factor de transferencia · results basics, mechanism of action, safety aspects of transfer factor...

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7 Abril 1917 FACTOR DE TRANSFERENCIA Investigación Bibliográfica Investigador: Jorge López Guzmán LO QUE SE DICE DEL FT Y SUSTENTOS INTERNACIONALES POTENCIALIZA EL SISTEMA INMUNOLÓGICO Suplemento alimenticio a base de carbohidratos, aminoácidos y péptidos. El FT son moléculas diminutas que transmiten información al sistema inmunológico. Ayudan al organismo a reconocer infecciones, brindando el respaldo necesario para que el sistema inmunológico pueda identificar y recordar cómo atacar dicha infección de una forma más rápida y efectiva. El ABC de las propiedades del FT: A) Ayudan a las células a identificar agentes invasores de una forma rápida. B) Aceleran la reacción del sistema inmunológico cuando el agente invasor ha sido identificado. C) Apoyan al sistema inmunológico a recordar la forma específica de atacar a cada agente infeccioso. SUSTENTOS INTERNACIONALES CON BIBLIOGRAFÍAS EN INGLÉS (AL FINAL TRADUCCIÓN EN ESPAÑOL). A review on transfer factor an immune modulator (Marimuthu Krishnaveni)..http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0975761913000410https://doi .org/10.1016/j.dit.2013.04.002 Abstract Aim To understand what is transfer factor and its significance in stimulating immune system which is necessary for the general maintenance of health. Methods Articles were collected from net sources.

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Page 1: FACTOR DE TRANSFERENCIA · Results Basics, mechanism of action, safety aspects of transfer factor were discussed in this review. Diseases showing positive result with transfer factor

7 Abril 1917

FACTOR DE TRANSFERENCIA

Investigación Bibliográfica

Investigador: Jorge López Guzmán

LO QUE SE DICE DEL FT Y SUSTENTOS INTERNACIONALES

POTENCIALIZA EL SISTEMA INMUNOLÓGICO

Suplemento alimenticio a base de carbohidratos, aminoácidos y péptidos.

El FT son moléculas diminutas que transmiten información al sistema inmunológico. Ayudan al

organismo a reconocer infecciones, brindando el respaldo necesario para que el sistema

inmunológico pueda identificar y recordar cómo atacar dicha infección de una forma más rápida y

efectiva.

El ABC de las propiedades del FT:

A) Ayudan a las células a identificar agentes invasores de una forma rápida. B) Aceleran la

reacción del sistema inmunológico cuando el agente invasor ha sido identificado. C) Apoyan al

sistema inmunológico a recordar la forma específica de atacar a cada agente infeccioso.

SUSTENTOS INTERNACIONALES CON BIBLIOGRAFÍAS EN INGLÉS

(AL FINAL TRADUCCIÓN EN ESPAÑOL).

A review on transfer factor an immune modulator (Marimuthu Krishnaveni)..http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0975761913000410https://doi

.org/10.1016/j.dit.2013.04.002

Abstract

Aim

To understand what is transfer factor and its significance in stimulating immune system which is necessary for the general maintenance of health.

Methods

Articles were collected from net sources.

Page 2: FACTOR DE TRANSFERENCIA · Results Basics, mechanism of action, safety aspects of transfer factor were discussed in this review. Diseases showing positive result with transfer factor

Results

Basics, mechanism of action, safety aspects of transfer factor were discussed in this review. Diseases showing positive result with transfer factor treatment are tabulated.

Conclusion

From this it is concluded that it is a dialyzable, active protein initiator molecule able to transfer cell mediated immunity from healthy donor to recipient who is non-immune thus keeping one away from infection.

