1

Facility Design-Week 4Flow, Space, and Activity

Relationship and Personnel Requirement

Anastasia L.M.

2

Space Requirements & Space Availability Determination of the Production Rate Determination of Batch Production Quantities

Economic Order Quantity Models Reject Allowance Problem

Determination of Equipment Requirements Determination of Employee Requirements

Manual Assembly Operators Machine Operators

Determination of Space Requirements Tables for Aisle Allowance, Food Services and Restrooms Other Methods to Determine Space Requirements Parking Space

3

Determination of the Production Rate The production rate of a department is

a major determinant of the amount of space required. The production rate of a processing station is the number of units produced per time unit. The production rate can be determined from a marketing forecast of the finished product.

Notation: a = arrival rate of raw material. d = demand rate of a product. p = production rate of a processing station. s = scrap probability of an inspection station. r = rework probability of an inspection

station.

1

1

p

s

d

a

r

4

Example 1

Consider the operation process chart shown in the Figure. The percentage of rejected parts at inspection stations 1, 2 and 3 are 5%, 4% and 6%, respectively. The annual operating time is 2,500 hours, and the annual demand forecast for the product is 490,000 units. Due to possible forecasting errors, 10,000 additional units per year are required. Find the production rate at each station.

1

2

1

3

4

2

5

6

3

p1 p3

p2 p4

s2

p5

p6

d

s3

s1

(1)(2)

5

Example 1 Solution

d units hr

490 000 10 000

2 500200

, ,,

/ .

p pds

units hr5 631

2000 94

212 76

( ) .

. / .

p pp

sunits hr3 4

5

21212 76

0 9622163

( ).

.. / .

p pps

units hr1 25

1

21

2 212 760 95

447 92

( )

..

. / .

(good units)

1

2

1

3

4

2

5

6

3

p1 p3

p2 p4

s2

p5

p6

d

s3

s1

(1)(2)

6

Example 2

Consider a product that requires a single operation. After the operation is performed, each unit is inspected. A unit passes inspection with probability 0.92, is scrapped with probability 0.05, or has to be reworked with probability 0.03. If the demand for this product is 82,000 units per year and the annual operating time is 2,500 hours, determine the production rate at the processing station.

1

1

p

s

d

a

r

d units hr 82 0002 500

32 80,,

. / .

pds r

units hr

( )

..

. / .1

32 800 92

35 65

a p r units hr ( ) . . . / .1 3565 0 97 34 58

(good units)

7

Determination of Batch Production Quantities

In process layout, a given machine can be used to process different products. In certain product layouts, the same production (or assembly) line can be used to produce (or assemble) similar products with the same process plan. In both of these cases, jobs are produced in batches. Optimal batch production quantities can be computed using an inventory control model.

Process layouts are also used in job shops where “one-shot” jobs are received and processed. Rather than producing for inventory, the order is processed and shipped to the customer. The reject allowance problem determines the optimal production lot size for a given order when a portion of the lot may be defective.

8

Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) Model Assumptions:

Items are withdrawn from stock continuously at a constant demand rate a (units/time unit).

Items are produced or ordered Q units at a time, and all Q units arrive instantaneously, i.e., there is no lead time.

This is a continuous review process, i.e., we look at the inventory continuously and when it reaches zero, we order.

Notation: K = setup cost ($/order). c = unit purchasing or production cost ($/unit). h = unit holding cost ($/unit/time unit). X(t) = inventory on hand at time t. T = cycle time (time between consecutive orders).

9

Reject Allowance Problem

In job shops, one time jobs are received and processed. There is no production to inventory. Each batch is only produced once. If there is a defective rate, how many units must be produced? The following expected profit model is formulated to determine the optimal batch size:

max [ ( )] { ( , ) ( , )} ( )Qx

QQE P Q R Q x C Q x p x

0

where Q = lot size,x = number of good parts,pQ(x) = P{X=x : lot size is Q}, x=0,1,…,Q,R(Q,x) = revenue for producing Q parts with exactly x good ones,C(Q,x) = cost for producing Q parts with exactly x good ones,P(Q,x) = R(Q,x) - C(Q,x) : profit for producing Q parts with x good

ones,E[] = expected value.

