FairnessFairness

Moral Principles

Moral Principles

legal guarantees

legal guarantees

conduct affairs without government interferenceconduct affairs without government interference

truth

truth

social claimsocial claim

What What are are

Human Human Rights?Rights?

Human rights belong to Human rights belong to all people regardless of all people regardless of their sex, race, color, their sex, race, color,

language, national language, national origin, age, class, origin, age, class,

religion, or political religion, or political beliefs beliefs

They are universal, They are universal, inalienable, indivisible, inalienable, indivisible, and interdependentand interdependent

People have the right to People have the right to receive equal treatment, receive equal treatment,

to be free from to be free from prohibited prohibited

discrimination and discrimination and harassment, and to have harassment, and to have

access to places, access to places, services, opportunitiesservices, opportunities

Human Rights are the same as civil rights.

Human Rights violations occur only in poor, foreign countries.

Human Rights are only concerned with violations.

Only adults and lawyers can understand the significance of Human Rights.

Human Rights are only legal rights.

RIGHTS – moral power to hold (rights to life, nationality, own property, rest and leisure), to do (rights to marry, peaceful assembly, run for public office, education), to omit (freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment, freedom from arbitrary arrest, detention or exile) or to exact something (equal protection of the law, equal access to public service, equal pay for equal work)

HUMAN RIGHTS coined by Eleanor Roosevelt to replace Rights of Man

NATURE – Human rights are more than legal concepts: they are the essence of man. They are what make man human. That is why they are called human rights; deny them and you deny man’s humanity (Jose Diokno)

HUMAN RIGHTS

Civil – the right to be treated as an equal to anyone else in society

Political – the right to vote, to freedom of speech and to obtain information

Economic – the right to participate in an economy that benefits all; and to desirable work

Social – the right to education, health care, food, clothing, shelter and social security

Cultural – the right to freedom of religion, and to speak the language, and to practice the culture of one’s choice

Religious

The right to free religion

HUMAN RIGHTS

Economical Equal

opportunities at work place

Social welfare

Political The right to

vote

Personal The right to

privacy

Life Belief in own religion Opinion Free speech Non-discrimination according to sex Marry Race Cultural background

Vote in elections Freely form or join political parties Live in an independent country Stand for public office Freely disagree with views and policies of

political leaders

Jobs Work without exploitation Fair wage Safe working conditions Form trade unions Have adequate food Protection against labor malpractices

Housing Education Health services Recreation facilities Clean environment Social security

Use own language Develop cultural activities Ancestral domains Develop own kind of schooling

Universality: The character or state of being universal;

existence or prevalence everywhere meaning universal inclusiveness in scope or range and relation, extension, or applicability to all

Inalienable Rights: Entitlements that are guaranteed and

cannot be surrendered or transferred to another, for example, equality and liberty

Indivisible:Indivisible: Not divisible; not separable into Not divisible; not separable into

parts; incapable of being divided: one parts; incapable of being divided: one nation indivisible.nation indivisible.

Interdependent:Interdependent: Mutually dependent; depending on Mutually dependent; depending on

each other.each other.

Prohibited:Prohibited: To forbid by authority; to prevent; To forbid by authority; to prevent;

preclude.preclude.

What is considered What is considered prohibited varies prohibited varies from province to from province to provinceprovince

Usually includes Usually includes protection from protection from discrimination discrimination against race, against race, national or ethnic national or ethnic origin, colour, origin, colour, religion, age, sex, religion, age, sex, sexual orientation, sexual orientation, mental or physical mental or physical disability, and family disability, and family or marital statusor marital status

History

1750 B.C.E. - Code of Hammurabi, Babylonia 1200 - 300 B.C.E. - Old Testament 551 - 479 B.C.E. - Analects of Confucius 40 - 100 C.E. - New Testament 644 - 656 C.E. - Koran (original text) 1215 - Magna Carta, England 1400 - Code of Nezahualcoyotl, Aztec 1648 - Treaty of Westphalia, Europe 1689 - English Bill of Rights, England 1776 - Declaration of Independence, United States 1787 - United States Constitution 1789 - French Declaration on the Rights of Man and the

Citizen, France 1791 -United States Bill of Rights

PhilosopherBorn August 29, 1632 Studied at Westminster

School and Christ Church, Oxford

SingleWrote Two Treatises of

Government

Photo from iep.utm.edu

SnapshotDOB: August 1632DOD: October 1704From: EnglandNetworks: Westminster School, Christ Church, Oxford, Royal Society

Ideas Impact

Info

“ ”Locke had multiple ideas that influenced

the Founders:

Ideas

Natural Rights/Law

Social Contract

John Locke believed all humans have natural rights, those being:

• Life• Liberty• Property

He believed all people have these rights just because they are human beings.

• Natural law is…• A higher, unchanging set of rules that govern

human relations

NATURAL LAW

Click on the picture below to learn more about natural law and natural/human

rights.

Locke proposed that in order to keep our natural rights, the people must engage in a social contract• The people agree to

create and live under a government and obey its laws.

• They also must give that government the power to make and enforce laws.

• In return, the people gain the protection of the government Go To Natural Rights/Law

Impact

• According to Locke, the purpose of government is to protect the natural rights of individuals

• The Founders agreed and included these natural rights and social contract in the Declaration of Independence.

• The Founders also included the idea of social contract in the first three words of the Preamble to the United States Constitution…

…that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. — That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed…

The Constitution also limits the powers of

government to protect the rights

of the people.

1863 -Emancipation Proclamation, United States 1864, 1949 -Geneva Conventions, International

Red Cross 1919 -League of Nations Covenant

-International Labor Organization (ILO) Created

1920 -Women gain the right to vote in the U.S. 1926 -Slavery Convention 1945 -United Nations Charter, San Francisco 1947 -Mohandas Gandhi uses non-violent

protests leading India to independence.

19th and 20th century human rights documents and foundations

1946: Commission of Human Rights formed1947: Drafting of declaration begins1948: Lengthy and often divisive deliberations

12-10-1948:UN General Assembly adopts UDHR

48 in favor (incl. Brazil, China, Cuba, Ethiopia, France, India, Iran, USA).

8 abstained (Belarus, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Ukraine, USSR, Yugoslavia, Saudi Arabia, South Africa)

2 absent (Honduras, Yemen)

Belarus, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Ukraine, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), Yugoslavia

Opposed interference with sovereignty of nations

Saudi Arabia Some articles contradict Q’ran (Koran): freedom to change religion and certain gender and marriage rights

South Africa Right to racial equality interfered with apartheid

Adopted by the UN in 1948 Adopted by the UN in 1948 as a direct result of the as a direct result of the experiences of World War experiences of World War IIII

Represents the first global Represents the first global expression of rights to expression of rights to which all human beings which all human beings are entitledare entitled

Printed in over 375 Printed in over 375 languages and dialects – it languages and dialects – it is the most translated is the most translated document in the World document in the World

Canadian John Peters Canadian John Peters Humphrey was the Humphrey was the principle drafter of the principle drafter of the documentdocument

International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights

International Covenant of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights

Universal Declaration of Human Rights