eye blink sensor

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CONTENTS

1. Introduction .......

6

2. System Model..

.7

2.1 Basic Model of The System ...

...7

2.2 Circuit Diagram ...

...8

2.3 Parts of The System .....

..9

2.3.1 IR Sensing Circuit.....

.9

2.3.2 Alarm Circuit..

11

2.3.3 LM358 Comparator.

.13

3. Hardware Description.... 14

3.1 Microcontroller (AT89S52)..

..16

3.2 Liquid Crystal Display...

.. 18

3.3 Power Supply...

.20

4. Software.

..224. 1 Introduction to KEIL.

. 22

4.2 What is

VISION3?....................................................................22

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4.3 Source

Code..23

5. Conclusion...

.27

6. References.27

1.Introduction

Driving to save lives, time, and money in spite of the conditions around you and

the actions of others.-This is the slogan for Defensive Driving.

Vehicle accidents are most common if the driving is inadequate. These

happen on most factors if the driver is drowsy or if he is alcoholic. Driver drowsiness is

recognized as an important factor in the vehicle accidents. It was demonstrated that

driving performance deteriorates with increased drowsiness with resulting crashes

constituting more than 20% of all vehicle accidents. But the life lost once cannot be re-

winded. Advanced technology offers some hope avoid these up to some extent.

This project involves measure and controls the eye blink using IR

sensor. The IR transmitter is used to transmit the infrared rays in our eye. The IR receiver

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is used to receive the reflected infrared rays of eye. If the eye is closed means the output

of IR receiver is high otherwise the IR receiver output is low. This to know the eye is

closing or opening position. This output is give to logic circuit to indicate the alarm.

This project involves controlling accident due to unconscious through

Eye blink. Here one eye blink sensor is fixed in vehicle where if anybody looses

conscious and indicate through alarm.

A car simulator study was designed to collect physiological data for

validation of this technology. Methodology for analysis of physiological data,

independent assessment of driver drowsiness and development of drowsiness detection

algorithm by means of sequential fitting and selection of regression models is presented.

2.System Model:

2.1. Basic Model of the System:

The block diagram depicts the total blue print of the proposed project. The total essence

and the functioning of the project is represented in a single block diagram. The blockdiagram mainly consists of 4 parts. They include

LM358 Comparator

Eye Blink Sensor LCD

8051 Microcontroler

Buzzer

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LCD


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2.2.Circuit Diagram:

5

LM358

Comparator

Eye Blink

Sensor

8051

Microcontrolle

r

Buzzer


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2.3.Parts Of The System:

2.3.1.IR Sensing Circuit:

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Infrared transmitter is one type of LED which emits infrared rays generally called

as IR Transmitter. Similarly IR Receiver is used to receive the IR rays transmitted by the

IR transmitter. One important point is both IR transmitter and receiver should be placed

straight line to each other.

The transmitted signal is given to IR transmitter whenever the signal is high, the

IR transmitter LED is conducting it passes the IR rays to the receiver. The IR receiver is

connected with comparator. The comparator is constructed with LM 358 operational

amplifier. In the comparator circuit the reference voltage is given to inverting input

terminal. The non inverting input terminal is connected IR receiver. When interrupt theIR rays between the IR transmitter and receiver, the IR receiver is not conducting. So the

comparator non inverting input terminal voltage is higher then inverting input. Now the

comparator output is in the range of +5V. This voltage is given to microcontroller or PC

and led so led will glow.

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When IR transmitter passes the rays to receiver, the IR receiver is conducting due

to that non inverting input voltage is lower than inverting input. Now the comparator

output is GND so the output is given to microcontroller or PC. This circuit is mainly

used to for counting application, intruder detector etc.

2.3.2.Alarm Circuit

2.3.2.1.Buzzer:

A buzzer orbeeper is a signalling device, usually electronic, typically used in

automobiles, household appliances such as a microwave oven, or game shows. It most

commonly consists of a number of switches or sensors connected to a control unit that

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determines if and which button was pushed or a preset time has lapsed, and usually

illuminates a light on the appropriate button or control panel, and sounds a warning in the

form of a continuous or intermittent buzzing or beeping sound. Initially this device was

based on an electromechanical system which was identical to an electric bell without the

metal gong (which makes the ringing noise).

Often these units were anchored to a wall or ceiling and used the ceiling or wall as

a sounding board. Another implementation with some AC-connected devices was to

implement a circuit to make the AC current into a noise loud enough to drive a

loudspeaker and hook this circuit up to a cheap 8-ohm speaker. Nowadays, it is more

popular to use a ceramic-based piezoelectric sounder like a Sonalert which makes a high-

pitched tone. Usually these were hooked up to "driver" circuits which varied the pitch of

the sound or pulsed the sound on and off.

2.3.2.2Circuit description:

The circuit is designed to control the buzzer. The buzzer ON and OFF is

controlled by the pair of switching transistors (BC 547). The buzzer is connected in the

Q2 transistor collector terminal.

When high pulse signal is given to base of the Q1 transistors, the transistor is

conducting and close the collector and emitter terminal so zero signals is given to base of

the Q2 transistor. Hence Q2 transistor and buzzer is turned OFF state.

When low pulse is given to base of transistor Q1 transistor, the transistor is

turned OFF. Now 12v is given to base of Q2 transistor so the transistor is conducting and

buzzer is energized and produces the sound signal.