10

Example 2 A company receives an order for 10 machined parts. The unit sale price is

$1,000. Only one production can be made due to the long setup time required and short due date of the order. If 8 or fewer parts are acceptable, the customer will cancel the order. If 9 or 10 parts are acceptable, the customer will purchase all of them. If more than 10 parts are acceptable, the customer will only buy 10. The remaining parts, good or bad, can be sold for $25 each. The cost of producing a part is estimated to be $600. Find the optimal lot size.

Probability mass function pQ(x):

Number of good partsLot size 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

10 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.211 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.212 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.213 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.114 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1

11

Example 2 Solution

R Q xQ

x Q xQ

xx

x Q( , ) ( )

( )

,...,,

,...,

251000 25

1000 10 25 10

0 89 10

11

C(Q,x) = C(Q) = 600Q

E P Q R Q x C Q x p x R Q x p x C QQ Qx

Q

x

Q[ ( )] { ( , ) ( , )} ( ) [ ( , ) ( )] ( )

00

E P Q Q p x x Q x p x Q p x Q

x p x p x Q

xQ Q

x

Q

xQ

Q Qx

Q

x

[ ( )] ( ) [ ( )] ( ) ( ( )] ( )

( ) ( )

25 1000 25 10000 25 10 600

975 9750 575

0

8

119

10

119

10

12

Example 2 Solution (cont.)

E[P(10)] = 975(90.3+100.2) + 97500 - 57510 = -1167.50 E[P(11)] = 975(90.3+100.3) + 97500.2 - 57511 = 1182.50 E[P(12)] = 975(90.2+100.3) + 9750(0.2+0.2) - 57512 =

1680.00 E[P(13)] = 975(90.2+100.2) + 9750(0.3+0.2+0.1) - 57513 =

2080.00 E[P(14)] = 975(100.2) + 9750(0.2+0.3+0.2+0.1) - 57514 =

1700.00

Optimal lot size: Q* = 13 unitsExpected profit:E[P(Q*)] = $2,080.00

13

Determination of Equipment Requirements

Given the desired production rate at each processing stage, we can determine the number of required machines:

where Pij = production rate for product i on machine j (units/period),Tij = processing time for product i on machine j (hrs./unit),

Hij = time units available per period for the processing of product i on machine j (hrs.),

Mj = number of machines of type j required,n = number of products.

MP T

Hjij ij

iji

n

1

14

Example 3CIN-A1 Workcenters are used to produce three types of parts, {1, 2, 3}. Production rates and unit processing times for the different items are given in the following table:

The facility operates one shift per day (8 hrs./day = 480 min./day). Determine the number of workcenters required to meet production requirements.

Hi = min. available to process item i per day (Hi = 480 min.),MA = number of workcenters.

Item typei

Production ratePi (units/day)

Unit processing timeTi (min./unit)

1 100 62 200 93 50 12

MP T

Hworkcenters CIN AA

i i

ii

1

3 100 6 200 9 50 12480

6 25 7 1. .

15

Employee Requirements - Manual Assembly

In the case of manual assembly operations, the number of employees required is determined in the same way machine requirements are calculated:

wherePij = production rate for assembly operation j of product i (units/period),Tij = standard time for assembly operation j of product i (hrs./unit),Hij = time units available per period for assembly operation j of product i (hrs.),Aj = number of operators required for assembly operation j,

n = number of products.

