facts and theo pilot3 final
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(Name of Show)
("Title of Episode")
by(Name of First Writer)
(Based on, If Any)
Revisions by(Names of Subsequent Writers,in Order of Work Performed)
Current Revisions by(Current Writer, date)
Name (of company, if applicable)AddressPhone Number
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Facts and Theories ofthe Universe
Pilot
2009
Randall S. Merager818-489-9230
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Facts and Theories of the Universe
Randall Severin Merager
The Facts and Theories stage is wrapped in a massive fiber-
optic star-blanket cyclorama emitting virtually thousands of
stars of recognizable and varying formations surrounding a
multitude of fantastic futuristic scientific gadgetry. We can
see scientists circulating about work stations some of which
are amid on-going experiments, others are working on viewer
submitted experiments. In one corner area of our stage sits a
massive green-screen area for our virtual world, a drop-downhot-topic support portal hangs in the foreground and towering
at center stage is an oversize backwards running clock
representing Einstein's universe. Off to one side there is a
massive telescope slowly rotating on its bezel, we then sweep
past a fantastic holograph capsule, all these elements
provide background for our down stage center home base desk
area.
OUR SHOW TITLES OPEN WITH... ACT I
INT. (Stage at logo)
We open Facts and Theories with a powerful original musical
score play-on while blending select visual images of our
universe abound with rich color and powerfully detailed, all
continuously cross-fading in and out, while our sweeping
camera revealing, one piece at a time, the various scientific
gadgetry, roving lab technicians and circulating science
specialists amid their work on various projects, continuing
our sweep across the stage, cue in the opening title card
images, slowly settle followed by a gentle push to our seated
host at home-base as graphics fade and musical score hits a
hard out...
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HOST
Hello everyone, I amTBD and this
is Facts and Theories of the
Universe. Our science-based
information waggon plans to takeyou to many levels of understanding
as we trek across the universe in
an attempt to solve many of the
unanswered questions regarding the
mysteries we refer to as our
cosmos.
There are many Facts and Theories
to understanding our universe. So,
for this we begin by asking
ourselves, could our analysis of
the known universe be merely a
ration of claim or an expression of
belief, because the more we will
know ourselves, the more we will
understand how we fit into the
grand scheme of the cosmos...
Throughout our travels we should
never forget the pioneers such as
the Italian philosopher Giordano
Bruno, who paid the ultimate
sacrifice with his own life for
standing up to the church doctrine,
and for Copernicas by advocating
the earth is not the center of the
universe, but part of a much
grander system, and for giving us a
mind of our own enabling us to seek
knowledge and practice faith based
upon on our own convictions.
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We should never be held hostage and
be bound by what we have been told
by the ancients, but have the
ability to draft our own
conjecture, draw our own
conclusions, but on the other hand,
with some, in the spirit to
maintain peaceful harmony may find
themselves comfortable with their
beliefs and perhaps feel there need
no additional investigative
measures. And for the remainder,
the ones whom thirst for more
knowledge and understanding. These
individuals elect to open new
doors, doors in which we have been
told never to venture. The doorway
I speak of... is the doorway to
science.
We plan to leave no stone unturned
as we explore the intricacies of
this science. Traveling from
bizarre ancient beliefs to mind-
boggling theories on modern
astrophysics, our team will apply a
sort-of astro-forensics methodology
to aid in solving these mysteries.
We plan to provide and demonstrate
in relatively simple explanations
and stunning visuals fromHow this
may have begun to how it all may
ultimately end.
4.
HOST (CONT'D)
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MUSIC PLAY-ON, ROLL GRAPHICS, SWEEP THE STAGE FLYING AROUNDTHE OBSTACLES. SETTLING IN FOR SHOW OPENING DIALOG...
In this, our first episode, we
would like to establish and secure
a firm universal foundation. A
foundation from which we will mount
our search for an answer to one of
the first questions, one I'm sure
is on everyone's mind, How did all
of this come about? How can you
possibly make something from
perceivably nothing? Well I have to
say, that after extensive analysis
and detailed research, together
with scientific applications, Ive
come to the conclusion... That it
must be magic.
WALK-OFF AND PICK UP OUR HOST AT THE GREEN SCREEN AREA. CUEVIDEO CROSS-FADES AND (jib) SWEEP DOWN, PUSH IN, PILE-ON CGIGRAPHICS OVERLAY IN BG. SET FOR OPENER... FADE-IN CGI OPENER.
I believe in order to make thiswhole thing work we need to start
with the smallest-known substance
to science, the very single
building block of absolutely
everything and reveal its symbiosis
to hopefully give answers to
perspective analysis, ultimately
provide all the hard facts in its
active roll within the universal
confines.
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For the sceptics, not to worry, I
plan on backing up these facts with
evidence and a few equations that
should validate as well as answer
questions to the formation of
matter and of course, ultimately
us.
For those that crave more proof, we
plan to check our answers with a
visit with the most famous
scientist ever, Albert Einstein.
You will be amazed to how we plan
to do this. Together with his
famous equation E=mc2 and his study
on relativity, will give you
answers to things you never even
knew had questions. With this we
now feel confident to venture deep
into the mysteries of quantum
science...
And finally, a sort of Who done it
with a valuable analysis of the
driving force in all of us. Not a
battle nor challenge, but a forum
entitled Evolution vs
Creationism...
Lets kick this off by introducingKatelin; one of our futures
leaders in science.
6.
HOST (CONT'D)
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Shes a leader in academic
placements at her School and will
share with us her knowledge on the
most foundational component in
existence.
WE OPEN ON KATELIN STANDING IN FRONT OF THE SHOWS HANGINGLOGO CONSTRUCTED WITH CHASING LIGHTS AND PANIC MOVEMENT ASTHE LIGHTS REPRESENTING ELECTRONS RACE AROUND THE IMAGE OFTHE ATOM.
KATELIN
Hi, Im going to hazard a guess,
because I feel confident when I say
that everyone has probably at some
point in their life wondered to
themselves, how did we and all this
come to about?
Personally I have always wondered
how everything started, ranging
from its conceptual beginning,
throughout time up to right this
moment here and now. I also can
never shake that morbid curiosity
to could there be an ultimate
demise to this universe?
Throughout the ages scientists have
come a long way with their quest to
fully understand the universe'sbeginning. From the mystical event-
beginning to natures hard-line
facts controlling its existence.
Its just recently that weve
really been able to answer some
hypotheses.
7.
HOST (CONT'D)
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However, it always seems that we
are left with more questions than
before, questions that yearn for
answers, thus paving the way for
more complex investigations.
I can tell you one of the most
persistent questions presented to
the study of the cosmos is how
exactly was the universe created.
To some it has always existed
complete with an infinite beginning
traveling onward through time with
an infinite lifespan. But now, with
the widely publicized concept of an
event-beginning, this curiously
displays evidence that a finite
universe may be in affect and
believe it or not, there is a
mathematical formula for this state
of existence. If this is true then
our cosmos could be forced to take
on properties of a Finite
Phenomena; possessing a history
with a beginning and a future.
The finite universe concept is
largely the a result of Edwin
Hubbles work. His research ongalactic behaviors reveals the
evidence of an expanding universe.
8.
KATELIN (CONT'D)
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That study reveals with the uniform
outward expansive movement, Noting
that in this expansion a galaxys
velocity is proportional to its
distance, meaning galaxies that are
twice as far are moving twice as
fast and that it should take a
galaxy the same amount of time to
move to their current position, by
the square of the distance.
Imagine if you will all the
universe sitting on the surface of
an inflating balloon
With this, by reversing time its
trajectory we are able to track
back to earlier known positions.
With that in-hand logic stands to
reason, there most likely could
have been a single-point Event-
Beginning. What that exact event
was, is still under heavy scrutiny.
Some scientists hypothesise a
single point ground-zero location
with all matter existing in a space
a billion times smaller that a
proton rapidly expanding in all
directions with incredible heat and
pressure. It does make sense
because matter is manufactured as a
result of these pressures and its
intense heat.
9.
