fa 210 nkisi #4 1

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What do you see? Describe what this looks like. What materials is this made of? What form does it take? What sort of feeling does it give you? What func;on might you imagine this object has? What inferences might you derive about the society this came from? Why?

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What  do  you  see?  

•  Describe  what  this  looks  like.    •  What  materials  is  this  made  of?  •  What  form  does  it  take?  •  What  sort  of  feeling  does  it  give  you?  •  What  func;on  might  you  imagine  this  object  has?    

•  What  inferences  might  you  derive  about  the  society  this  came  from?  Why?  

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Bakongo  people  

Modern  day:  Democra;c  Republic  of  Congo;  Angola;  Republic  of  Congo,  possibly  Zaire  

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Bakongo  (Kongo)  people  •  Populated  area  ca.  500  BC  •  Part  of  the  Bantu  ethnic  group  •  Kongo  Kingdom  established  15th  century  AD  •  Early  sub-­‐Saharan  converts  to  Chris;anity  due  to  Portuguese  trading  partners.  

•  Syncre;c  blend  of  Chris;anity  and  tradi;onal  religion.  

•  Most  minkisi  in  Western  museums  taken  by  Western  military  and  missionaries  in  1800s  

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Historic  images  

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Some  Vocabulary    •  Nkisi  (plural,  minkisi)  •  Nganga  –  healer,  priest  who  makes  minkisi  and  embues  them  with  power.  

•  Bakulu  –  souls  of  recently  deceased  •  Simbi  –  powerful  guardians  of  places,  like  mountains,  rivers,  districts;  some;mes  thought  to  be  souls  of  long-­‐deceased.    

•  N’kondi  –  literally,  hunter  •  Animism  –  worldview  that  non-­‐human  en;;es  (animals,  objects,  etc.)  possess  spiritual  essence.  

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Early  Western  Interpreta;ons  “When  missionaries  and  travelers  of  the  past  encountered  fe;shes  in  the  numerous  villages  and  towns  of  the  lower  Congo,  their  judgments  of  these  specific  African  works  of  art  were  unanimous.  These  "devil  images"  (Dapper,  1676;  Merolla,  1683)  "rudely  carved  in  wood  and  covered  with  dirty  rags"  (J.  K.  Tuckey,  1816)  were  "ferocious  in  appearance"  (H.  M.  Stanley,  1895).  Lieutenant].  K.  Tuckey  compared  them  with  "scarecrows"  and  the  Catholic  and  Bap;st  missionaries  at  the  end  of  the  19th    century  considered  them  "indecent"  (J.  H.  Weeks,  W.  H.  Bentley)  or  "frankly  obscene"  (A.  J.  Wauters).”    From  text  by  Zdenka  Volavkova  

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Nkisi  (plural,  minkisi)  

the  name  of  the  thing  we  use  to  help  a  person  when  that  person  is  sick  and  from  which  we  obtain  health;  the  name  refers  to  leaves  and  medicines  combined  together...  It  is  also  call  nkisi  because  there  is  one  to  protect  the  human  soul...  The  nkisi  has  life;  if  it  had  

not,  how  could  it  heal  and  help  people?  But  the  life  of  an  nkisi  is  different  from  the  life  in  people.  It  is  such  that  one  can  damage  its  flesh...,  burn  it,  break  it,  or  throw  it  away;  but  it  will  not  bleed  or  cry  out...  nkisi  has  an  inex;nguishable  life  coming  from  a  source.    

 Nsemi  Isaki,  1900  

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Nkisi  Nkondi  •  Late  19th  century,  

•  Brooklyn  Museum  of  Art  

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Kozo,  double-­‐headed  dog  nkisi  

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Contemporary  prac;ce:  

•  Some  types  of  minkisi:  •  Nkisi  Ngombo  (divina;on)  •  Nkisi  Mpodi  (cupping  horn  for  purifica;on)  •  Nkisi  Nkondi  (conflict    

 resolu;on)  •  Nkisi  Lunga  (for  healing      broken  bones)  •  Many  others  

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Nkisi  Mpolo  •  The  “cupping  horn”  is  used  to  suck  impurity  from  the  Body  through  a  cut  made  in  the  skin.