AP T

Hjij ij

iji

n

1

16

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

O-1 M-1

L-1

U-1

L-1

I

I

L

R

U

L

R

O-1 M-1 M-2

I&T

I&T

I&T

L

R

U

L

R

L-1

U-1

L-1

U-2

L-2

U-2

R

R

U

L

U

L-1

I&T

U-2

L-2

I&T

I&T

U-3

L-3

I&T

U-1

L-1

I&TU-2

L

R

L

U

R

U

L

R

R

U

U

L

R

R

O-1 M-1 M-2 M-3

LEGEND:

O : OperatorM : MachineL : LoadU : UnloadI : InspectionT : TravelR : Automatic run

: Idle time

Multiple Activity Chart Analysis of Multi-Machine Assignment

17

Employee Requirements - Machine Operators The number of machine operators required depends on the number of

machines tended by one or more operators. The determination of the number of machines to be assigned to one operator can take two approaches:

· deterministic,· probabilistic.

A deterministic approach is to employ the multiple activity chart. This chart shows the multiple activity relationships graphically against a time scale. The chart is useful in analyzing multiple activity relationships, specially, when non-identical machines are supervised by a single operator.

Let a = concurrent activity time (loading, unloading, etc.),b = independent operator activity time (inspecting, packing, etc.),t = independent machine activity time (automatic run),n’ = maximum number of machines that can be assigned to an operator.

18

Employee Req. - Machine Operators (cont.)

Note that n’ may be non-integer.

Let m = (integer) number of machines assigned to an operator,Tc = repeating cycle time,I0 = idle operator time during a repeating cycle,Im = idle time per machine during a repeating cycle.

na ta b

'

Ta t

m a bm nm nc

( )

''

Ia t m a b m n

m n0 0

( ) ( ) ''

(1)

19

Employee Req. - Machine Operators (cont.)

Substituting (1) into (2),

Im a b a t m n

m nm

( ) ( ) ''0

TC m c m cTmc( ) ( ) 1 2

(2)

TC mc m c a t

mc m c a b

m nm n

( )( )( )

( )( )

''

1 2

1 2

Let c1 = cost per operator - hr.,c2 = cost per machine - hr.,TC(m) = cost per unit produced, based on the assignment of m

machines per operator.

20

Employee Req. - Machine Operators (cont.)

We want to find the value of m that minimizes TC(m).

Note that for m n’, m () TC(m) (),and for m > n’, m () TC(m) ().

If n’ is integer, n’ is the optimal number of machines per operator.Otherwise, let n < n’ < n+1. In this case, TC(n) and TC(n+1) have to be compared:

TC nTC n

c n c a tc n c n a b

nn

nn

( )( )

( )( )[ ( ) ] ( )

'1 1 1

1 2

1 2

where cc

12

.

If <1, assign n machines per operator.If >1, assign n+1 machines per operator.

21

Example 4 Semiautomatic machines are used to produce a particular product. It takes

4 minutes to load and 3 minutes to unload a machine. A machine runs automatically for 25 minutes in producing one unit of the product. Travel time between machines is 20 seconds. While machines are automatically running, the operator inspects the unit previously produced; 75 seconds are required to inspect one unit. An operator costs $15 per hour, and a machine costs $40 per hour.

a) Determine the number of machines assigned to an operator to minimize the cost per unit produced.a = 4 + 3 = 7 min., b = 20 + 75 = 95 sec. = 1.58 min., t = 25 min.,

c1 = $15/hr. = $0.25/min., c2 = $40/hr. = $0.67/min.

n'.

.

7 25

7 158373

m* = 3 machines/operator.TC( )( . . )( )

$24.30 25 3 0 67 7 25

30

TC( ) ( . . )( . ) $25.4 0 25 4 0 67 7 158 03

22

Example 4 (cont.)b) For what range of values of machine cost per hour will the optimal

assignment determined in part (a) be economic.

TC(3) TC(4),

( . )( )( . )( . ),

0 25 3 7 253

0 25 4 7 15822

cc

(0.25 + 3c2) 1.24 (0.25 + 4c2),

0.0607 0.27c2 c2 0.225,

c2 $0.225/min. = $13.48/hr.