KATELIN (CONT'D)
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From a science standpoint We do in
fact know exactly how matter
formation takes place and is still
in affect today. With this we are
now able to list and predict
various evolutionary processes that
other particles will undergo. We
can also apply portions of that
data to accurately predict the
behaviors of various other
particles as well.
Science has give us the ability to
create many wonders, from the
ability to speed time up and to
slow it down, to create new
particles and the ability to
destroy them.
But before we get ahead of
ourselves, lets start with the
basics... I am referring to thefoundation of all matter; the
single unique particle that makes
up our absolute very-everything,
standing out in the crowd as the
most unique arrangement ever, a
veritable giant in Plancks world,
I present to you... The Atom.
CGI
KATELIN WALKS TO THE GREEN SCREEN PROJECTING IMAGES OFVARIOUS CELESTIAL FORMATIONS. AS SHE SETTLES IN, THE IMAGESDISSOLVES AND IN ITS PLACE AN ATOM ASSEMBLES ITSELF.
10.
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HIGH DEFINITION CGI HAS THE ATOM WITH THE ELECTRONS RACINGAROUND THE NUCLEUS GIVING THE VISUAL CONCEPT OF ITSDIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE. (fig.1)
KATELIN (CONTD)
The atom, definitively speaking, is
referred to as the smallest known
unit of matter.
Examining the various components of
this particle reveals a centralized
nucleus, existing in an area about
one ten-thousandth the diameter of
the entire atom itself and cannot
be broken down chemically intoanything simpler.
The nucleus of an atom contains
protons and neutrons and is
surrounded by negatively charged
electron orbitals that occupy
various orbital positions or shells
based upon the electromagnetic
charge. Taking note that its these
electrons that give the atom its
muscle.
These protons and neutrons are
composed of other smaller particles
called quarks, leptons and gluons.
CGI REPRESENTATION OF THESE PARTICLES ARE DISPLAYED AND MORPH
TO AN ASSEMBLING OF THE PROTON AS EACH PARTICLE IS ADDED.THUS REVEALING THE COMPLETE NUCLEUS.
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KATELIN (CONTD)
Quarks were first discovered in the
early 60s with experiments
conducted at the Stanford Linear
Accelerator Center.
A quark is regarded as any of a
group of subatomic particles
thought to be among the fundamental
constituents of protons and
neutrons. The concept of the quark
existence was first proposed by
Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig.
Quarks, include all particles that
interact by means of the strong
force. They have mass and spin, and
they obey the Pauli exclusion
principle whereas no two identical
fermions may occupy the same
quantum state simultaneously.
Quarks have never been resolved
into smaller components, and they
never occur alone and their
behavior is explained by the theory
of quantum chromodynamics, which
provides a means of calculating
their basic properties.
There are six types of quarks,
called up, down, strange, charm,
bottom, and top. Only the up and
down quarks are needed to make
protons and neutrons;
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the others occur in heavier,
unstable particles.
Leptons are a family of elementary
particles, known as force carriers.
To best understand the assembly
process we have to understand the
forces inside matter and the
electromagnetic (EM) force. This
force attracts like-charged
particles and repels like-
particles. It is one of the 4
forces in nature that control the
small-scale structure of matter.
This radiation is the result of
electrically charged particles in
motion, such as electrons. The
moving charge gives rise to a
magnetic field and if the movement
is constant, the magnetic field
will vary and in turn produce an
electric field. By these fields
interacting the two fields sustain
one another and move through space,
transferring energy in waveform
perpendicular to each other.
The others are the strong force,
composed of fundamental and
residual parts; and the weak forceor interaction. Together with a
forth force, gravity, are the
fundamental forces of nature.
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The EM, weak, and strong forces are
mediated by force carrier
particles, which belong to a group
of particles called Bosons. The EM
force, as well as binding atoms in
solids and liquids, also holds
electrons within the atoms.
The strong force holds the protons
and neutrons and the nucleus in-
place. The weak force brings about
radioactive decay and other nuclear
interactions. For instance within a
neutron the filler components would
consist of one red down-quark one
green up-quark and a blue down-
quark all bound together by the
gluons governed by the fundamental
strong force.
When the protons and neutrons bind
together in the nucleus the bonding
component or pion force are
generated when nucleons try to move
apart. This a result of the
residual strong force.
Within the atom its
electromagnetic force holds the
electrons within the shellssurrounding the nucleus. This force
attracts the negatively charged
electrons towards the positively
charged nucleus and keeps the
electrons apart.
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Gauge Bosons are force carrier
particles These are the photon,
gluon, graviton, the W-intermediate
vector boson, the X-boson and the
Higgs boson. Composite Particles
also known as hadrons are composed
of quarks, antiquarks or both,
bound together by gluons, these
particles are:
Baryons, a relatively large-mass
particle containing 3 quarks.
Protons, consisting of 1 down and 2
up quarks with a +1 charge.
Neutrons, consisting of 1 up and 2
down quarks with a 0 charge.
Mesons, are particles containing a
quark and an anti-quark. Positive
Pion antiparticles have an
antimatter equivalent, same mass
but the charge and other properties
are opposite. Others have been
hypothesized; they include magnetic
monopoles and W.I.M.P. (weak
interacting massive particles).
CGI
THE ATOM CGI REDUCES ITSELF AND MORPHS TO TAKE THE FORM OFSINGLE HYDROGEN ATOM CONSISTING OF ONE PROTON AND ONEELECTRON ORBITAL.
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KATELIN (CONTD)
For a better understanding on the
working operations of an atom, we
need to look more closely at the
atoms makeup. By breaking the atominto categories, we start by giving
the atom an atomic number, then an
atomic weight and atomic mass.
The atomic number is determined by
the number of protons bound within
its nucleus. This numbering system
will determine its chemical
element. Next we give the atom an
atomic mass which is the total
number of protons and the neutrons
bound within its nucleus and for
its atomic weight, its the ratio
of the average mass per atom of the
element to 1/12 the mass of a
carbon-12 atom.
Starting with the simplest atom and
certainly the most abundant
chemical element, constituting
roughly 75% of the Universe's
elemental mass, consists of one
single positively-charged proton
and one negatively-charged electron
orbital, all bound together by an
electrostatic force know as the
Coulomb force or Pinon force.
The hydrogen atom has an atomic
number of 1 because it contains
only one proton within its nucleus.
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THE CGI WILL HIGHLIGHT THE VARIOUS COMPONENTS AS THEY AREDISCUSSED. THE CGI WILL NEXT GENERATE AN IMAGE OF THE HELIUMATOM AND WILL CONTINUE TO UPGRADE THE IMAGE WHEN DISCUSSINGISOTOPES.
The next simplest and the next mostabundant is the Helium Atom. This
atom contains two positively
charged protons along with two
neutrons bound within its nucleus
and two negatively charged electron
orbitals, giving this atom an
atomic number of 2 and an atomic
mass of 4. 2 protons and 2
electrons added together, totalling
4.
The forces in nature has determined
that in order for an atom to remain
electrically stable, it needs to
have the same number of negatively
charged electron orbitals as there
are positively charged protons.
Let's look at an isotope of
hydrogen. Isotopes develope when
the nucleus of an atom has a
dissimilar neutron count. "Simple"
hydrogen as we know has only the 1
proton; giving it's atomic number
as 1 and its mass numbering 1 (the
1 proton, zero neutrons).
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But with an isotope such as in
Heavy Hydrogen, the proton count
remains 1, but there is an added
component of 1 neutron to its
nucleus. It's atomic number is
still 1, but its atomic mass number
is now numbering 2 (the 1 proton
plus 1 neutron). We now have a
hydrogen isotope.
In the case of Heavy-Heavy Hydrogen
its contents reveal 1 proton and an
additional neutron bringing its
neutron count numbering 2. It's
atomic number is still numbering 1,
but its atomic mass now numbers 3
(the 1 proton plus 2 neutrons). so
remember, its the number of
protons that determines the
chemical element, and the varying
number of neutrons determining its
isotope. Interestingly, almost all
naturally occurring elements are
mixtures of isotopes.
