the website: www.kroymbhs.pbworks.com Click on PreAP Biology, then Units. Click on End of Semester and on this page you will find the EOQ 1 Review and Key as well as this review and Key (at some point). You can download and print.

Describe translation.(Questions 11-13 are adapted from ESC Region 10 Web Cat)

11. a. The linear molecule labeled 1 represents ________.b. The molecule labeled 2 represents ________.c. The molecule labeled 3 represents

______________.12. Where in the cell did molecule 2 get molecule 3?

13. What molecule is being made when a chain of #3s are linked?

14. Given: DNA template strand: T A C C A T G A G Complementary DNA strand: ________________________________Use the DNA template strand to determine the mRNA.

mRNA Strand (codons): ________________________________tRNA Strand (anticodons): ________________________________amino acid Sequence: ________________________________

15. Describe the difference between deletion, insertion, and substitution mutations that can occur in DNA and explain the potential effects on the protein that is needed to be produced.

Meiosis & Karyotypes

2

23

mRNA Codon Chart

What is the relationship between a triplet in a DNA molecule, a codon in an mRNA molecule, an anticodon in a tRNA molecule, and the number of amino acids in a protein product?

1. Use this chart above to compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. Circle the correct terms in the paragraph that follows

In mitosis, one diploid/haploid cell produces two/four identical/unique cells. There is (are) one/two replications of the DNA followed by one/two divisions of the nucleus producing haploid/diploid cells. The result is growth or repair/ gamete production for the organism.

In meiosis, one diploid/haploid cell produces two/four identical/unique cells. There is (are) one/two replications of the DNA followed by one/two divisions of the nucleus producing haploid/diploid cells. The result is growth or repair/ gamete production for the organism.

2. The genetic variation that produces unique individuals results from:- _______________________ _______________ during prophase I of meiosis I,

- _____________________ __________________ during anaphase , and - ____________________ fertilization.

3. Mitosis can be a form of _____________reproduction.

4. After mitosis, how many chromosomes are in each daughter cell compared to the parent cell in humans? ________________ in the daughter cells while there were _____________ in the parent cells

5. What type of cells does mitosis produce? _________________________

6. The body cells of an individual plant have 50 chromosomes. How many chromosomes would be found in the gametes produced by this plant?

7. Distinguish among these terms by completing the following: Word Bank: somatic cell, gamete, autosome, sex chromosome, haploid, diploid, egg, sperm

Cells that contain 46 chromosomes in humans are called ____________________ ____________. They are _______________________ (2n). Of these 46 chromosomes, 44 (22 pairs) are ____________________ and 2 (1 pair) are _______________________. Cells that contain 23 chromosomes in humans are called _______________. They are ____________________ (n). Of these 23 chromosomes, 22 are _____________ and 1 is a ____________________. There are two types of gametes, __________________ produced in the ovaries in females, and ___________________ produced in the testes in males.

3

8. A rabbit has 44 chromosomes (or 22 pair). Answer the following questions based on this information.A. What is the diploid number of chromosomes?

B. How many TOTAL chromosomes would be in a somatic cell of a rabbit?

C. How many autosomes would be in a somatic cell of a rabbit?

D. How many sex chromosomes would be in a somatic cell of a rabbit?

E. What is the haploid number of chromosomes?

F. How many TOTAL chromosomes would be in a gamete (egg or sperm) of a rabbit?

G. How many autosomes would be in a gamete (egg or sperm) of a rabbit?

H. How many sex chromosomes would be in a gamete (egg or sperm) of a rabbit?

I. Mathematically show how the egg and sperm would form a zygote after fertilization takes place.

9. Analyze the karyotype.

Total # Chromosomes =# autosomes =#sex chromosomes =

Is this person male or female?

What disorder (if any) do they have?

How can you tell?

10. Analyze the karyotype.

Total # Chromosomes =# autosomes =#sex chromosomes =

Is this person male or female?

What disorder (if any) do they have?

How can you tell?

11. Explain how the karyotype would different if the person had:A. Klinefelter’s—

4

B. Turner’s—C. Patau—D. Edward’s—

12. Chromosomal trisomy and monosomy disorders occur because of the process called _____________________________________ which is when the chromosomes fail to separate properly during Anaphase I or II of meiosis.

For the next 4 questions, use your knowledge of chromosomal mutations, the original chromosome below, and the word bank to help you answer the questions.

Word Bank: deletion duplication inversion translocation

13. Identify this mutation after comparing it to the original chromosome.

_______________________________

Define this type of mutation.

14. Identify this mutation after comparing it to the original chromosome.

__________________________________

Define this type of mutation.

15. Identify this mutation after comparing it to the original chromosome.

__________________________________

Define this type of mutation.

16. Identify this mutation after comparing it to the original chromosome.

__________________________________

Define this type of mutation.

