fair information practice principles and privacy laws
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Fair Information Practice Principles and Privacy Laws. Week 3 - September 12, 14. More homework 1 review. Web cams Privacy in the news Issues privacy groups are working on Any questions about plagiarism?. Using Library Resources. Research and Communication Skills. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2005 • Lorrie Cranor • http://lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa05/ 1
Fair Information Practice Fair Information Practice Principles and Privacy LawsPrinciples and Privacy Laws
Week 3 - September 12, 14
Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2005 • Lorrie Cranor • http://lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa05/ 2
More homework 1 reviewMore homework 1 reviewWeb cams
Privacy in the news
Issues privacy groups are working on
Any questions about plagiarism?
Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2005 • Lorrie Cranor • http://lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa05/ 3
Using Library ResourcesUsing Library Resources
Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2005 • Lorrie Cranor • http://lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa05/ 4
CMU Libraries (CMU Libraries (http://www.library.cmu.eduhttp://www.library.cmu.edu))
Engineering and Science (a.k.a. E&S) • Location: Wean Hall, 4th floor• Subjects: Computer Science, Engineering, Mathematics,
Physics, Science, Technology
Hunt (CMU’s main library) • Location: Its own building (possibly 2nd ugliest on campus
behind Wean), between Tepper and Baker• Subjects: Arts, Business, Humanities, Social Sciences
Software Engineering Institute (a.k.a. SEI) • Location: SEI Building (4500 Fifth Avenue), 3rd floor • Subjects: Security, Software, Technology
Research and Communication Skills
Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2005 • Lorrie Cranor • http://lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa05/ 5
START HERE: CameoSTART HERE: CameoCameo is CMU’s online library catalog• http://cameo.library.cmu.edu/
Catalogs everything CMU has: books, journals, periodicals, multimedia, etc.
Search by key words, author, title, periodical title, etc.
Research and Communication Skills
Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2005 • Lorrie Cranor • http://lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa05/ 6
CAMEO: Search Result for CAMEO: Search Result for “Cranor”“Cranor”
Number of copies and status
Library
Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2005 • Lorrie Cranor • http://lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa05/ 7
CAMEO: Search Result for CAMEO: Search Result for “Solove”“Solove”
Due date
Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2005 • Lorrie Cranor • http://lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa05/ 8
If it’s not in Cameo, but you If it’s not in Cameo, but you need it today: Local Librariesneed it today: Local Libraries
Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh• Two closest locations
Oakland: Practically on campus (4400 Forbes Ave.) Squirrel Hill: Forbes & Murray (5801 Forbes Ave.)
• http://www.carnegielibrary.org/index.html
University of Pittsburgh Libraries• 16 libraries! Information science, Engineering, Law,
Business, etc. • http://pittcat.pitt.edu/
Research and Communication Skills
Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2005 • Lorrie Cranor • http://lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa05/ 9
If it’s not in Cameo, and you If it’s not in Cameo, and you can wait: ILLiad and E-ZBorrowcan wait: ILLiad and E-ZBorrow ILLiad and E-ZBorrow are catalogs of resources available
for Interlibrary Loan from other libraries nationwide (ILLiad) and in Pennsylvania (E-ZBorrow)
Order items online (almost always free)
Wait for delivery – average 10 business days
Find links to ILLiad and E-ZBorrow online catalogs at http://www.library.cmu.edu/Services/ILL/
Research and Communication Skills
Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2005 • Lorrie Cranor • http://lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa05/10
Other Useful DatabasesOther Useful Databases
Links to many more databases, journal collections• Must be accessed on campus or through VPN • http://www.library.cmu.edu/Search/AZ.html
Lexis-Nexis• Massive catalog of legal sources – law journals, case law,
news stories, etc.
IEEE and ACM journal databases• IEEE Xplore and ACM Digital Library
INSPEC database• Huge database of scientific and technical papers
JSTOR• Arts & Sciences, Business, Mathematics, Statistics
Research and Communication Skills
Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2005 • Lorrie Cranor • http://lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa05/11
And of course…And of course…Reference librarians are available at all
CMU libraries, and love to help people find what they need – just ask!