As elements are created, proton
atomic numbers increase and as that
nucleus becomes more pact with
protons the more unstable that
element becomes. That resultingenergy has to go somewhere. This
fizzling process is referred to as
fission.
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An example of fission reaction is
the dynamic that takes place within
the earths substructure as
radioactive particles decay, its
that fizzling process that keeps
our planets core in a molten state
by virtue of its radioactive
reactionary heat.
CGI IMAGE IS INSERTED DISPLAYING THE UNSTABLE QUALITIES ASTHE NUCLEUS CONTINUES TO PACK AND THE ENERGY PEEL-OFF WHENFISSION IS ENCOUNTERED.
THE IMAGE MORPHS TO REPRESENT VARYING TYPES OF ATOMS MOVINGABOUT. WE CAPTURE A PROTON AND START ASSEMBLING AN ATOM BY
APPLYING VARYING CONCENTRATIONS OF PROTONS AND NEUTRONS ADDTHE ELECTRONS AND DISPLAY THAT ELEMENT.
The atoms of the various elements
will differ in atomic number,
relative mass and behavior. We know
that there are roughly 109
different types of atoms,
corresponding with the 109 know
elements, 94 of these occurnaturally.
The number of protons and neutrons
that make up its nuclei vary from
element to element, example: we
know that hydrogen (H) contains one
positively charged proton and one
negatively charged electron
orbital, compared to lets say the
uranium (U) atom; an element with
an atomic number of 92, with an
atomic mass of 238.
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As I said earlier its the electrons
that give the atom its muscle.
These electrons race around the
atoms nucleus like our planets
orbit the sun. Understanding,
electron orbitals dont follow a
same-plane disk-like formation as
our planetary system does, but
travel many different coordinate
pathways giving our visual
interpretation of an atoms
structure as spherical in form.
THE GRAPHICS ARRANGE TO DISPLAY THE SPHERICAL INTERPRETATIONOF THE ATOM AND HIGHLIGHTING THE ENERGY LEVELS WHENDISCUSSING THE ENERGY VARIATIONS.
Each electron orbital shell has a
specific energy. The shell closest
to the nucleus are the lowest in
energy and as the distance from its
nucleus increases so does its
energy.
A hydrogen atom has energy levels
simply numbered as 1, 2 and 3...
and are also further divided into
energy sublevels. Electron energy
sublevels are listed as: s, p, d,
and f.
CGITHIS PIECE DISPLAYS THE ELECTRON ORBITALS AND ITS COORDINATEORBITAL PATHWAYS. OVERLAY THE PERIODIC CHART. (fig.2) KATELINCONTINUES TO SPEAK.
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KATELIN (CONTD)
The Arrangement of an atom is its
arrangement of electrons around the
nucleus positioned at varyingdistinct energy levels. These
energy levels are usually numbered
beginning with the shell closest to
the nucleus. These orbitals
regarded as a series of concentric
spheres, contain a certain maximum
number of electrons.
Special note pertaining to the
outermost orbitals. That particular
orbit contains the valence
electrons. These valence electrons
are the hands that grab and bind
other atoms electrons together
forming other compounds and
elements. Atoms naturally repel one
and other, so without these valenceelectrons atoms could not bind
together, but would simply bounce
off each other, never gather and
coalesce into more complex
particles.
CGI
THE GRAPHICS RE ARRANGE TO DISPLAY THE COMPONENTS OF THE
ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND THE VALENCE ELECTRONS AND DEMONSTRATETHE PROBLEMS IF NO VALENCE ELECTRONS EXISTED. (fig.3)
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Katelin
When an element or compound is
formed, that formation is due to
the Valency of that atom, The
valency is a measure of the numberof chemical bonds formed by the
atoms of a given element. The
measure of an elements gives the
atom its ability to combine with
other elements, which can be
expressed as the number of atoms
uniting with (or replacing) other
atoms. It is the number of
electrons occupying the outer
orbital that dictates the combining
abilities of an element and the
chemical properties of the atom.
These elements, described as
univalent, divalent, trivalent, and
tetravalent unite with 1, 2, 3 and
4 univalent atoms respectfully.
THE CGI IMAGE DEMONSTRATES THE VALENCY PROCESS AND GIVES THEVISUAL ON THE ATTACHMENT DYNAMIC. THE IMAGES OF THE VARIOUSVALENCIES CORRESPOND TO THE DISCUSSION. THE IMAGES OF AN IONIS DISPLAYED.
Some elements have a variable
valency. For example, nitrogen and
phosphorous can possess valencies
of either three or five. The
valence of oxygen is two; hence theformula for water is H2O, hydrogen
being univalent. Oxygens valency
also allows it to bond with carbon
and form CO2 or CO.
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THE IMAGE AND PROCESS OF ENERGY VARIATIONS THAT MAKE ELECTRONJUMP TO VARIOUS ORBITS. AS ENERGY INCREASES THE ELECTRONSLEAP TO A MORE DISTANT ORBIT.
We now know that electrons aredistributed in orbitals of varying
energy levels with the lowest
energy orbitals are filled first
each orbit having a specific
energy, but as the electrons gain
energy they leap to a more distant
orbit proportionate to the energy
level acquired. Once an orbital
shell has obtained its maximum
number of electrons it can hold,
that shell is considered filled
and the remaining electrons will
then transition into the next
higher energy orbit, and so on...
CGI VISUAL WILL DEMONSTRATE THE FILLING OF THE ORBITALSHELLS. WE START WITH HYDROGEN AND FINISH WITH URANIUM.VISUALS REPRESENTING THE FILLING OF THE ORBITALS.
The most electrons possible in the
first shell is 2. After the first
shell is filled, the second shell
starts filling according to the
number of positive charges within
the nucleus. The most electrons
allowed in the second shell is 8.
Then after the second orbit isfilled the third shell starts to
fill until it too has 8.
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Then the fourth shell starts adding
electrons until it has 8, oddly,
the third shell then begins to take
on more electrons until it reaches
18, then fourth shell too starts
again to fill until it reaches 16
electrons, then the fifth shell
fills to an electron count of 50,
then the fourth shell commences
again to add to the electron count
to a total of 32.
The number of electrons in each
shell is the basis of chemical
combinations; depending on the
number of electrons in the outer
orbit or shell. Electrons have
potential energy, depending on
their shell or orbit.
However in the case of noble gas,
chemical elements that share
similar properties are odorless,
colorless, monatomic, meaning that
those molecules have contain only a
single atom, and have very low
chemical reactivity. The
interesting thing on noble gas is
the valence orbit contains 8
electrons rendering that atom asfilled which makes it difficult
bind with other atoms.
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The noble gases are a group of
chemical elements with very similar
properties: under standard
conditions, they are all odorless,
colorless, monatomic gases, with a
very low chemical reactivity. The
noble gases are listed on the far
right on the periodic chart.
The 6 noble gases that occur
naturally are Helium (He), Neon
(Ne), Argon (Ar), Krypton (Kr),
Xenon (Xe), and the radioactive
Radon (Rn) and are members of the
group 18 of the periodic table.
As we've discussed before the
valence electrons are the outermost
electron orbitals of an atom and
are normally the only electrons
that participate in chemical
bonding.
In 1916, Gilbert N. Lewis
discovered and formulated the octet
rule, which concluded an octet or 8-
count of electrons in the outer
shell was the most stable
arrangement for any atom. All noble
gases, except helium, the outermostshell or valency orbital always
contains 8 electrons.
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Atoms with full valence electron
shells are generally quite stable
and therefore do not tend to form
chemical bonds and have little
tendency to gain or lose electrons.
However, heavier noble gases such
as radon are held less firmly
together by electromagnetic force
than lighter noble gases such as
helium, making it easier to remove
outer electrons from heavy noble
gases.
Like other groups, the members of
this family show patterns in its
electron configuration, especially
the outermost shells resulting in
trends in chemical behavior:
Z Element Electrons/shell
2 helium 2
10 neon 2, 8
18 argon 2, 8, 8
36 krypton 2, 8, 18, 8
54 xenon 2, 8, 18, 18, 8
86 radon 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8
118 ununoctium 2, 8, 18, 32, 32,
18, 8
Given the fact that the outer
valence orbital shell is full
renders this atom little ability to
interact with other atoms to form
chemical reactions needed to form
different compounds.