Mendelian Genetics

Matching.1. autosomes _____2. chromosome _____

3. gene _____ 4. pedigrees _____

5

5. sex chromosomes _____6. karyotype _____7. trisomy _____8. monosomy _____9. deletion _____10. duplication _____11. substitution _____12. insertion _____

A. nucleotide or DNA segment is lost

B. one extra chromosomeC. phenotypic history of a familyD. section of a chromosome that controls traitsE. chromosome contains an extra copy of a geneF. rod-shaped structure that contains a cell’s genetic

informationG. a photograph of an organism’s chromosomesH. addition of one or more nucleotides to a geneI. non-sex chromosomes; in normal cells there are 22

pairsJ. the X and the Y chromosome (pair 23)K. only one copy of the chromosome instead of twoL. one nucleotide is replaced with another

13. Define the following and give an example illustrating this type of inheritance.

a. Incomplete dominance inheritance—

b. Codominance inheritance—

c. Sex-linked inheritance—

d. Multiple allele inheritance—

Review of Meiosis & Mendelian Inheritance: Should This Kitten Be Called Stripes?

Imagine this microscopic drama. A sperm cell from a male cat fuses with an egg cell from a female cat. Each cat’s gamete carries 16 chromosomes. The zygote that results from the fusion of the gametes contains ___________ chromosomes- one set of 16 chromosomes from each parent. One pair of the zygote’s (kitten’s) chromosomes are shown below.

Each chromosome of the homologous pair contains alleles for the same traits. But one chromosome may have a dominant allele and the other a recessive allele. Use the drawings and the table to answer the questions.

Trait Dominant Gene Recessive GeneHair Length Short (H) Long (h)Eye Color Gold (G) Green (g)Tail length Long (L) Bob (l)

Coat pattern Striped (A) Solid (a) 1. Will the new kitten have a striped coat? __________ Explain.

2. Does the female cat have a striped coat? __________ Explain.

H g lA

H G La

Chromosome from the Female Cat

Chromosome from the Male Cat

6

3. Does the male cat have a striped coat? __________ Explain.

4. What will the length of the kitten’s coat? __________ Explain.

5. Will the eye color of the kitten resemble that of either of its parents? __________ Explain.

6. Will the kitten have a long tail or a bob tail? __________

7. Does the female cat have a long tail? __________

8. a. Define the term heterozygous.

b. For which traits is the kitten heterozygous? __________________________________________________

9. a. Define the term homozygous.

b. For which traits is the kitten homozygous? ___________________________________________________

10. Explain why you cannot completely describe the kitten’s parents even though you can accurately describe the kitten.

11. How many chromosomes would you expect to find in the egg and sperm of cats? ___________

12. In one cat, do all the cells contain the exact same chromosomes? __________ Explain.

13. Do all the cells contain the same genes? _____________

Questions 14-15. Show all work in a Punnett square and give the genotypic and phenotypic ratios.

Traits and alleles: Y= Yellow seed, y=green seed R=round, r= wrinkled

14. Cross two plants heterozygous for seed color.

15. Cross two heterozygous plants that have yellow, round seeds. (only give phenotypic ratios for #15)

17. Multiple Alleles/Codominance: Blood Typing.a. Fill in the genotypes for the blood type phenotypes below.

Type A = Type B =

Type AB =Type O =

7

THINK:What is always the phenotypic ratio for a dihybrid cross of two heterozygotes?

A heterozygote and a homozygous recessive individual?

A homozygous dominant with a homozygous recessive?

b. If a woman who is homozygous B marries a man who is type AB, what is the percent chance of them having a child with type A blood? Show your work with a Punnett square.

c. If a woman who is heterozygous for A marries a man who is heterozygous for B, what are the possible blood types of their future offspring? Show your work with a Punnett square.

18. Sex-Linked Inheritance. Colorblindness is a sex-linked recessive trait carried on the X chromosome. Use N for normal vision and n for colorblindness. Don’t forget your XX and XY! Show all work with a Punnett square.

a. If a woman who is colorblind marries a man who has normal vision, what are their chances of having a child who is colorblind?

b. If a woman who is homozygous for normal vision marries a man who is colorblind, what percent chance do they have of having a son who is colorblind?

19. In a pedigree, draw or describe how each of the following are represented.Female—

Male—

affected female---

affected male—

Carrier—

Marriage—

Children—

Generations—

20. Use the pedigree for Trait A to determine the genetic basis of this trait. LABEL THE PEDIGREE WITH THE GENOTYPES OF ALL INDIVIDUALS.

a. Does a dominant or recessive allele produce the trait? Explain.8

b. The pedigree is for an autosomal trait. Explain how you can tell from the pedigree that this is not a sex-linked inheritance pattern.

c. What is the genotype of individual IV-2?________ Explain how you know.

d. What is the genotype of individual IV-6? _______ Explain.

e. What is the genotype of individual I-1? ________ Explain.