23

Space Req’s.: Workstation Specification

A workstation consists of the fixed assets needed to perform a specific operation(s).

The equipment space consists of space for - The equipment - Machine

maintenance - Machine travel - Plant services

24

Space Req’s.: Workstation Specification

A Equipment space requirements are available from machinery data sheets (provided by the supplier). If this data is not available, the following information must be obtained for each machine:

- Machine manufacturer and type - Maximum travel to the left - Machine model and serial number - Maximum travel to the right - Location of machine safety stops - Static depth at maximum point - Floor loading requirement - Maximum travel towards the

operator - Static height at maximum point - Maximum travel away from the

operator - Maximum vertical travel - Maintenance requirements and

areas - Static width at maximum point - Plant service

requirements and areas

25

Space Req’s.: Workstation Specification (cont.)

Area requirements for a machine:

Total width = (static width) + (max. travel to left) + (max. travel to right)

Total depth = (static depth) + (max. travel toward operator) + (max. travel away from operator)

Area (machine + machine travel) = (total width) * (total depth)

26

Space Req’s.: Workstation Specification (cont.)

The materials areas consists of space for Receiving and storing materials In-process materials Storing and shipping materials Storing and shipping waste and scrap Tools, fixtures, jigs, dies, and maintenance materials

The personnel areas consists of space for The operator Material handling Operator ingress and egress

27

General Guidelines for Design of Workstations

The operator should be able to pick up and discharge materials without walking or making long or awkward reaches.

The operator should be utilized efficiently and effectively. The time spent manually handling materials should be minimized. The safety, comfort and productivity of the operator must be

maximized. Hazards, fatigue and eye strain must be minimized. A workstation sketch is required to determine total area

requirements.

28

Space Req’s.: Department Specification

Department area requirements are not simply the sum of the areas of the individual workstations included in each department.

Machine maintenance, plant services, incoming and outgoing materials, and operator ingress and egress areas for various workstations must be combined.

Additional space is required for material handling within the department. Space requirements for aisles can be approximated since the relative sizes of the loads to be handled are known.

29

Tables for Aisle Allowance

If the Largest Load isAisle Allowance

(Percentage of NetArea Required)

Less than 6 ft2

Between 6 and 12 ft2

Between 12 and 18 ft2

Greater than 18 ft2

5 – 1010 – 2020 – 3030 - 40

Type of Flow Aisle Width(ft)

Tractors3-ton Forklift2-ton Forklift1-ton Forklift

Narrow Aisle TruckManual Platform Truck

PersonnelPersonnel with Doors Openinginto the Aisle from One Side

Personnel with Doors Openinginto the Aisle from Two Sides

12111096536

8

Table 1. Aisle Allowance EstimatesTable 2. Recommended Aisle Widths

for Various Types of Flow

In Example 5,

108 6

12 6(20 10) 13.33 %.

30

Example 5A planning department for the ABC Company consists of 13 machines that perform turning operations. Five turret lathes, six automatic screw machines, and two chuckers are included in the planning department. Bar stock, in 8-ft bundles, is delivered to the machines. The footprints for the machines are 412 ft2 for the turret lathes, 414 ft2 for the screw machines, and 56 ft2 for the chuckers. Personnel space footprints of 45 ft2 are used. Materials storage requirements are estimatefd to be 20 ft2 per turret lathe, 40 ft2 per screw machine, and 50 ft2 per chucker. An aisle space allowance of 13% is used. The space calculations are summarized in the table below.