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The noble gases have weak
interatomic force, and consequently
have very low melting and boiling
points, differing by about 10 C
determines that they are liquid
over a small temperature range.
The overall amount of the noble
gases contained within the universe
decrease as their atomic numbers
increase. Helium being the most
common element in the universe
after hydrogen has a mass fraction
of about 24%. Most of the helium in
the universe was formed during
Event Beginning, noting that the
amount of helium is always
increasing due to the on-going
fusion of hydrogen in stellar
nucleosynthesis, just as the
reactions happening within the body
of our own sun.
Noble gas atoms, like atoms in
other groups, increase at a steady
rate in atomic radius from one
period to the next due to the
increasing number of electrons. The
size of the atom is related to
several properties. Noble gaseshave the largest ionization
potential among the elements of
each period, which demonstrates the
stability of their electron
configurations and is related to
their lack of chemical reactivity.
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Regular applications of noble
gasses are used as a filler gas
within standard light bulbs. This
is preferred due to the lack of
chemical reactivity slows down the
evaporative reaction of the
filament.
Noble gases glow in distinctive
colors; when used inside gas-
discharge lamps, such as neon
lights, will produce an orange-red
color. Xenon is commonly used in
xenon arc system, due to their
nearly continuous spectrum that
resembles daylight, 5600K.
KATELIN WALKS TO THE HOT TOPIC DROP-DOWN PORTAL ANDWITH THE PORTAL AND RAISES THE QUESTION ON THE ATOMIC
NUMBERING AND WHAT FORMS MATTER.
KATELIN (CONTD)
The Atomic Number or proton number
is number of protons in a nucleus
of an element indicates the number
of electrons in a neutral atom.
From this, I ask is possible toderive its electronic structure?
And could you expand on the atomic
numbering that drives the formation
of matter?
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THE PORTAL IS A DROP-DOWN PANEL ANSWER BOARD. THE PORTALEITHER REVEALS THE OVERLAY OF IMAGES OF THE SCIENCE AUTHORSBE THEY EINSTEIN, NEWTON, FARADAY OR COPERNICAS. THE DUTIESOF THE PORTAL IS TO PROVIDE AN ANSWER BOARD FOR SCIENCEHURDLES THAT NEED ADDITIONAL INFORMATION. THE VISUALS WITHINTHE PORTAL WILL VARY, BASED ON THE DEMAND OF THE MATERIAL
BEING COVERED.
PORTAL
For example, the sodium atom has an
atomic number 11 (Z= 11) and its
electronic arrangement is 2
electrons within the first energy
level, 8 electrons in the second
energy level and 1 electron in the
third energy level generally
written 2.8.1. This electronic
structure dictates whether two
elements are able to combine by
ionic or covalent bonding or not at
all.
CGI OF THE PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS. THE IMAGE TRACKS ASTHE DISCUSSION REVEALS MORE INFORMATION.
The Periodic Table of Elements was
first proposed in 1871 by a Russian
chemist Dmitri Mendeleev.
Atoms are ordered by their atomic
number in the Periodic Table. The
Table is set up so as to indicate
the number of electron shells in
each atom and the number of valenceelectrons in that atom. As you
descend through the rows in the
Table, the number of electron
shells in the atom increases.
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For example, hydrogen (H) in the
1st row has 1 shell, lithium (Li)
in the 2nd row has 2 shells, sodium
(Na) 3 shells, etc. As you read
the Table from left to right in any
one row, the number of valence
electrons increases.
Let's look at lithium again. From
the atomic number we know that
Lithium has 3 electrons. From its
position on the Periodic Table and
we know that it has 1 valence
electron: 2 electrons fill it's 1st
shell and 1 orbits in the second
shell. (Insert periodic chart
information here)
CGI OF THE PERIODIC CHART FADES UP.
KATELIN
The Periodic Table of Elements is
one of the most valuable charts wehave derived and although a little
complicated in appearance is rather
simple to interpret. Quantum
scientists have assembled this
chart to categorizes each element
be virtue of its atomic structure.
A determination factor of an
element's chemical properties is
its electron configuration,
particularly the valence shell
electrons.
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For example, any atoms with 4
valence electrons occupying p
orbitals will exhibit some
similarities. The type of orbital
in which the atom's outermost
electrons reside determines the
"block" to which it belongs. The
number of valence shell electrons
determines the family, or group, to
which the element belongs. The
total number of electron shells an
atom determines the period to which
it belongs.
Each shell is further divided into
different sub shells, which as
atomic number increases are filled
in roughly this order. The Basic
periodic chart is defined by
simplest to the more complex. The
chart is categorized with 18 groups
and 7 periods also a color code is
incorporated to further categorize.
The extended Periodic chart with
blocks consisting of periods 1 thru
8 and sub shells S, G, F, D, and P.
Modern quantum mechanical theories
of atomic structure explain group
trends by proposing that elementswithin the same group have the same
electron configurations in their
valence shell. Elements in the same
group also show patterns in their
atomic radius, ionization energy,
and electronegativity.
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Lanthanoid (previously lanthanide)
series comprises the fifteen
elements with atomic numbers 57
through 71, from lanthanum to
lutetium. All lanthanides are f-
block elements, corresponding to
the filling of the 4-f electron
shell, except for lutetium, which
is a d-block lanthanoid. The
lanthanoid series (Ln) is named
after lanthanum.
The actinoid (IUPAC nomenclature)
or actinide (traditional
nomenclature still in-use) series
encompasses the 15 chemical
elements that lie between actinium
and lawrencium included on the
periodic table with atomic numbers
89 - 103. The actinoid series
derives its name from the first
element in the series, actinium,
and reflecting the elements'
radioactivity.
Blocks are referred to the outer
most shell, or valence orbitals.
Because of the importance of the
outermost shell, the differentregions of the periodic table are
sometimes referred to as periodic
table blocks, named according to
the sub shell in which the "last"
electron resides.
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Trends of periods moving left to
right across a period, atomic
radius usually decreases. This
occurs when each successive element
has an added proton and electron.
This causes the electron to be
drawn closer to the nucleus. This
decrease in atomic radius also
causes the ionization energy to
increase when moving from left to
right across a period. The more
tightly bound an element is, the
more energy is required to remove
an electron.
Trends of Groups theories of atomic
structure explain group trends by
proposing that elements within the
same group have the same electron
configurations in their valence
shell, From the top, each
successive element has a lower
ionization energy because it is
easier to remove an electron since
the atoms are less tightly bound.
Similarly, a group will also see an
overall decrease in
electronegativity because of the
increasing distance between valence
electrons and its nucleus.
Elements are arranged in these
groups according to whose
proprieties are similar.
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All elements in Group 1 for
instance are alkali metals because
they only have one electron in the
outer shell (valence electron) and
as a result are highly reactive.
Elements in Group 17 are the
halogens. They all have seven
electrons in the outer orbital (two
in level s and five in level p).
They are also very reactive because
they have seven electrons in the
outer shell and will readily accept
an electron in order to reach the
ion configuration with the ideal
number of eight electrons in the
outer shell.
Elements Group 18 has a complete
outer shell with eight electrons.
These noble gases are highly stable
and do not react to form compounds
under normal conditions.
What are periods?
While the number of electrons
present in the outer shell
characterizes groups, periods are
characterized by the number ofenergy levels (shells) of electrons
surrounding the nucleus.
Groups or family is a vertical
column in the periodic table.
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Groups are considered the most
important method of classifying the
elements. In some groups, the
elements have very similar
properties and exhibit a clear
trend in properties down the group.
These groups tend to be given
trivial (unsystematic) names, e.g.,
the alkali metals, alkaline earth
metals, halogens, pnictogens,
chalcogens, and noble gases. Some
other groups in the periodic table
display fewer similarities and/or
vertical trends.
Direct interpretation of each
element is shown here. Noting the
center lettering in bold print is
the identifier of each element. The
number at the top left is the
atomic number and the number at the
lower portion is the atomic weight.