Keywords

• Cell mediated immunity; • Cytokines; • Diseases; • Molecule; • Passive transfer

1. Introduction

Transfer factor is a natural, non-species specific, tiny, small peptides of 3500–6000 kDa in molecular weight, transparent, light yellow fluid having pH 6.5–7.0, composed of oligoribonucleotides attached to a peptide molecule that are inherent in all animal bodies, said to be non-allergic because of their small size and act as immunomodulator, RNA might provide a cytophilic property. Dr. Kirkpatrick1 identified highly conserved region of amino acids in transfer factor that are able to bind to the target cells with high affinity. Higher tyrosine, glycine content are present in some variants. The first milk in all mammalian mother called colostrums, a god's gift which gives passive immunity to newborn babies, has been proven to contain transfer factor, non-antigen specific moieties present in colostrum might contribute for the beneficial outcome in patients by stimulating

their immune system non-specifically and are universally effective. H. Sherwood Lawrence demonstrated this passive transfer of immunity in 1949.2 ; 3 It can also be obtained from immune donor lymphocyte who is able to transfer cell mediated immunity to a non-immune recipient. This helps to act against bacterial, viral, parasitic infection, autoimmune diseases, diabetes, autism, infertility, psoriasis, retinitis pigmentosa, asthma, cancer.4; 5 ; 6 The positive responses are confirmed through various tests such as delayed hypersensitivity test on skin, response to alloantigen, specific and non-specific mitogen, type of T cell, NK cell activity, cytokines activity. Since, transfer factors are acquired in our bodies through natural immune system and able to perform catalytic function in immune system triggering effect without getting consumed,4 this review aimed to provide briefly its mechanism of action once synthesized, immunological role in aiding cell mediated immunity as it is having extraordinary benefits.

2. Sources

Birds have transfer factor inside their eggs providing a library of immune system and identifiers to make out the attacking pathogen.7 Transfer factors are synthesized form animal, human sources by injecting with certain pathogen to produce specific transfer factor. Transfer factor generated using human blood are human derived, cow and mouse

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spleen are bovine, murine derived. Viza and his coworkers in 1974 observed that transfer factor with known antigenic specificities can be generated from LDV/7 lymphoblastoid cell line.8 The dialyzable transfer factors have onset period as hours and able to maintain its effectiveness for five years. Transfer factor can be purified by high performance liquid chromatography and column chromatography.

3. Mechanism of action

Transfer factor lack viable cells that play a role in graft versus host reaction, not immunogenic, contain no histocompatibility antigens.9 ; 10 Natural immune response is a causative factor for the production of transfer factor and they are produced within T helper cells (Fig. 1), once released, the immune system activity is influenced in several ways and studied by other cells involved in immune system which indicates, that T helper cells are active in fighting against the pathogen, thereby stimulating the production of new helper T cells, Natural killer cells, macrophages, cytotoxic T cells. Thus, marching close to the target most probably by influencing the expression of antigen receptors on cells. Increased Th1 in turn repress the production of Th2 and its cytokines like IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-13. A remarkable feature of transfer factor is eliciting multiple, opposing function11 ; 12 or bio feedback mechanism by antigen specific, inducer, suppressor/regulatory fraction contained in it. Here, antigen specific fractions aid the function of recognizing and memorizing pathogenic organisms in a more faster manner. Secondly, inducer fraction increases the antigenic stimulus whereas, suppressor fraction act by releasing IL-10, an inhibitory cytokine from Th2 cells, playing a vital role in controlling immune over reactions, mistargeted reactions in the development of autoimmune disorders. Kirkpatrick demonstrated that in vivo administration of transfer factors to mice, afford the recipients spleen cells with the property of responding to target antigen in vitro by secreting gamma interferon, 13 a product of Th1 cells, IL-2, TNF-alpha thereby ensuring the development of cell mediated immunity. While stimulating cell mediated immunity, it does not increases antibody secretion as well its responses against the same specific antigen. So, transfer factors develop cell mediated responses in patients who are suffering from immunodeficient, infectious disease, as well as in disorder with certain anergies. Maturation of naive T cells as well as increased cell mediated immunity are regulated by thymic factors. It is agreed that transfer factor is more effectual in educating naive cells about the approaching danger. So, in the treatment of mild thymic primary immunodeficiency, both thymic and transfer factors are suggested. 14 ; 15 Several factors that decrease cell mediated immunity, Th2 supremacy are age, cytotoxic cancer treatments, stress developed after surgery, metastatic diseases.16 Thus, cell mediated immunity plays a major role in judging the morbidity and mortality above sixty years.

