L2

FACULTY OF EDUCATIONEDU5810 EDUCATIONAL POLICY AND PLANNING

DR. RAMLI BIN BASRIROOM G28, TEL: office 03-8946 8248, H/P 019 224 1332 (sms prefered)

E-MEL: ramlibasri@upm.edu.my1/34

1

DEFINITIONSPolicy- “ a plan of action, statement of ideals, etc proposed or adopted by a government, political party, business, etc.”

Policy – “... a policy establishes general parameters for the decision maker rather than specifically stating what should or should not be done. Policy typically contains an ambiguous term that leaves interpretation up to the decision maker.”

Robbins, SP., and Coulter, M., Management, Pearson 2009, p. 144.

EDUCATIONAL POLICY AND PLANNING

Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 1999, p.893

2EDU5810 RB/33

2

Policy making- “From the government’s perspective, policy making is simply considered to be ‘the process by which governments translate their political vision into programmes and actions to deliver “outcomes” – desired changes in the real world.’

‘Modernising Government’ White Paper, 1999. Cited in Bates et al. Education Policy, Practice and the Professional, Continuum, 2011, p.39.

3EDU5810 RB/33

3

“Educational policy refers to the raft of laws and initiatives that determine the shape and functioning of educational systems at both a national and a local level.”Bates et al, (Ibid, p.39).

4EDU5810 RB/33

4

DEFINITIONSPlan – “an idea or a method that has been thought about in detail in advance; an intention.”

Planning- “ A management function that involves defining goals, establishing strategies for achieving those goals, and developing plans to integrate and coordinate activities.”

Robbins et all,Ibid, p. 576

Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 1999, p. 881

EDU5810 RB/33

5

A well grounded discipline A very comprehensive and complex subject “..does not happen in a vacuum : it is intimately linked

to economic, social and political events.” Bates et al, Ibid, p.4.

“Education is one generation’s contribution to those that follow. It is a costly enterprise and should be treated as an investment, not simply a payout.”

Kaufman et al, Educational Planning, P.3

EDUCATION

6EDU5810 RB/33

6

“…the level of education and skills of nations, companies and individuals is considered a crucial parameter of competition in the present globalised market and knowledge society.”

IIIeris, K., Edited, Contemporary Theories of Learning, 2011. p.1

EDUCATION

EDU5810 RB/33

7

Educ. Policy Scope/

Environment

National/Government

Aspiration

Curriculum

Adult /Extension Education

Teacher/ Lecturer

Professionalism

Management Development

Technology & ICT

Higher Education

LeadershipDevelopment

Finance & Budget

Teaching & Learning

School/College/

University/Institution

Good Governance

EDU5810 RB/33

8

Policy Formulation

Change

Innovate

Reform

Status quo

9EDU5810 RB/33

9

Change happens when something evolves whether physically or characteristically into a new form.

We say water has changed when its colorless nature becomes yellowish. Water has also changed when its pleasant taste becomes sour.

Likewise, change happens when a student improves her/his academic performance.

What is Change?

Mohd Majid Konting, UPM, 2011.EDU5810 RB/33

10

A planned change is called a reformation. The aim is to improve a situation or condition with

purposeful intervention. It involves five major domains; namely human,

location, economic, activity, and movement. Since its aim is to improve the overall situation,

mostly involving all five domains of change, reformation has always been associated with radical, holistic change.

What is Reformation?

Mohd Majid Konting, UPM, 2011.EDU5810 RB/33

11

Major Players in Policy Making

Process

Parliament/Politicians

Cabinet

InfluentialAcademics

Parents & ChildrenPractitioners

Professional Organizations

Public Officials

Non-GovernmentalOrganizations

CabinetCommittees

Adapted: Bates et al, Ibid, p.34.EDU5810 RB/33

12

Summary

1. Educational policy & planning is a continuous process2. Population is increasing in number3. Public expectation4. Simplifying complex systems5. Scarcity of resources6. Demand for good governance and best practices

EDU5810 RB/33

L2b

FACULTY OF EDUCATIONEDU5810 EDUCATIONAL POLICY AND PLANNING

DR. RAMLI BIN BASRIROOM G28, TEL: office 03-8946 8248, H/P 019 224 1332 (sms prefered)