The atomic weight minus the atomic
number will give an approximation
to the number of neutrons that make
up that particular element.
By definition, atoms have no
overall electrical charge. That
means that there must be a balancebetween the positively charged
protons and the negatively charged
electrons. Atoms must have equal
numbers of protons and electrons.
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In our example, an atom of krypton
must contain 36 electrons since it
contains 36 protons.
An atom can gain or lose electrons,
becoming what is known as
ionization. An ion is nothing more
than an electrically charged atom.
Adding or removing electrons from
an atom does not change its
element, just its net charge.
For example, removing an electron
from an atom of krypton forms a
krypton ion, which is usually
written as Kr+. The plus sign means
that this is a positively charged
ion. It is positively charged
because a negatively charged
electron was removed from the atom.
The 36 positively charged protons,
resulting in a charge of +1,
outnumbered the 35 remaining
electrons.
What is an electron configurationtable?
An electron configuration table is
a type of code that describes how
many electrons are in each energy
level of an atom and how the
electrons are arranged within each
energy level. The first number is
the energy level.
37.
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We can tell right away that an atom
of gold contains 6 energy levels.
The lowercase letter is the sub-
shell. The sub-shells are named s,
p, d and f. The number of available
sub-shells increases as the energy
level increases. For example, the
first energy level only contains an
s sub-shell while the second energy
level contains both an s sub-shell
and a p sub-shell.
The number in superscript is the
number of electrons in a sub-shell.
Each sub-shell can hold only a
certain number of electrons. The s
sub-shell can hold no more than 2
electrons, the p sub-shell can hold
6, the d sub-shell can hold 10 and
the f sub-shell can hold as many as
14.
How many energy levels does an atom
have?
Since the electron configuration
table lists each energy level by
row, you can tell how many energy
levels there are by seeing how manyrows there are.
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How many electrons are in each
energy level?
The total number of electrons in an
energy level is the sum of the
electrons in each sub-shell of that
energy level. Just add the numbers
in superscript together to find the
number of electrons in an energy
level.
How many electrons are in an atom's
outer energy level?
This is just a combination of the
previous two examples. Use the
electron configuration to find that
atom's highest energy level and
then add up the numbers in
superscript to find the number of
electrons that are in it.
CGI
CGI THE ATOMS ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE WITH VARIATIONS THATAPPLY TO IONIC AND COVALENT BONDING STYLES(fig.4)
PORTAL
As for the beginnings of Matter, it
started its formations within the
initial billionth of a billionth ofa second following the moment the
beginning-event started its
expansive process.
39.
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At that particular moment, the
universe being about 3 feet in
diameter was heated to trillions of
degrees and the process of
collisions and fusing between
particles were continuous and
massive with particles forming at
an inconceivable rate.
These continuous collisions with
adjacent particles either traveling
at high speeds, or contained in an
areas of tremendous heat and
pressure, causes atomic particles
to fuse, giving birth to newly
formed elements. When conditions
were favorable these elements begin
to coalesce and formed matter.
Matter makes up all substances;
molecules, atoms and sub-atomic
particles are all matter. They take
up space, and attract other forms
of matter with gravity. As Newton
once stated, the force between two
bodies depends upon their masses.
If we double the mass of each , we
intensify the gravity by a factor
of 4. We now enter into the world
of Planck referred to as The PlanckScale.
40.
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The Planck scale is the defining
scale of quantum gravity, a
physical constant used to describe
the sizes of quanta in quantum
mechanics. It can either be very
short in length referred to as
Planck length or very high in
energy referred to as Planck
energy. Some of which are
rationalized as the Planck's
Constant.
The Planck Constant is the
proportionality constant between
the energy of a photon and the
frequency of its associated
electromagnetic wave, otherwise
known as the Planck Relation.
As for the size of an atom, well
one things for sure, its pretty
small, way too small to be seenwith conventional microscopy, but
we do know that in the case with
the largest caesium atom, it has a
diameter of 0.0000005 mm and that
it is always in constant motion.
Specifically, as electrons jump
from orbit to orbit its rate of
vibration, in doing so, is so
constant that we use it as a basic
standard to the measurement of
time.
41.
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The Arrangement of matter exists in
various states and it is this
arrangement of these particles that
determines the state of matter.
There are four recognized states of
matter: solid, liquid, gas and
plasma. Matter can change between
states when the temperatures or
pressures change.
State of matter take on physical
aspects rather than chemical
changes. In a solid state the
volume is fixed and has shape with
the atoms in fixed positions
relative to one and other.
If the atoms are arranged in a
regular sequence, this is referred
to as Entropy. Entropy is the
number of ways molecules in a
substance can be arranged for a
given amount of energy.
Metals and salts being crystalline,
tend to follow this more linear
arrangement. But if the atoms are
arranged haphazardly the solid is
said to be amorphous. Glass is agood example of amorphous
arrangement.
Atoms of metals, in this solid
state tend to have very loose outer
electrons.
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These electrons moving between
atoms gives the metal the ability
to conduct electricity.
In a liquid state volume is still
fixed, but the compound tends to
take on the shape of its confines;
such as a vase or on a larger
scale, geographic land contours.
Liquidity however, can only exist
within a limited temperate range.
If the pressure is low enough, the
liquid phase will not happen.
In a gaseous state, gases have no
fixed volume or shape, they expand
to fill all available space.
There are four laws regarding the
state of gas.
First, If the volume of a gas is
held constant, its pressure is
proportionate to the temperature.
As the temperature increases, the
atoms move faster and strike its
surroundings with more force. This
results an increase in pressure
against its surroundings.
Second, If the pressure of a gas is
held constant, its volume remains
proportional to the temperature.
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As the temperature increases, this
results an increase in pressure
against it surrounding confines and
hence the volume increases.
Third, If the temperature of a gas
is held constant, its pressure is
inversely proportional to the
volume. So when the volume of a gas
is decreased, but not the
temperature, then the same number
of atoms moving at the same speed
will strike the walls of the
confines more often. This results
an increase in pressure. Atoms in a
gas are free to move independently
from each other. Because the atoms
in a gas move at random. The
gaseous state is the simplest form
to describe in mathematical terms.
The forth state of gas is plasma.
Plasma is a gas that is heated to
temperatures so high that the atoms
loses electrons and so become
ionized. The gas, at that point, is
electrically charged and can be
affected by magnetic and electrical
fields. The plasmas sensitivity to
magnetic fields enables techniciansthe ability to control the heated
gas, thus allowing a controlled
implementation of its reaction.
44.
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One example of the necessity to
control plasma is in the
application of fusion technology.
CGI
ANIMATED CGI ATOMS ARE SET IN MOTION AND DOING SO REASSEMBLETO FORM MORE COMPLEX FORMATIONS (fig.5)
KATELIN
How many atoms make up our body?
At the last count our bodies
contains literally trillions ofatoms. Atoms of many differing
elements. There are atoms of
hydrogen and oxygen, carbon and
nitrogen, but our body also
contains atoms of calcium, nickel,
potassium, iron... even gold. All
matter; both living and non-living
are composed of many certain basic
substances.
It really is quite remarkable that
there are only 92 naturally
occurring elements and 16 of these
elements are used in the formation
of chemical compounds from which
living organisms are formed.
These 16 elements and a few others,
which occur in a particular
organism are referred to as bio-
elements.
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In human body only six bio-elements
which account for 99% of the our
total mass. These elements include
carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, along
with oxygen, phosphorus and
calcium.
Science has shown that as the
universe was forming, the only
elements in existence were hydrogen
and helium, which raises the
question on here did all the other
types of atoms come from? How were
they formed?
PORTAL
The answer is quite startling...
many of the atoms in the multitude
of forms around us including the
ones that make up our own body,
were all, believe it or not
manufactured within the center of a
cosmic oven, a star, a star that
existed long ago. Some very short
lived and others not, but when
these stellar formations went nova
all the materials created within
its interior, due to pressure and
heat, were released into the
universe.
Trillions of varying atoms are sent
hither and yawn, Its purpose, to
populate the cosmos.