Page 4: FACTOR DE TRANSFERENCIA · Results Basics, mechanism of action, safety aspects of transfer factor were discussed in this review. Diseases showing positive result with transfer factor

Fig. 1.

Showing synthesis of transfer factor.

Figure options

4. Transfer factor and diseases

The immune system is a versatile system encompasses more than a trillion cells, weighing about 1 kg and helps in recognizing, fighting, remembering invading pathogens. Each pathogen can bring out transfer factor, atleast one transfer factor is created for every piece of pathogen that the immune system faces. Transfer factors influence the activities of various immune components and also regulate cytokines.17Imbalances in the production of transfer factor lead to the development of rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, Alzheimer's, heart disease, hepatitis and so on. The time taken for complete development of immature immune response/delayed hypersensitivity is 10–14 days, but transfer factor induces an immune response in within 24 h.18 IMREG I and IMREG II19 help in bringing out balanced immune system. Fudenberg's, three important measures that have to be taken care are antigenic specificity, strength of the extract and recipients immune status20 and also the right dose. Vetto et al reported that patients in advanced cancer stages were not able to respond when they were treated with antigen induced lymphocyte transformation.21 Few

diseases that were studied with transfer factor are depicted in Table 1.

Table 1.

Showing few diseases studied with transfer factor.

Page 5: FACTOR DE TRANSFERENCIA · Results Basics, mechanism of action, safety aspects of transfer factor were discussed in this review. Diseases showing positive result with transfer factor

Diseases showing positive

result on treatment with

transfer factor

Effects References

Osteosarcoma Increased cell mediated cytotoxicity Fudenberg

197622

Varicella with acute leukaemia

in children

Steele et al,

198023

Herpes simplex virus Improved T cell function Steele et al,

197624

Viza et al,

198625

Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome Increased C3 level returned to normal,

no new infection, absence of eczema

Levin et al,

197026

Glioma Reduces the tumour size, and

increases CD2+, CD4+, CD8+ and NK

cell counts, apoptotic tumour cells

Pineda et al,

200527

Prostate cancer Higher survival rates Pizza et al,

199628

HIV Increased levels of helper T cells and

cytotoxic T cells

Granitov et al,

200229

Lung cancer Longer survival Pilotti et al,

199630

Hepatitis C Stimulates Th1, which helps in clearing

of viral particles

31 ; 32

Chronic mucocutaneous

candidiasis

Restored cellular immunity 33

Table options

5. Stability and safety of transfer factor

Transfer factor can resist freezing, withstand treatment with DNase, pancreatic RNase, and trypsin34 but destroyed by snake venom phosphodiesterase. No bad side effects have been reported so far with transfer factor,35 and valuable when administered orally as well as by injection.36 ; 17 Long-term oral administration is convenient,37 safe38 ; 39 and easily accepted37 by infants, elderly people who are at the risk for numerous infections. Dresseler and Rosenfield40 reported, that heat lability of transfer factor depends on the melting of a double stranded nucleic acid, full activity was retained at 80 °C, above 90 °C destroyed the activity, had an intermediate activity at 85 °C but stable to cold and consequently, able to

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retain its biological activity even after storing at −20 °C to −70 °C for several years. Since, transfer factors are derived from blood products it will be safe to check for HIV/AIDS/hepatitis to get rid of blood borne diseases.

6. Conclusion

The life we are living must be healthy as long as we are. Everyone is aware, that our immune system gets activated only when we are exposed to infection. Hence, greater the exposure, better the immunity. To conclude, transfer factor is an immune enhancing molecule produced naturally by our immune system aiding immunological memory of recipient. It is not a drug or vitamin to cure our illness but it acts as a channel to our immune system. So, a balanced immune system is attained. Eventhough, they found to be useful, the success rate varies depending upon the preparation of transfer factor, the right dose selected, the potency, the degree of illness and duration of infection.

Conflicts of interest

The author has none to declare.

Acknowledgement

The author whole heartedly thank JPR solution for their partial contribution in publishing this article without which this would have not been possible.