E-MEL: ramlibasri@putra.upm.edu.my 14EDU5810 RB/33

MALAYSIAN EDUCATION POLICY AND LAWby:

Dr. Ramli Bin Basriramlibasri@upm.edu.my

Tel: 019 224 1332

15EDU5810 RB/33

CONTENTS

1. Introduction to Public Policy2. Policy Process3. National Education Policy (NEP): Basic

Policy and the National Education System4. The Education Act 1996

16EDU5810 RB/33

1. INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC POLICY

17EDU5810 RB/33

ISSUES AND POLICY

Policies enacted following an issue or challenge in environment policy

The scope of public policy is the community and the environment within the territory and sovereignty of a nation

An issue or challenge exists when there is a problem or situation or challenge in the community / clients within the policy environment.

18EDU5810 RB/33

ISSUES

Issues are problems, complaints, criticisms, opposition, or challenges that involves a large number of members of a community or nation.

Resolution of issues is beyond their means

Issues that receives the attention of MPs, ministers and PM will be the agenda of policy actions.

19EDU5810 RB/33

ISSUES AND POLICY

Issue will be assessed whether it can be addressed by:• using the existing policy (if any),• improvement of existing policies or• formulate new policies or• The issue is a problem that does not require

action as it will go away.

20EDU5810 RB/33

POLICY

• Policies designed to address the issue • Each policy has established goals, objectives

and strategies • To be successful, policies must be consistent

with other policies and • Policies should not conflict with other policies

21EDU5810 RB/33

DEFINITION OF PUBLIC POLICY

• Government's choice whether to do something or not do something

• Government's choice to clarify, explain, defend, lead or outline an action either express or intended

• Something that is formulated to express or describe the intent, purpose and goals of the government

• ….

22EDU5810 RB/33

• Value of the regulatory requirement imposed by the authority on society and environment / territory / colony

• Program for the values, practices and objectives that have been projected

…DEFINITION OF PUBLIC POLICY

23EDU5810 RB/33

FORMATION OF PUBLIC POLICY IN MALAYSIA

POLICY DECISION MAKER• Rulers• Parliament• CabinetPOLICY FOMULATOR• Professional and Administrator• …

24EDU5810 RB/33

POLICY IMPLEMENTOR• Professional and Administrator

POLICY TARGET •People and the environment (Stakeholder

Group and at risk Group )

…FORMATION OF PUBLIC POLICY IN MALAYSIA

25EDU5810 RB/33

POLICY CATEGORIES

• Constitution, Acts, Rules & Regulations• Policy• Plans• Program• Project• Scheme

26EDU5810 RB/33

POLICY IMPLEMENTATION in the form of:

• Program• Project• Plan• Activities• Scheme• Strategy• Intervention

27EDU5810 RB/33

POLICY COMMUNICATION

• Circular • Handout (books, pamphlets.)• Mechanism • Guidelines

28EDU5810 RB/33

2. POLICY PROCESS

29EDU5810 RB/33

POLICY PROCESS

1. Identify problems, challenges 2. Structuring problems, challenges to the issue, the

policy objectives 3. Submit policy alternatives for the approval 4. Policy Statement 5. Policy action plan: Programs, Activities,

Implementation Mechanism 6. Policy Outcome 7. Policy Evaluation: Continue @ Stop @ Improvements8. Intervention Policy

30/80EDU5810 RB/33

POLICY FORMATIONPolicy proposal should take into account • Political Expediency / Support • Financial Capability • Professional Capacity • Administrative Operability

Taking into account the importance of • Policy Actors / Advocators • Policy Stakeholders • Policy Risk Groups

31/80EDU5810 RB/33

FORMATION OF EDUCATION POLICY

Stages of Policy Proposal• Department / Division Meetings • MOE Meeting on Profesional Matters

(education)• MOE Management Meeting • Education Planning Committee Meeting • Cabinet Meeting • Bill • Rulers Council

32EDU5810 RB/33

GROUP PROJECT

• What are the current policy issue now?• You could start thinking about a policy

proposal on such issue.

EDU5810 RB/33 33

Thank You…

34EDU5810 RB/33