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This process is analogous to
casting seeds to the wind, all that
material will eventually coalesce
into other forms.
We now fast-forward billions of
years and this material, probably a
commingle of atoms. Perhaps some
may have formed within a multitude
of different stellar bodies, now
reforms and becomes integrated and
ultimately part of your own coded
matrix and hence a another star is
born; that star of course is us.
CGI
OVERLAY IMAGES OF THE LIFE CYCLE OF A STAR AND THE FORMATIONSOF NEWER ELEMENTS WITHIN THE STAR. (fig.6)
ON-LOCATION AT THE LARGE HADRON PARTICLE ACCELERATOR NEARGENEVA FOR AN ON-SITE EXAMINATION OF AN INSTRUMENT THATANSWERS QUESTIONS ON THE FORMATION OF MATTER. SEE THE
ATTACHED LOCATION PROPOSAL SHEET. (REFER TO HADRON ON-LOCATION SCRIPT)
KATELIN
Lets go back to the beginning. The
grand event-beginning. It is now
one hundred trillionth of a second
after the event beginningcommenced. This super-heated
primordial material begins to cool
and all through the continuing
expansion process atoms are
forming.
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With these atoms racing in all
directions eventually smashing into
one and other and with that new
particles are constantly forming
everywhere.
At this evolutionary point things
now begin to get more complicated
and are now facing the formations
of more complex particles, the
brick and mortar of the material
world. Giving this the universe now
has The Molecule.
Molecules exist in either form of
elements or compounds. Molecular
Elements consists of one or more
like atoms. Molecular Compounds
consists of two or more different
atoms bonded together.
A Molecule by definition, is the
smallest element or compound that
can exist in many formations and
still retain the original
characteristics. They vary in size
and complexity from the simplest
hydrogen based molecule to the
large macro-molecules, such as the
ones found in some polymers allheld together by a Covalent Bond.
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This bonding is produced when two
atoms share one or more pairs of
electrons, usually each atom
contributes an electron and is
often represented by a single line
drawn between the two atoms. This
type of bonding always produces a
molecule, or by a Coordinate Bond,
where an electron pair is donated
by one atom, to be shared between
the two atoms.
Covalently bonded substances
include hydrogen (H), water (H2O)
and most organic substances.
Covalent compounds have the
following general properties: they
have a low melting and boiling
point; never conduct electricity
and are usually insoluble in water
and soluble in organic solvents.
Double Bonds, seen, for example, in
the alkenes, are formed when two
pairs of atoms share two pairs of
electrons (the atoms contribute a
pair each); triple bonds are formed
when atoms share three pairs of
electrons and so on.
CGI
OF THE ATOMIC HYDROGEN BONDS (fig.8)
CGI
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THE VALENCY ORBITALS AND SEE THE UNION OF ATOMS ATTACHINGTHEMSELVES TO FORM ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS.
The ionic or electrovalent bond is
produced when atoms of one element
donate electrons to atoms of
another element forming positively
and negatively charged ions
respectfully.
CGI
THE BONDING LINK THAT MAKES UP THE COVALENCY DETAILED IN CGI(fig.7)
Thus defining the ion as an atom or
group of atoms that is either a
positively charged Cation or a
negatively charged Anion, resulting
by the gain or loss of electrons
during a chemical reaction or the
exposure to certain types of
radiation ionic compounds.
All salts, most bases and some
acids are examples of ionic
compounds. They possess the
following general properties: they
are crystalline solids with a high
melting point, are soluble in water
and insoluble in organic solvents
and always conduct electricity when
molten or in aqueous solution.
A typical ionic compound is table
salt, sodium chloride.
CGI
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CGI OF THE ATOMIC HYDROGEN BONDS (fig.8)
KATELIN
The Molecular Formula is the
formula indicating the actual
number of atoms of each element
present within a single molecule of
a compound. The presence of more
than one atom is denoted by a
subscript figure -. For example,
water is a chemical substance with
chemical formula H2O: one molecule
of water has two hydrogen atomscovalently bonded to a single
oxygen atom.
Complex molecules are generally
carbon based and are structured in
a patterns arrays and are made up
of proteins and sugar-phosphates,
coded and arrange in a specific
formations.
In ancient and medieval times,
early chemists some of whom
subscribed to an unscientific
system known as alchemy believed
that one element could in fact be
transformed into another. Thus many
an alchemist had devoted an entirecareer to the vain pursuit of
turning lead into gold.
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The alchemists were at least
partially right, however, though
one element can only be transformed
into another within nuclear fusion.
However, it is possible to change
the nature of a compound by
altering the relations of the
elements within it, which brings me
to an interesting development.
KATELIN WALKS TO THE HOLOGRAM CAPSULE AND AFTER ENTERINGINFORMATION ON A CONTROL CONSOLE KEYBOARD, BRINGS THEHOLOGRAM CAPSULE ON-LINE.
KATELIN (CONTD)
Nobody can explain its intrinsic
formation. No logic can be
expressed to quantify the most
complex molecule in existence, one
that transcends all universal and
evolutionary processes, and give
credence to possibility of divine
intervention, I now present...
AT THIS POINT THE HOLOGRAM CAPSULE ROARS INTO LIFE AND IN THEMIST WITHIN THE CAPSULE A 3-D IMAGE OF THE DNA DOUBLE HELIXFORMS AND SPIRALS SUSPENDED IN THE CAPSULE SLOWLY ROTATING.
KATELIN (CONTD)
... the foundation for all life as
we know it... our famous double
helix; TheDNA Molecule.
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA),
Molecule has been one of the
greatest scientific discoveries of
all time.
52.
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First discovered in 1931 by James
Watson and Francis Crick, and it
wasnt until the late 1940's and
early 1950's that most biologists
finally accepted the evidence
showing that DNA must be the
chromosomal component that carries
the hereditary information from one
generation to the next.
DNA consists of two long polymers
of simple units called nucleotides;
molecules which comprise the
structural units of RNA and DNA.
These two identical strands run in
opposite directions to each other
and are therefore anti-parallel.
Kind of like cutting a ladder in
half up through the middle of the
treads, then flipping one half
upside down and reassembling it.
For a long time the connection
between nucleic acid and genes was
not known. But in 1944 the American
scientist Oswald Avery managed to
transfer the ability to cause
disease from one strain of bacteria
to another. But not only that, the
previously harmless bacteria couldalso pass the trait along to the
next generation. What Avery had
moved was nucleic acid. This proved
that genes were made up of nucleic
acid.
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All this was put into motion by an
amazing discovery back in 1868,
almost a century before the Nobel
Prize was awarded to Watson, Crick
and Maurice Wilkins, whereas a
young Swiss physician named
Friedrich Miescher, isolated
something no one had ever seen
before from the nuclei of cells. He
called the compound "nuclein." This
is today called nucleic acid, the
"NA" in DNA (Deoxyribo-nucleic-
acid) and RNA (Ribo-nucleic-acid).
To differentiate the duty
assignments between the two, DNA in
short contains the blueprint for
life and the RNA would be the
worker bee that makes it all work.
THE HOLOGRAM DISASSEMBLES A PORTION OF THE HELIX REVEALING
THE BASE CHEMICALS IN AN EXPLODED VIEW. (fig.9)
KATELIN (CONTD)
"Human Genome Project" and Dr.
Celera Genomics jointly presented
the true nature and complexity of
the digital code inherent in DNA.
We now understand that the DNA
molecule is comprised of chemical
bases arranged in approximately 3
billion precise sequences.
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Its quite simple in its basic
paired structure. However, it's the
sequencing and functioning of that
code that's enormously complex.
Although DNA coding is remarkably
complex, it's the information
translation connected to that code
that really baffles science.
CGI THE STRUCTURE OF THE DNA MOLECULE DISPLAYING THEATTACHMENTS AND UNZIPPED DNA (fig.10)
KATELIN (CONTD)
The two strands of the double helix
are coiled in an anti-parallel
configuration with the sugar-
phosphate backbone making up the
outside of the helix with the bases
are positioned on the inside. The
backbone can be thought of as thesides of a ladder, with the bases
in the middle forming the rungs.