Service Requirements Area (ft2)Workstation Quantity

Power CompressedAir

OtherFloor

LoadingCeilingHeight Equipment Material Personnel Total

TurretLathe

5 440 VAC

10 CFM @100 psi

150 PSF 4’ 240 100 100 440

ScrewMachine

6 440 VAC

10 CFM @100 psi

190 PSF 4’ 336 240 120 696

Chucker 2 440 VAC

10 CFM @100 psi

150 PSF 5’ 60 100 40 200

Net Area Required13% Aisle AllowanceTotal Area Required

1336174

1510

31

Service and Manufacturing Facilities

Organization Showers Lavatories Water Closets Water Fountain

Others

Restaurants - 1 per 200 1 per 75 1 per 500 1service sink

Arenas (capacity more than 3000)

- 1 per 200 (male); 1 per 150 (female)

1 per 120 (male); 1 per 60 (female)

1 per 1000 1 service sink

Churches - 1 per 200 1 per 150 (male); 1 per 75 (female)

1 per 1000 1 service sink

Schools - 1 per 50 1 per 50 1 per 100 1 service sink

Airports - 1 per 750 1 per 500 1 per 1000 1 service sink

Factories Section 411

1 per 100 1 per 100 1 per 1000 1 service sink

Hospitals 1 per 15 1 per room 1 per room 1 per 100 1 service sink

Prisons 1 per 15 1 per cell 1 per cell 1 per 100 1 service sink

Hotels 1 per room

1 per room 1 per room - 1 service sink

Dormitories 1 per 8 1 per 10 1 per 10 1 per 100 1 service sink

32

Service and Manufacturing Facilities

Organization Parking spaces

Restaurants (with drive- through facilities)

One space per 75 square feet of floor area or 1.5 persons (whichever is greater)

Theaters, Arenas, and Assembly areas

One space per 8 feet of bench length or 4 seats (whichever is greater)

Secondary schools and Colleges

One space per 8 students, one-and-a-half spaces per classroom, and number of spaces for gymnasium/assembly hall seating

Factories One space per 1000 square feet of area plus number of spaces for offices

Hospitals Two spaces per bed

Churches One space per three persons

Hotels One space per guest room plus number of spaces for accessory uses

Warehouses One space per 2000 square feet of floor area

33

Food Services

Beginning ofLunch Break

Time Sat DownIn Chair

End ofLunch Break

11:30 am11:50 am12:10 pm12:30 pm

11:40 am12:00 noon12:20 pm12:40 pm

12:00 noon12:20 pm12:40 pm1:00 pm

Table 3. Shift Timing for 30 min.Lunch Breaks

Classification Allowance perPerson (ft.2)

CommercialIndustrialBanquet

16 – 1812 – 1510 – 11

Table 4. Space Requirementsfor Cafeterias

Number ofMeals Served

AreaRequirements

(ft.2)100 – 200200 – 400400 – 800

800 – 13001300 – 20002000 – 30003000 - 5000

500 – 1000800 – 1600

1400 – 28002400 – 39003250 – 50004000 – 60005500 – 9250

Table 5. Space Requirementsfor Full Kitchens

34

Example 6Statement:

If a facility employs 600 people and they are to eat in three equal 30 min. shifts, how much space should be planned for the cafeteria with vending machines, serving lines, or a full kitchen?

35

Example 6 (cont’) Solution:

If 36-in. square tables are to be utilized, Table 4 indicates 12 ft.2 are required for each of the 200 employees to eat per shift. Therefore, a 2,400 ft.2 cafeteria should be planned. If a vending area is to be used in conjunction with the cafeteria, an area of 200 ft.2 should be allocated for vending machines. Thus, a vending machine food service facility would require 2,600 ft.2

A service line may serve 70 employees in the first third of the meal shift. Therefore, three serving lines of 300 ft.2 each should be planned. A total of 3,300 ft.2 would be required for a food service facility using serving lines.

A full kitchen will require 3,300 ft.2 for serving lines plus (from Table 5) 2,100 ft.2 for the kitchen. Therefore, a total of 5,400 ft.2 would be required for a full kitchen food service facility.