Research and Communication Skills
Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2005 • Lorrie Cranor • http://lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa05/12
OECD fair information OECD fair information principlesprinciples
http://www.datenschutz-berlin.de/gesetze/internat/ben.htm
Collection limitation
Data quality
Purpose specification
Use limitation
Security safeguards
Openness
Individual participation
Accountability
Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2005 • Lorrie Cranor • http://lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa05/13
US FTC simplified principlesUS FTC simplified principles Notice and disclosure
Choice and consent
Data security
Data quality and access
Recourse and remedies
US Federal Trade Commission, Privacy Online: A Report to Congress (June 1998), http://www.ftc.gov/reports/privacy3/
Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2005 • Lorrie Cranor • http://lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa05/14
Privacy laws around the worldPrivacy laws around the world Privacy laws and regulations vary widely throughout the
world
US has mostly sector-specific laws, with relatively minimal protections - often referred to as “patchwork quilt”• Federal Trade Commission has jurisdiction over fraud and
deceptive practices• Federal Communications Commission regulates
telecommunications
European Data Protection Directive requires all European Union countries to adopt similar comprehensive privacy laws that recognize privacy as fundamental human right• Privacy commissions in each country (some countries have
national and state commissions)• Many European companies non-compliant with privacy laws
(2002 study found majority of UK web sites non-compliant)
Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2005 • Lorrie Cranor • http://lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa05/15
US law basicsUS law basicsConstitutional law governs the rights of
individuals with respect to the government
Tort law governs disputes between private individuals or other private entities
Congress and state legislatures adopt statutes
Federal agencies can adopt regulations which are equivalent to statutes, as long as they don’t conflict with statute
Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2005 • Lorrie Cranor • http://lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa05/16
US ConstitutionUS Constitution No explicit privacy right, but a zone of privacy recognized
in its penumbras, including • 1st amendment (right of association)• 3rd amendment (prohibits quartering of soldiers in homes)• 4th amendment (prohibits unreasonable search and seizure)• 5th amendment (no self-incrimination)• 9th amendment (all other rights retained by the people)
Penumbra: “fringe at the edge of a deep shadow created by an object standing in the light”
(Smith 2000, p. 258, citing Justice William O. Douglas in Griswold v. Connecticut)
Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2005 • Lorrie Cranor • http://lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa05/17
Federal statutes and state lawsFederal statutes and state lawsFederal statutes• Tend to be narrowly focused
State law• State constitutions may recognize explicit right
to privacy (Georgia, Hawaii)• State statutes and common (tort) law• Local laws and regulations (for example:
ordinances on soliciting anonymously)
Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2005 • Lorrie Cranor • http://lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa05/18
Four aspects of privacy tortFour aspects of privacy tortYou can sue for damages for the following
torts (Smith 2000, p. 232-233)• Disclosure of truly intimate facts
May be truthful Disclosure must be widespread, and offensive or
objectionable to a person of ordinary sensibilities Must not be newsworthy or legitimate public interest
• False light Personal information or picture published out of
context
• Misappropriation (or right of publicity) Commercial use of name or face without permission
• Intrusion into a person’s solitude
Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2005 • Lorrie Cranor • http://lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa05/19
How does the law regulate How does the law regulate privacy?privacy?
Law may require waiving privacy interests
Law may enforce privacy interests
Typically, the law identifies relevant privacy interests to protect, identifies relevant interests supporting disclosure, and tries to balance both sets of issues in a single resolution
Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2005 • Lorrie Cranor • http://lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa05/20
Difficult legal problemsDifficult legal problemsCan an individual “own” (and therefore sell)
his or her own privacy rights?
Should the default assumption be “protect the privacy interest” or “compel waiver of the privacy interest”?
When should the law defer to informal or social norms, or to technological barriers or solutions?
Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2005 • Lorrie Cranor • http://lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa05/21
Some US privacy lawsSome US privacy laws Bank Secrecy Act, 1970
Fair Credit Reporting Act, 1971
Privacy Act, 1974
Right to Financial Privacy Act, 1978
Cable TV Privacy Act, 1984
Video Privacy Protection Act, 1988
Family Educational Right to Privacy Act, 1993
Electronic Communications Privacy Act, 1994
Freedom of Information Act, 1966, 1991, 1996
Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2005 • Lorrie Cranor • http://lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa05/22
US law – recent additionsUS law – recent additions HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and
Accountability Act, 1996)• When implemented, will protect medical records and
other individually identifiable health information
COPPA (Children‘s Online Privacy Protection Act, 1998)• Web sites that target children must obtain parental
consent before collecting personal information from children under the age of 13
GLB (Gramm-Leach-Bliley-Act, 1999)• Requires privacy policy disclosure and opt-out
mechanisms from financial service institutions
Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2005 • Lorrie Cranor • http://lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa05/23
Safe harborSafe harbor Membership
• US companies self-certify adherence to requirements• Dept. of Commerce maintains signatory list http://www.export.gov/safeharbor/
• Signatories must provide notice of data collected, purposes, and recipients choice of opt-out of 3rd-party transfers, opt-in for sensitive data access rights to delete or edit inaccurate information security for storage of collected data enforcement mechanisms for individual complaints
Approved July 26, 2000 by EU• reserves right to renegotiate if remedies for EU citizens prove to
be inadequate
Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2005 • Lorrie Cranor • http://lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa05/24
Data Data protectionprotection agenciesagencies Australia: http://www.privacy.gov.au/
Canada: http://www.privcom.gc.ca/
France: http://www.cnil.fr/
Germany: http://www.bfd.bund.de/
Hong Kong: http://www.pco.org.hk/
Italy: http://www.privacy.it/
Spain: http://www.ag-protecciondatos.es/
Switzerland: http://www.edsb.ch/
UK: http://www.dataprotection.gov.uk/
… And many more
Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2005 • Lorrie Cranor • http://lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa05/25
Writing a Literature ReviewWriting a Literature Review
Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2005 • Lorrie Cranor • http://lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa05/26
Writing a literature reviewWriting a literature review What is a literature review?
• A critical summary of what has been published on a topic What is already known about the topic Strengths and weaknesses of previous studies
• Often part of the introduction or a section of a research paper, proposal, or thesis
A literature review should• be organized around and related directly to the thesis or research
question you are developing• synthesize results into a summary of what is and is not known• identify areas of controversy in the literature• formulate questions that need further research
Dena Taylor and Margaret Procter. 2004. The literature review: A few tips on conducting it. http://www.utoronto.ca/writing/litrev.html
Research and Communication Skills
Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2005 • Lorrie Cranor • http://lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa05/27
Literature review do’s and Literature review do’s and don’tsdon’ts Don’t create a list of article summaries or quotes
Do point out what is most relevant about each article to your paper
Do compare and contrast the articles you review
Do highlight controversies raised or questions left unanswered by the articles you review
Do take a look at some examples of literature reviews or related work sections before you try to create one yourself• For an example, of a literature review in a CS
conference paper see section 2 of http://cs1.cs.nyu.edu/~waldman/publius/paper.html
Research and Communication Skills
Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2005 • Lorrie Cranor • http://lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa05/28
Homework 2Homework 2 http://lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa05/hw2.html
Privacy laws
Technologies that raise privacy concerns
Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2005 • Lorrie Cranor • http://lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa05/29
Homework 3Homework 3 http://lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa05/hw3.html
Privacy Policy, Law and Technology • Carnegie Mellon University • Fall 2005 • Lorrie Cranor • http://lorrie.cranor.org/courses/fa05/30
AnnouncementsAnnouncementsDon’t forget that project brainstorming is
due by Monday