9

Cells & Cell ProcessesReview of Cell Parts

Structure/Function Cell Part

1. Stores material within the cell

2. Closely stacked, flattened sacs (plants only)

3. The sites of protein synthesis

4. Transports materials within the cell

5. The region inside the cell except for the nucleus

6. Organelle that manages or controls all the cell functions in a eukaryotic cell

7. Contains chlorophyll, a green pigment that traps energy from sunlight and gives plants their green color

8. Digests excess or worn-out cell parts, food particles and invading viruses or bacteria

9. Small bumps located on portions of the endoplasmic reticulum

10. Provides temporary storage of food, enzymes and waste products

11. Firm, protective structure that gives the cell its shape in plants, fungi, most bacteria and some protests

12. Produces a usable form of energy for the cell

13. Packages proteins for transport out of the cell

14. Everything inside the cell including the nucleus

15. Site where ribosomes are made

16. The membrane surrounding the cell

17. Provides support for the cell, has three “subparts” (ex. microtubules)

18. Name for the collection of DNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

19. Consist of hollow tubes which provide support for the cell

20. Small hair-like structures used for movement or sensing things

21. Composed of a phospholipid bilayer

22. Longer whip-like structures used for movement

Put a check in the appropriate column(s) to indicate whether the following organelles are found in plant cells, animal cells or both.

Cell Processes

1. Label the diagrams as isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic based on the environment outside of the cell. Draw an arrow indicating which way water will move. Key: = water (H2O), = sugar

__________________ _______________ _______________

2. Describe the different types of proteins located in the cell membrane and what their functions are.

a. marker

b. receptor

c. transport/channel

3. Draw a picture of what a cell (model: grape) would look like in each of these types of solutions. Use the words shrink, swell, lyse, as well as any others necessary. Describe the mass change (increase, decrease, stay the same) in each and water movement. Use arrows to show the movement of water.

A. Hypotonic B. Hypertonic C. Isotonic(Tap Water) (Glucose Solution) (Grape Juice)

4. What are the differences and similarities between each of the following processes? (Do not just write the definition. Use comparative terms. You may also draw pictures to illustrate the differences)a. osmosis & diffusion

b. active & passive transport

c. exocytosis & endocytosis

5. Draw and label lipid bilayer of the cell membrane. Describe its function.

BiotechnologyReview the following terms by matching them with the correct description

____Gel electrophoresis____DNA fingerprint

____PCR____Restriction enzyme

A. Separates molecules based on characteristics such as molecular size, weight or charge; used to create a DNA fingerprint

B. Protein used to cut DNA at specific sites; many applications, including gel electrophoresisC. Method used to rapidly duplicate DNA segments by mimicking DNA replication; important

for use by scientists when there is little DNA availableD. The result of the process of gel electrophoresis; gel with bands of DNA reflecting the

unique sites at which a person’s DNA can be cut by a specific restriction enzyme

Look at the DNA fingerprint to the left. Based on this evidence, which suspect is probably guilty?

How do you know?

Here is a second DNA fingerprint to the right. Do DNA fingerprints actually prove guilt?

What if you were told the crime scene was a house and the DNA of Suspect 2 is from the home owner? Does that make him guilty of robbing his own house?

What does it mean when a “suspect’s” DNA matches that taken from a crime scene?

1. What is a clone?

2. Which cell division process, which is also a form of asexual reproduction is involved in cloning? ( mitosis / meiosis ) circle one.

A short overview of some key points from semester 1:

Review the diagram above that illustrates how DNA fingerprinting can be used to help establish paternity. Then, look at the DNA fingerprint of Mary and her child. Who is the father of Mary’s child?

How do you know?

In this DNA fingerprint, a couple from a blended family has gone to court over an inheritance issue. Only the biological children of the dad can inherit.

Which children are the biological children of both mom and dad?

Which children are from the mom’s first marriage?

Which child was adopted?

We are genetically programmed to store fat. This tendency saved our ancestors from starvation during the winter or other times of famine. Compare the fat molecule below left to the carbohydrate molecule on the right. Which 2 atoms (elements) are there significantly more of in the fat molecule? _____________________ How does that relate to the amount of energy stored in each molecule? ________________________________

You have learned that ___________________ results from a loss of control of the cell cycle. What are some things that can lead to the mutations that ultimately cause the loss of control?

In the lab this quarter you viewed the results of varying solution concentrations on the mass of cells due to the loss or gain of water. Use the data below to calculate the percent change in mass. Then, graph & ans ques.

Contents in beaker

Initial Mass

Final Mass

Mass Difference

Percent Change in

Mass*

Class Average percent change in mass

0.0 M distilled water

3.3 g 4.1 g 24.3 %

0.2 M sucrose 3.6 g 3.8 g 4.81%0.4 M sucrose 3.3 g 2.9 g -12.7%0.6 M sucrose 3.4 g 2.4 g -25.6%0.8 M sucrose 3.3 g 2.2 g -30.3%1.0 M sucrose 3.5 g 2.3 g -38.1%

*Percent change in mass = (final mass – initial mass) X 100 initial mass

What is the independent variable? ______________________ Which axis does this data go on? __________What is the dependent variable? ______________________ Which axis does this data go on? ___________

0

1. What is the percent change in mass when the solution is isotonic to the cell? _______________ Why? __________________________________________________________________________________________2. When the solution is hypertonic to the cell, is mass lost or gained? ____________________ Why? ___________________________________________________________________________________________3. When the solution is hypotonic to the cell, is mass lost or gained? _____________________ Why? ___________________________________________________________________________________________