36

Restrooms

Maximum Number ofEmployees Presentat any One Time

Minimum Numberof Toilets Needed

1 – 1516 – 3536 – 5556 – 80

81 – 110111 – 150Over 150

123456

1 additional toiletfor each additional

40 employees

Table 6. Number of Toilets Neededfor Number of Employees

Type ofEmployment

Number ofEmployees

Minimum NumberOf Sinks

Non-industrial(Office and

Public Facilities)

1 – 1516 – 3536 – 6061 – 90

91 – 125Over 125

12345

1 sink for eachadditional 45employees

Industrial(Manufacturingand warehouse

Facilities)

1 – 100

Over 100

1 sink for each10 employees

1 sink for eachadditional 15employees

Table 7. Number of Sinks Needed for Typeof Employment and Number of Employees

37

Other Methods to Determine Space Req’

1. Production Center Method/ Kalkulasi Perhitungan kebutuhan ruang lebih akurat. Dimulai dgn membreak down aktivitas atau area,

kemudian menentukan jumlah area untuk setiap luasan/space dan mengalikan dengan jumlah element/mesin yg dibuat & menambahkan extra space.

Production center terdiri dari suatu mesin tunggal ditambah dgn associated equipment, &space required untuk operasinya.

Work space, additional maintenance space & storage space juga ditambahkan kedalam kebutuhan ruang untuk mesin. Metode ini biasanya digunakan untuk menghitung manufacturing area.

38

Other Methods to Determine Space Req’

2. Converting Method The present space requirements are converted to those

required for the proposed layout. It is important to establish valid assumptions, because the total space required is not a linear function of the production quantity.

This method is used to determine space requirements for supporting service, storage areas, etc.

39

Other Methods to Determine Space Req’

3. Space-Standards Method In certain cases industry standards can be

used to determine space requirements. Standards may be established based on past

successful applications.

4.Roughed-out Layout Method Templates or models are placed on the layout

to estimate the general configuration and space requirements.

40

Other Methods to Determine Space Req’

5. Ratio Trend and Projection MethodOne can establish a ratio of square feet to some other factor that can be measured and predicted for the proposed layout. For example,

square feet per machinesquare feet per operatorsquare feet per unit producedsquare feet per labor-hour

41

Other Room that Should be Included in Space Determination1. storage2. In-process inventory

storage3. Warehouse4. Aisle5. Receiving and Shipping6. Material Handling

Equipment Storage7. Toolrooms & Tool cribs8. Maintenance9. Packaging

10. Supervision11. QC dan inspection12. Health & Medical Facilities13. Food Service14. Lavatories, wash rooms,

etc15. Offices16. Employee & visitor parking17. Receiving & shipping

parking18. Other storage.

42

Parking Space

( angular one-way )

( 900 two-way )

( cross aisle )( cross aisle )

43

44

Parking Space (cont.)

Table 8. Parking Dimensions for a 7.5-ft. Compact Automobile Parking Space Width and a 8.5-ft. Standard-Sized Automobile Parking Space Width

Angle(degrees)

Auto-mobile

ParkingSpace WidthParallel to the

Aisle (ft.)

ParkingSpace DepthPerpendicular

to the Aisle (ft.)

AisleWidth (ft.)

CrossAisles

One-way(ft.)

CrossAisles

Two-way(ft.)

ParkingSpace +½ Aisle

Space (ft.2)

4545606075759090

CompactStandardCompactStandardCompactStandardCompactStandard

10.512.08.79.87.88.87.58.5

17.017.517.719.017.319.516.018.5

11.013.014.018.017.425.020.028.0

12.014.012.014.012.014.012.014.0

22.024.022.024.022.024.022.024.0

236288215274203282195276

45

Table 4.5 Minimum dimensions for parking stalls

Parking Angle Aisle-width (two-way)

Aisle-width (one-way)

Stall width Stall length

76-90o 25 feet 15 feet 9 feet 20 feet

30-75o 25 feet 12 feet 9 feet 22 feet

0-29o 18 feet 12 feet 9 feet 25 feet

46

Parking Space (cont.)