References

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29V.M. Granitov, N.V. Karbysheva, L.V. Sultanov, C.W. McCausland, E.A. Oganova o Use of activated transfer factor in treatment of HIV-infected patients

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Tel.: +91 9894829823 (mobile).

Copyright © 2013 JPR Solutions. Published by Reed Elsevier India Pvt. Ltd. Published by Reed Elsevier India Pvt. Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page 11: FACTOR DE TRANSFERENCIA · Results Basics, mechanism of action, safety aspects of transfer factor were discussed in this review. Diseases showing positive result with transfer factor

Abstracto

Objetivo

Entender qué es el factor de transferencia y su significado en la estimulación del sistema inmunológico que es necesario para el mantenimiento general de la salud.

Métodos

Los artículos fueron recolectados de fuentes netas.

Resultados

Fundamentos, mecanismo de acción, aspectos de seguridad del factor de transferencia fueron discutidos en esta revisión. Se tabulan las enfermedades que muestran resultados positivos con el tratamiento con factor de transferencia.

Conclusión

De esto se concluye que es una molécula iniciadora de proteína activa, dializable, capaz de transferir la inmunidad mediada por células del donante sano al receptor que no es inmune, manteniendo así a uno alejado de la infección.

Palabras claves

• Inmunidad mediada por células;

• Citocinas;

• Enfermedades;

• Molécula;

• Transferencia pasiva

1. Introducción

El factor de transferencia es un péptido no específico de la especie, de 3500-6000 kDa en peso

molecular, fluido transparente, de color amarillo claro con un pH de 6,5-7,0, compuesto de

oligoribonucleótidos unidos a una molécula peptídica que son inherentes a todos los cuerpos

animales , que se dice que no son alérgicos debido a su pequeño tamaño y que actúan como

inmunomoduladores, el ARN podría proporcionar una propiedad citófila. El Dr. Kirkpatrick

identificó una región altamente conservada de aminoácidos en el factor de transferencia que son

capaces de unirse a las células diana con alta afinidad. En algunas variantes hay tirosina más alta,

contenido de glicina. Se ha demostrado que la primera leche en todos los mamíferos llamada

calostro, regalo de un dios que da inmunidad pasiva a los recién nacidos, contiene factor de

transferencia, los restos no específicos del antígeno presentes en el calostro pueden contribuir al

resultado beneficioso de los pacientes estimulando su sistema inmune No específicamente y son

universalmente eficaces. H. Sherwood Lawrence demostró esta transferencia pasiva de

inmunidad en 1949.2; 3 También puede obtenerse de un linfocito donante inmune que es capaz

de transferir inmunidad mediada por células a un receptor no inmune. Esto ayuda a actuar contra

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infecciones bacterianas, virales, parasitarias, enfermedades autoinmunes, diabetes, autismo,

infertilidad, psoriasis, retinitis pigmentosa, asma, cáncer. 5; 6 Las respuestas positivas se

confirman a través de diversas pruebas tales como la prueba de hipersensibilidad retardada en la

piel, la respuesta al aloantígeno, el mitógeno específico y no específico, el tipo de células T, la

actividad de las células NK, la actividad de las citoquinas. Dado que los factores de transferencia se

adquieren en nuestros cuerpos a través del sistema inmunológico natural y son capaces de

desempeñar una función catalítica en el efecto desencadenante del sistema inmune sin ser

consumidos, esta revisión tuvo como objetivo proporcionar brevemente su mecanismo de acción

una vez sintetizado, Es tener beneficios extraordinarios.

2. Fuentes

Los pájaros tienen factor de transferencia dentro de sus huevos que proporcionan una biblioteca

del sistema inmune y los identificadores para distinguir al patógeno atacante.7 Los factores de

transferencia se sintetizan de forma animal, fuentes humanas inyectando con cierto patógeno

para producir el factor de transferencia específico. El factor de transferencia generado usando

sangre humana es derivado humano, el bazo de vaca y ratón es bovino, derivado de ratón. Viza y

sus colaboradores observaron en 1974 que el factor de transferencia con especificidades

antigénicas conocidas puede generarse a partir de la línea celular linfoblastoide LDV / 7.8 Los

factores de transferencia dializables tienen un período de inicio en horas y son capaces de

mantener su efectividad durante cinco años. El factor de transferencia se puede purificar

mediante cromatografía líquida de alta resolución y cromatografía en columna.