Each rung is composed of two base
pairs, either an adenine-thymine
pair that forms a two-hydrogen bond
together, or a cytosine-guanine
pair that forms a three-hydrogen
bond.
CGI
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When the DNA is being copied, the
DNA-helix is first "unzipped" in
two long stretches of sugar-
phosphate backbone with a line of
free bases sticking up from it,
like the teeth of a comb. Each half
will then be the template for a
new, complementary strand.
Biological machines inside the cell
put the corresponding free bases
onto the split molecule and also
proof-reads the result to find and
correct any mistakes.
The doubling gives rise to another
exact copy of the original DNA
molecule. The coding regions in the
DNA strand, the genes make up only
a fraction of the total amount of
DNA, stretches that flank the
coding regions are called introns,
and consist of non-coding DNA.
DNA usually occurs as linear
chromosomes in eukaryotes, and
circular chromosomes in
prokaryotes. The set of chromosomes
in a cell makes up its genome; the
human genome has approximately 3
billion base pairs of DNA allarranged into 46 chromosomes.
The information carried by DNA is
held in the sequence of pieces
called genes.
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Transmission of genetic information
in the genes is achieved via the
complementary base pairing. Thanks
to the DNA containing the genetic
information this allows all modern
living things to function, grow and
reproduce, we are really just now
starting to realize how unique we
really are.
After taking all this in I find
myself standing here as a free and
independent entity one in which is
able to contemplating my own
existence, wonder how this all is
possible. Is it true... could each
atom that make up the very me have
really braved billions of years of
harsh elements commencing with the
intense heat within a star, then
thrown out into the bitter cold of
open space. Then during its journey
having it literally crashing into
the earth, absorbed in subduction,
spewed from lava flows, all at the
end of the day to reassemble and
ultimately become... me. In closing
this segment I cant help but
wonder if my atoms have ever
existed in other lives or otherformations before me and will they
continue their travels through the
cosmos long after Im gone. I
guess only time will tell...
END OF ACT I
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ACT II
WE SHIFT GEARS HERE AND FADE UP POSITIONED NEAR THE LARGECLOCK AND PREPARE FOR THE TOPIC ON THE THEORY OF RELATIVITYAND THE FAMOUS EQUATION E=mc2
HOST
Though its concept has been around
for over a hundred years, This
understanding is being revered as
the ultimate answer to the
formation of everything and the
connected relationship witheverything, with each other, we now
need to understand it see first
hand how it all ties together on
our visit into the world of Quantum
Physics.
Albert Einstein is still to many
revered as one of the most famous
scientists ever. He earned this
right by bringing to science
methods of calculation, application
of universal constants and a frame
of reference we call relativity.
His labors gave birth to some of
his greatest published works, and
coupled with his famous equation,
E=mc2, has changed the worldforever.
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When forced to summarize the
General Theory of Relativity in one
sentence, Einstein responds, Time,
space and gravitation have no
separate existence from matter, due
to the fact that physical objects
are not in space, but merely
spatially extended to the concept
which the term empty space seems
lose its meaning.
DISPLAY THE EQUATION E=mc2 AND T.O.E. (fig.10) AND A CLOCKRUNNING BACKWARDS.
HOST (CONTD)Its been over a hundred years
since those landmark theories were
introduced to the world and since
then thousands of scientists,
physicists and mathematicians have
been applying those equations quite
successfully and hence are now
accepted worldwide as fact.
To some degree its safe to say
that most us are familiar with the
Theory of Relativity and the mc2
equation and it seems some are
under the impression that they are
one in the same. Not so true.
Humorously, while one applies to
the other and the other does applyto that one, they are quite
different. The problem with
relativity is that it violates all
of the common-sense ideas.
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Because of this, many people have
problems with believing relativity
rather than understanding it.
Regarding the theory of relativity,
no one can study general relativity
without being impressed by its
unquestionable mathematical beauty.
The study of Einsteins work has
been a favorite for many young
physicists and has paved the way
for many of our leading physicists
that still draw from that pool of
data.
I would like to introduce a young
man he is a leading student at
Bradshaws High School, Kenneth
Galloway...
KENNETHHey, before we examine the theory
we need to have to have a strong
understanding of some factors known
as constants.
We have many constants in science
and we refer to them as physical.
These physical constants are a
quantity both universal in nature
and constant in time.
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It is and can be held in contrast
to a mathematical constants, which
applies fixed numerical values,
which doesnt directly involve any
physical measurements. One
constant, the Speed of Light,
denoted by the symbol cO or c has
been adopted as the universal
constant.
The speed of light signifies sort
of a maximum speed limit in our
universe and is dimensionally
expressed mathematically as length
divided by time. While the fine-
structure constant; characterizes
the strength of electromagnetic
interaction, makes it seemingly
dimensionless.
INSERT THE GRAPHICS GIVING THE VISUALS OF THE PLANCKS
CONSTANT AT-WORK IN WAVE FORM. INCLUDE GRAPHS WITH SYMBOLS.SPECIAL NOTE THAT WITH PLANCK IT IS THE MEASURE OF QUANTUM.(fig.11)
KENNETH (CONTD)
The speed of light, a fundamental
constant in science is calculated,
in a vacuum, to be exactly (Speed
of light in a vacuum = 2.997925 0.000002 x 1010 cm/sec)
299,792,458 meters per second or
most applications apply 300,000
kilometers (or 186,000 miles) per
second.
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For an example everyone can
understand, our moon is positioned
approximately one light second from
the earth.
Another constant we utilize is the
Elementary Charge constant usually
denoted by the symbol e which is
the electric charge carried by a
single proton, or equivalently, the
negative of the electric charge
carried by a single electron. This
is another fundamental physical
constant. Still another, is the
Gravitational Constant. In this
application this empirical constant
is involved in the calculation of
gravitational attraction between
objects with mass, a process that
has been in effect from the very
beginning.
Finally the application of a
Mathematical Constant, which is
represented by a real number. It's
a numerical application that arises
naturally in mathematics, unlike
physical constants, mathematical
constants are defined independently
of physical measurement.
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Remember a constant is just as it
reads, constant, it's value doesnot change over any period of time,
a firm fixed value, but in
mathematical parlance a
mathematical variable such as a
symbol representing an unknown
quantity such as in a, b, or
x and a symbol used in connection
with quantifiers is considered a
constant as well.
WE MOVE TO THE GREEN SCREEN TO OVERLAY THE IMAGE WE WILL WORKFROM TO DEFINE RELATIVITY.
KENNETH (CONTD)
To provide a distinct division
between the theory of relativity
and the equation E=mc2 first we
touch on the theory and discuss
Time and Space and the application
of acceleration.
In most cases we can all see that
time and space are constant and
although the physical universe
being in constant motion, relative
to any observer it seems rather
constant.
But in our examination of space and
time we employ a variable known as
acceleration and strange things
happen when we go fast.
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The first thing is a two-fold
scenario demonstrating what science
has proven, that as an object
accelerates, time and space is
altered both for the object in
motion and for the observer of said
object defined from a specific
point independent from that object
in motion.
In the case of an object in motion,
proposed acceleration to near light
speeds would make time slow to a
point where a seemingly near stand-
still would exist, a sort of time
lock-out. An observer, from a
vantage point independent of the
object in motion, one should
observe a misshapen object buzz by
as time and space is being altered
within the surrounding environment.
In both applications the perception
of time opposes the other, as the
observer within the confines of the
object in motion notes no apparent
changes within the objects
confines, but not so within the
surrounding environment.
CGI
WE SHIFT ARENAS AND ARE ON-LOCATION WITH A SPECIALLYCONSTRUCTED 50 FOOT ENCASED TEST PLATFORM, ANALOGOUS TOEINSTEIN'S TRAIN. THE TEST AREA IS LOCATED INSIDE A 14 X 50BOXCAR SIZE CONFINES TO WHICH MANY TESTS WILL BE CONDUCTED.
THE CAR RIDES ATOP A TRACKING SYSTEM AND IS CONTROLLED BYELECTRIC MOTORS,CABLES AND HYDRAULICS. THE CONTROL TEAM HASTHE ABILITY TO PUT THE CAR INTO MOTION AND SET TO VARIOUSSPEEDS AS WELL AS STOPPING CONTROL.
