WWW.BAKERRISK.COM

BAKER ENGINEERING AND RISK CONSULTANTS, INC. LOCATIONS

SAN ANTONIO | HOUSTON | LOS ANGELES | CHICAGO

TORONTO, CANADA | CHESTER, UNITED KINGDOM

Head Office

3330 Oakwell Court, Suite 100

San Antonio, TX 78218-3024

Tel: (210) 824-5960

DOCUMENTING FSSBakerRisk documents each FSS in a report that defines inputs, explains calculation methods, provides interim calculation results to allow verification and validation of the methods employed, and summarizes results in a range of meaningful forms. Composite contour plots of overpressure, flammability, thermal radiation, and toxicity define key endpoints and provide an overview of areas vulnerable to impacts from assessed hazards.

FACILITY SITING STUDIESASSESSING POTENTIAL RISKBakerRisk has been performing Facility Siting Studies (FSS) for more than 20 years. Our experience gained through accident investigations, research, and testing programs result in continuous improvements to techniques and software tools used in our project activities throughout the world.

Determining potential consequences posed by facility operations is a necessary step in the process of developing a comprehensive safety plan. An FSS assesses potential explosion, fire, and toxic impacts to onsite buildings and personnel.

BakerRisk consultants have performed studies at a wide range of facilities around the world, including refineries, terminals, gas plants, LNG and LPG operations, pipeline systems, offshore platforms, floating production storage and offloading facilities, oil and gas wells, chemical, petrochemical, fertilizer plants, and pharmaceutical plants.

Hazards can lead to severe consequences

if not managed properly

BakerRisk can assist with building structural upgrades as a means of mitigating blast

vulnerabilities

WWW.BAKERRISK.COM

BAKER ENGINEERING AND RISK CONSULTANTS, INC. LOCATIONS

SAN ANTONIO | HOUSTON | LOS ANGELES | CHICAGO

TORONTO, CANADA | CHESTER, UNITED KINGDOM

Head Office

3330 Oakwell Court, Suite 100

San Antonio, TX 78218-3024

Tel: (210) 824-5960

ABOUT BAKERRISKBaker Engineering and Risk Consultants, Inc. is one of the world’s leading explosion analysis, structural design, and risk engineering companies. BakerRisk provides comprehensive consulting, engineering, laboratory and range testing services to government agencies and private companies who are involved with dangerous, highly hazardous, reactive, or explosive materials.

• Blast Effects & Explosion Testing• Dynamic Structural Analysis and

Design• Risk Engineering• Process Safety• Incident Investigations• Reactive Chemicals Testing &

Management Systems• Materials Engineering and Failure

Analysis

February 2015

SUMMARIZING MAXIMUM IMPACTSBakerRisk summarizes FSS results in a table showing the maximum impacts for each release size category and hazard type for each building assessed. Blast impacts are presented in terms of building damage level (BDL) for buildings assessed. Thermal radiation and toxic impacts are summarized in terms of occupant vulnerability. Concentration of flammable gases near buildings is summarized in terms of flammable limits.

In addition to tables that summarize maximum impacts, BakerRisk provides electronic files (spreadsheets) with detailed results. Results spreadsheets include BDL, pressure, impulse, and occupant vulnerability results for each building for each blast scenario assessed. In addition, flash fire, jet/pool fire, and toxic consequences for each release evaluated are presented in terms of the impact it has on buildings assessed. Spreadsheets allow sorting, searching, and manipulation of results. The maximum blast loads experienced on each surface of each building are provided allowing for an easy transition to evaluating building upgrades that may essentially eliminate blast vulnerabilities to building occupants.

Early in the FSS process, BakerRisk establishes a close working relationship with the client. To ensure a clear path forward, BakerRisk typically performs a site visit to review process information, inspect process units in order to determine levels of confinement and congestion, and inspect buildings to confirm and document building construction details. Together we define objectives, scope, and methodology. To optimize efficiency and ensure consistency, BakerRisk software tools (primarily SafeSite3G

® and QRATool™) are designed to allow results to be imported between siting studies, Quantitative Risk Assessments (QRAs), hazardous area classification analyses, etc.

An FSS can be conducted at multiple points in the life of a facility. At the conceptual design phase of a project, an FSS can assist with decisions such as determining layouts of process equipment and inherently safe locations for buildings. During the detailed design phase, results of the FSS can be used to identify additional issues with plant layout, building locations and structural blast resistance, and mitigation system design. An FSS will evaluate consequences posed by operation of the facility and provide results to help identify potential mitigation strategies.

0.5‐inch 2‐inch 6‐inch 0.5‐inch 2‐inch 6‐inch NH3 H2S 0.5‐inch 2‐inch 6‐inch

Admin Building  2.5 2.5 >1/2 LFL >LFL >1% 0.25 1.00

Analyzer House 1 4 4 4 >UFL >UFL >UFL >90% >10% 0.34 1.00 1.00

Analyzer House 2 2.5 4 4 >1/2 LFL >LFL >LFL >90% >90% 1.00 1.00

35.2airetefaC >1% 0.02

Control Room  >1/2 LFL >UFL >10% 0.42

Fire Protection House >1/2 LFL >LFL 0.05

Guard House  2.5 >1/2 LFL >1/2 LFL >10% >1%

Laboratory  2 2.5 2.5 >1/2 LFL >LFL >LFL >90% >10% 0.13

Medical  5.2retneC >1%

Operator Station  3 3 >LFL >LFL >90% >90% 0.31 1.00

43esuoheraW >LFL >LFL >1% 0.44 1.00

ytilibammalFgnidliuB

Maximum Impacts

Toxic (Lethality)BDL Fire Vulnerability

BakerRisk uses a phased approach to FSS which ensures that potential toxic, fire, and explosion hazards are identified and consequences assessed. If the hazards are predicted to cause significant consequences, a more detailed analysis can be performed. In cases where mitigation strategies for the worst case scenarios are expensive or multiple strategies need to be compared, a QRA can be performed to allow comparison of safety benefits and justification of implementation costs.

Example of Maximum Vulnerability Summary