3. Mecanismo de acción

El factor de transferencia carece de células viables que juegan un papel en la reacción del injerto

contra el huésped, no inmunogénicas, no contienen antígenos de histocompatibilidad. La

respuesta inmune natural es un factor causal para la producción de factor de transferencia y se

producen dentro de células T helper (Figura 1), una vez liberado, la actividad del sistema

inmunológico es influenciada de varias maneras y estudiada por otras células implicadas en el

sistema inmunológico que Indica que las células T auxiliares son activas en la lucha contra el

patógeno, estimulando de este modo la producción de nuevas células T auxiliares, células asesinas

naturales, macrófagos, células T citotóxicas. Así, marchando cerca del objetivo muy

probablemente influyendo en la expresión de los receptores del antígeno en las células. El

aumento de Th1 a su vez reprime la producción de Th2 y sus citoquinas como IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 e IL-

13. Una característica notable del factor de transferencia es la obtención de múltiples funciones

opuestas11; 12 o un mecanismo de retroalimentación biológica por el antígeno específico,

inductor, supresor / fracción reguladora contenida en el mismo. Aquí, las fracciones específicas de

antígeno ayudan a la función de reconocer y memorizar organismos patógenos de una manera

más rápida. En segundo lugar, la fracción inductora aumenta el estímulo antigénico mientras que

la fracción supresora actúa liberando IL-10, una citoquina inhibidora de las células Th2,

desempeñando un papel vital en el control de las reacciones inmunitarias, reacciones dirigidas al

desarrollo de trastornos autoinmunes. Kirkpatrick demostró que la administración in vivo de

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factores de transferencia a ratones, proporciona a los receptores células de bazo con la propiedad

de responder al antígeno diana in vitro segregando interferón gamma, un producto de células Th1,

IL-2, TNF-alfa garantizando así el desarrollo De inmunidad mediada por células. Aunque estimula la

inmunidad mediada por células, no aumenta la secreción de anticuerpos así como sus respuestas

frente al mismo antígeno específico. Por lo tanto, los factores de transferencia desarrollan

respuestas mediadas por células en pacientes que sufren de enfermedades inmunodeficientes,

infecciosas, así como en el trastorno con ciertas anergias. La maduración de las células T naïve, así

como la inmunidad mediada por células aumentada, están reguladas por factores tímicos. Se

acuerda que el factor de transferencia es más eficaz en la educación de las células ingenuas sobre

el peligro que se aproxima. Por lo tanto, en el tratamiento de la inmunodeficiencia primaria tímica

leve, se sugieren factores tímicos y de transferencia. 14; 15 Varios factores que disminuyen la

inmunidad mediada por células, la supremacía de Th2 son la edad, los tratamientos de cáncer

citotóxicos, el estrés desarrollado después de la cirugía, las enfermedades metastásicas.16 Así, la

inmunidad mediada por células desempeña un papel importante en la evaluación de la morbilidad

y mortalidad por encima de sesenta años.

Mostrando una síntesis del FT

4. Factor de transferencia y enfermedades

El sistema inmunológico es un sistema versátil que abarca más de un billón de células, pesa

aproximadamente 1 kg y ayuda a reconocer, combatir, recordar patógenos invasores. Cada

patógeno puede traer hacia fuera el factor de transferencia, al menos un factor de transferencia se

crea para cada pedazo de patógeno que el sistema inmune se enfrenta. Los factores de

transferencia influyen en las actividades de diversos componentes inmunes y también regulan las

citoquinas.17 Los desequilibrios en la producción de factor de transferencia conducen al desarrollo

de artritis reumatoide, cáncer, Alzheimer, enfermedades del corazón, hepatitis, etc. El tiempo

necesario para el desarrollo completo de la respuesta inmune inmadurez / hipersensibilidad

retardada es de 10-14 días, pero el factor de transferencia induce una respuesta inmune dentro de

las 24 h.18 IMREG I e IMREG II19 ayudan a establecer un sistema inmune equilibrado. Fudenberg,