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THE TEST CAR INTERIOR IS OUTFITTED TO BE CAMERA READY FORACCURATE INTERIOR PERSPECTIVES. THE EXTERIOR OBSERVATION AREAIS OUTFITTED WITH CAMERAS AT VARIOUS LOCATIONS GIVING ANACCURATE OUTSIDE OBSERVATIONAL PERSPECTIVE. A COMPUTERIZEDACQUISITION DATA GATHERING SYSTEM WILL GIVE COVERAGE WITHVARIOUS CAMERA ANGLES AND TELESTRATOR ABILITIES.
THE CAR CAN BE SET TO A MULTITUDE OF VELOCITIES ANDACCELERATION FACTORS. ALL VIDEO COVERAGE AS WELL AS TEST AREASPEED SETTINGS ARE CONTROLLED FROM A REMOTE ON-SITE CONTROLFACILITY. (fig.12)
KENNETH (CONTD)
We are here at our test location
site because we want to test and
validate some of the the proposed
scenarios. We also have a challenge
from a viewer that wrote in asking
us for some answers to a scenario
regarding inertia and bodies at
rest. We plan to address that
challenge right here, so stay with
us for this interesting and rather
unusual test process.
Einstein made many examples of time
and space correlations and he loved
using trains for many of his test
platforms for examples of
observer's positions dependent and
independent of the test area.
The first test is demonstrating therelativity of a object accelerated
in a test area and the
observational results. In a test of
relative observation my colleague
and I as you see, have positioned
ourselves inside our test train.
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Now there is no movement of this
car, We position ourselves standing
facing each other.
The test will start when we launch
matching objects towards each
other, with the intent for the
objects to collide at the center of
this test area. Because we need our
test to work with a modicum of
efficiency we are using specialized
pitching machines set to perform to
our specifications.
A QUICK DEMONSTRATION OF THE TEST SHOWING THE VIEWERS WHAT TOEXPECT.
The velocity of each object was
transferred from the machine
directly to the object giving each
object energy in the form of
inertia. We launch the objects at
the same time. Our observation
shows the objects traveling on a
convergent course until they
collide at the center of the test
area. At that moment of collision,
the objects inertial energy is
canceled and the objects should
drop straight downward, regardless
of the intended matched set-velocity of the objects, the end
result is always the same.
CGI
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SLOW-MOTION CAPTURE OF THE BALLS TRAVEL SHOWS THE EFFECTGENERATED BY THE TEST. CGI REPRESENTATION OF THE BALLS TESTIN OPERATION SHOWING THE EFFECTS AT VARIOUS INPUT. ROLL ONALL PERSPECTIVES. (fig.13)
To establish relative perspectives
our observers will be occupying
positions relative to the test
area. The first observer is now
positioned within the interior
confines of the test area and the
second observer is positioned
outside the test area confines,
entirely independent of the active
test area.
Now we change observational
perspectives and accelerate the
platform housing the test area to a
predetermined velocity. This should
change the outside observer's
perspective of the test area.
However from the observer's
position inside the test area
should remain unchanged throughout
the test due to the fact that these
test are conducted inside the test
area.
On-location
SETTING THE CAR IN MOTION ESTABLISHES THE SECOND OBSERVERS
PERSPECTIVE. DISPLAYING THE RESULTS OF THE VARYING SPEEDS OFTHE BALL RELATIVE TO THE FIRST OBSERVER. CGI WILL SHOWVARIOUS EFFECTS THE TEST CAN PROVIDE AND WHAT TO EXPECT.(fig.14)
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As the test car is in-motion we now
re-enable the same test and the
objects are again launched on their
convergent courses, crashing into
each other at the center of the
test area.
Now, from the first observer within
the test area confines reports s no
apparent change in their
perspective. However, the outside
observer sees the objects traveling
at differing velocities relative to
that persons perspective. The
accelerated movement of the test
area has indeed shown the objects
moving with dissimilar velocities
relative to outside observer.
The outside observers reports
seeing the advancing object moving
faster relative to the outside due
to the velocity of the test-car in
motion and the other object with a
seemingly slower speed, but the
balls still in fact do collide at
the same central point and time.
In an attempt to vary the
conditions of the test, my
colleague and I have now positioned
ourselves at the center of the test
area, back to back, facing the
opposing walls and launch the
objects from the center to the
opposite ends of the car.
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Again to the observer within the
test area observe the objects
striking the opposing walls at the
same time regardless of the speed
of the test area in motion.
CGI
SET PERSPECTIVE OF THE TEST FOR THE OUTSIDE OBSERVERSPOSITION FOR ALL TESTS. (fig.15)
KENNETH (CONTD)
From the observers position
outside the test area, the object
struck the walls at the same time
even thought their speeds given to
each object appear to be different.
Noting that the object thrown
towards the front of the car is
moving at a apparent greater
relative speed then the retreating
object with an apparent lesser
speed, due to the set velocity of
the test car, but regardless of the
velocity of the test car, the
objects do in fact strike the walls
at the same time. As for the
outside observer reports the same
results as before, though the
objects appear to be traveling at
differing speeds, the balls hit the
destination walls at the same time.CGI
INSERTS A TEST AREA TO ACCOMMODATE SPEED OF LIGHT SCENARIO.(fig.16
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KENNETH
For another example of relativity,
by applying near light speed
variables, imagine a vehicle
carrying two individuals isaccelerated to near light speeds.
To an outside observer witnessing
the vehicle passing by should
notice the vehicle to be seeming
shorter than normal and greater
mass than normal.
CGI
ANIMATED REPRESENTATIONS OF A VEHICLE AT LIGHT SPEED ANDREPRESENTATION OF SURROUNDING PHENOMENA. (fig.17)
KENNETH (CONTD)
However, for our traveling
individuals house within the
confines of the vehicle, there
seems to be no apparent change, but
the traveling observer, reports the
outside individual and its
surroundings, would all seem much
smaller. But, when the vehicle
slows and returns to rest at 0
velocity all factors return to
normal with regards to mass except
for time. Once time is altered it
remains so.
So, as each individual in our
scenario observing the changes
happening around them, the
individuals themselves see and feel
no changes from their perspectives.
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Now at a different level, the
individuals that were traveling at
near the light speeds underwent a
change that both the travelers and
observer can't help but notice that
the travelers aged at a much slower
rate than the outside observer.
This is possible due to a
phenomenon known as Time Dilation.
CGI
ANIMATED VERSION OF TIME DILATION. (fig.18)
KENNETH (CONTD)
Time Dilation or Time Expansion has
been proven in the lab by utilizing
measurements of rate-of-decay of
certain radioactive particles.
Certain particles decay with
clockwork precision. However, whenthose particles are accelerated to
near light speeds in a laboratory
accelerator they decayed at a
measurably slower rate.
To put it another way, if a
traveler was to venture to our
nearest star in a vehicle
accelerated to near light speeds
that traveler would age at a slower
rate than the support team at the
traveler's point of departure.
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So by applying this theory, and our
rate of decay time dilation factor,
our ten-year round trip traveler
returning to their point of
departure would step out of the
vehicle showing they have not aged
at all.
Interestingly, a paradox exists
here. In our proposed scenario, as
our traveler is en-route, due to
time dilation factor any en route
communications between travelers
and base teams would be seemingly
impossible.
Respectfully, in theory if
communications were at all
possible, the time dilation factor
would have the traveler in effect
receive the support team's
transmission long before it was
ever sent and conversely, the
support team would receive a
transmitted response from the
traveler years before the support
team ever posed the initial
transmission, sort of a
communicable time machine.
WE WALK AND TALK MOVING TOWARDS THE BACKWARDS RUNNING CLOCK.
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KENNETH (CONTD)
Scientists have long hoped to meld
these theories into one "Theory of
Everything" or T.O.E. to describe
all aspects of nature. Theseunifying theories such as Quantum
Gravity, bubble and String Theory
may involve extra dimensions of
time and space thus violating