Parking space + 1/2 aisle space (for 600 standard)= 19.0 9.8 + 18.0 9.8 / 2 = 186.2 + 88.2

274 ft.2

Parking space Parking space

Depth perpendicular to aisle (19.0 ft.) Aisle width (18.0 ft.)

Wid

th p

aral

lel t

o

aisl

e (9

.8 ft

.)

1/2 aisle space allocated

47

Example 7

Problem Statement:

A new facility is to have 200 employees. A survey of similar facilities indicates that one parking space must be provided for every two employees and that 35% of all automobiles driven to work are compact automobiles. The available parking lot space is 180 ft. wide and 200 ft deep. What is the best parking layout?

48

Example 7 Solution:

If the new facility were to have the same number of parking spaces as similar facilities, 100 spaces would be required. Of these 100 spaces, 35 could be for compact automobiles. However, not all drivers of compact cars will park in a compact space. Therefore, only 25 compact spaces will be provided. A parking layout consisting of one-way traffic between five rows of 900 standard-sized automobiles and one row of 900 compact automobiles would require a parking lot width of

5 (18.5) + 3 (28) + 1 (16) = 192.5 ft.Similarly, four rows of 900 standard-sized automobiles, one row of 750 standard-sized automobiles, and one row of 750 compact automobiles would require a parking lot width of

4 (18.5) + 2 (28) + 1 (19.5) + 1 (17.3) + 1 (25) = 191.8 ft.

which is too wide to be placed in a lot 180 ft. wide.

49

Example 7 (cont.)

Replacing the 750 aisle with a 600 aisle still requires 184.7 ft. Four rows of 900 standard-sized automobiles, one row of 450 standard-sized automobiles, and one row of 450 compact automobiles requires a parking lot width of

4 (18.5) + 2 (28.0) + 1 (17.5) + 1 (17.0) + 1 (13.0) = 177.5 ft.

This configuration will be utilized. Leaving 24 ft. for two-way cross-aisle traffic at the front of the lot and 14 ft. for one-way cross-aisle traffic at the rear of the lot, the 900 standard-sized automobile rows can each accommodate

50

Example 7 (cont.)

200 24 148 5

19

( ).

automobiles

The last 900 standard-sized row does not require the 14 ft. one-way cross-aisle. Therefore, it accommodates

200 248 5

20

.automobiles

The 450 standard-sized row can accommodate

200 24 1412 0

13

( ).

automobiles

51

Example 7 (cont.)

The 450 compact automobile row is the first and does not require the 14.0 ft. one-way cross-aisle. It can accommodate

200 24105

16

.automobiles

52

Example 7 (cont.)Hence, a total of

3 (19) + 20 + 13 + 16 = 106 automobilescan be accommodated, with 15% being allocated to compact automobiles. The following Figure illustrates the plan for the parking lot.If the compact automobile row is replaced by standard-sized automobiles, the lot still fits within the 180 ft. 200 ft. configuration and 104 cars may be accommodated. Therefore, a decision must be made regarding the advantages of providing compact automobile spaces versus not segmenting the parking lot.

53

Parking Lot for Example

19 Standard-sized automobiles (900)

19 Standard-sized automobiles (900)

20 Standard-sized automobiles (900)

19 Standard-sized automobiles (900)

13 Standard-sized automobiles (450)

16 Compact automobiles (450)

54

OSHA, ADA and Local Codes

55

OSHA, ADA and Local Codes

56

OSHAADAand LocalCodes

57

58

59

60

Table 4.3 Accessible spaces for persons with disability

Total spaces in parking lot

1-25 26-50 51-75 76-100 101-150

151-200

201-300

301-400

401-500

501-1000

Minimum Accessible spaces

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2%

61

62

63

Aesthetics

64

Aesthetics

65

Aesthetics

66

Aesthetics

67

Aesthetics

68

Aesthetics

69

Aesthetics

70

Aesthetics

71

Aesthetics

72

Cubicles layout

73

Cubicles layout

74

Iowa State DOT layout