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tres medidas importantes que deben ser tomadas en cuenta son la especificidad antigénica, la

fuerza del extracto y el estado inmunitario de los receptores20 y también la dosis correcta. Vetto

et al informaron que los pacientes en estadios avanzados de cáncer no fueron capaces de

responder cuando fueron tratados con la transformación de linfocitos inducida por antígenos21.

Pocas enfermedades que fueron estudiadas con factor de transferencia se muestran en la Tabla 1.

Showing few diseases studied with transfer factor.

Diseases showing positive

result on treatment with

transfer factor

Effects References

Osteosarcoma Increased cell mediated cytotoxicity Fudenberg

197622

Varicella with acute leukaemia

in children

Steele et al,

198023

Herpes simplex virus Improved T cell function Steele et al,

197624

Viza et al,

198625

Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome Increased C3 level returned to normal,

no new infection, absence of eczema

Levin et al,

197026

Glioma Reduces the tumour size, and

increases CD2+, CD4+, CD8+ and NK

cell counts, apoptotic tumour cells

Pineda et al,

200527

Prostate cancer Higher survival rates Pizza et al,

199628

HIV Increased levels of helper T cells and

cytotoxic T cells

Granitov et al,

200229

Lung cancer Longer survival Pilotti et al,

199630

Hepatitis C Stimulates Th1, which helps in clearing

of viral particles

31 ; 32

Chronic mucocutaneous

candidiasis

Restored cellular immunity 33

Table options

5. Estabilidad y seguridad del factor de transferencia

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El factor de transferencia puede resistir la congelación, soportar el tratamiento con DNasa, RNasa

pancreática y tripsina34, pero destruido por la fosfodiesterasa de veneno de serpiente. Hasta el

momento no se han reportado efectos secundarios negativos con el factor de transferencia 35, y

son valiosos cuando se administran por vía oral o por inyección.36; 17 La administración oral a

largo plazo es conveniente, 37 safe38; 39 y fácilmente aceptado37 por los lactantes, las personas

mayores que corren el riesgo de sufrir numerosas infecciones. Dresseler y Rosenfield40

informaron que la labilidad al calor del factor de transferencia depende de la fusión de un ácido

nucleico bicatenario, que la actividad completa se mantuvo a 80ºC, por encima de 90ºC destruyó

la actividad, tuvo una actividad intermedia a 85ºC pero estable a Fría y consecuentemente, capaz

de conservar su actividad biológica incluso después de almacenar a -20 ° C a -70 ° C durante varios

años. Puesto que, los factores de transferencia se derivan de los productos de la sangre que será

seguro comprobar si el VIH / SIDA / hepatitis para deshacerse de las enfermedades transmitidas

por la sangre.

6. Conclusión

La vida que estamos viviendo debe estar sana mientras estemos. Todo el mundo es consciente de

que nuestro sistema inmunológico se activa sólo cuando estamos expuestos a la infección. Por lo

tanto, mayor la exposición, mejor la inmunidad. Para concluir, el factor de transferencia es una

molécula de mejora inmune producida naturalmente por nuestro sistema inmune que ayuda a la

memoria inmunológica del receptor. No es una droga o vitamina para curar nuestra enfermedad

sino que actúa como un canal a nuestro sistema inmune. Por lo tanto, se logra un sistema inmune

equilibrado. Sin embargo, se encontraron útiles, la tasa de éxito varía dependiendo de la

preparación del factor de transferencia, la dosis correcta seleccionada, la potencia, el grado de

enfermedad y la duración de la infección.

Conflictos de interés

El autor no tiene ninguno para declarar.

Reconocimiento

El autor de todo corazón gracias a la solución de JPR por su contribución parcial en la publicación

de este artículo sin el cual esto no habría sido posible.

Tel.: +91 9894829823 (mobile).

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