Voltage from MC or

PC

Transistor O1 Transistor Q2 Transistor O3

1 ON OFF OFF

0 OFF ON ON

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2.3.3.LM358 Comparator:

2.3.3.1.Description:

The LM358 consist of two independent, high gain, internally frequency compensated

operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate from a single power

supply over a wide range of voltage. Operation from split power supplies is also possible

and the low power supply current drain is independent of the magnitude of the power

supply voltage. Application areas include transducer amplifier, DC gain blocks and all

the conventional OP-AMP circuits which now can be easily implemented in single power

supply systems.

2.3.3.2.Features:

Internally Frequency Compensated for Unity Gain

Large DC Voltage Gain: 100dB

Wide Power Supply Range: LM358 3V~32V (or 1.5V~ 16V)

Input Common Mode Voltage Range Includes Ground

Large Output Voltage Swing: 0V DC to Vcc -1.5V DC

Power Drain Suitable for Battery Operation.

2.3.3.3.Internal Block Diagram:

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3.Hardware Description:

3.1.AT89C51 Microcontroller:

Microcontroller is a general purpose device, which integrates a number of the

components of a microprocessor system on to single chip. It has inbuilt CPU, memory

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and peripherals to make it as a mini computer. A microcontroller combines on to the

same microchip:

The CPU core

Memory(both ROM and RAM)

Some parallel digital i/o

Microcontrollers will combine other devices such as:

A timer module to allow the microcontroller to perform tasks for certain time

periods.

A serial I/O port to allow data to flow between the controller and other

devices such as a PIC or another microcontroller.

An ADC to allow the microcontroller to accept analogue input data for

processing.

Microcontrollers are:

Smaller in size

Consumes less power

Inexpensive

Micro controller is a stand alone unit, which can perform functions on its own

without any requirement for additional hardware like I/O ports and external memory.

The heart of the microcontroller is the CPU core. In the past, this has traditionally been

based on a 8-bit microprocessor unit. For example Motorola uses a basic 6800

microprocessor core in their 6805/6808 microcontroller devices.

In the recent years, microcontrollers have been developed around specifically

designed CPU cores, for example the microchip PIC range of microcontrollers.

AT89C51 is the 40 pins, 8 bit Microcontroller manufactured by Atmel group. It is

the flash type reprogrammable memory. Advantage of this flash memory is we can erase

the program with in few minutes. It has 4kb on chip ROM and 128 bytes internal RAM

and 32 I/O pin as arranged as port 0 to port 3 each has 8 bit bin .Port 0 contain 8 data

line(D0-D7) as well as low order address line(AO-A7).

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Port 2 contain higher order address line (A8-A15). Port 3 contains special

purpose register such as serial input receiver register SBUF, interrupt INT0,INT1 and

timers T0 , T1 many of the pins have multi functions which can be used as general

purpose I/O pins (or) Special purpose function can be decided by the programmer itself. \

3.1.1Features:

4K Bytes of In-System Reprogrammable Flash Memory

Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles

Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz

Three-Level Program Memory Lock

128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM

32 Programmable I/O Lines

Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters

Six Interrupt Sources

Programmable Serial Channel

Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes

3.1.3 PIN DIAGRAM OF 89C51:

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3.2.Liquid Crystal Display (LCD):

An LCD consists of two glass panels, with the liquid crystal material

sand witched in between them. The inner surface of the glass plates are coated with

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transparent electrodes which define the character, symbols or patterns to be displayed

polymeric layers are present in between the electrodes and the liquid crystal, which

makes the liquid crystal molecules to maintain a defined orientation angle.

One each polarisers are pasted outside the two glass panels. These

polarisers would rotate the light rays passing through them to a definite angle, in a

particular direction

When the LCD is in the off state, light rays are rotated by the two

polarisers and the liquid crystal, such that the light rays come out of the LCD without any

orientation, and hence the LCD appears transparent.

When sufficient voltage is applied to the electrodes, the liquid crystal

molecules would be aligned in a specific direction. The light rays passing through the

LCD would be rotated by the polarisers, which would result in activating / highlighting

the desired characters.

The LCDs are lightweight with only a few millimeters thickness. Since

the LCDs consume less power, they are compatible with low power electronic circuits,

and can be powered for long durations.

The LCDs dont generate light and so light is needed to read the display. By using

backlighting, reading is possible in the dark. The LCDs have long life and a wide

operating temperature range. Changing the display size or the layout size is relatively

simple which makes the LCDs more customer friendly.

3.2.1.Introduction:

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Fig. LCD Display

The LCD display consists of two lines, 20 characters per line that is interfaced

with the PIC16F73.The protocol (handshaking) for the display is as shown in Fig. The

display contains two internal byte-wide registers, one for commands (RS=0) and the

second for characters to be displayed (RS=1). It also contains a user-programmed

RAM area (the character RAM) that can be programmed to generate any desired

character that can be formed using a dot matrix. To distinguish between these two data

areas, the hex command byte 80 will be used to signify that the display RAM address

00h will be chosen Port1 is used to furnish the command or data type, and ports 3.2 to

3.4 furnish register select and read/write levels.

3.2.3.Pin Diagram

The Pin diagram for LCD is shown in the following fig 5.7 and the pin

description is also explained in Table 5.

3.3.POWER SUPPLY:

The power supply circuits built using filters, rectifiers, and then voltage

regulators. Starting with an ac voltage, a steady dc voltage is obtained by rectifying the ac

voltage, then filtering to a dc level, and finally, regulating to obtain a desired fixed dc

voltage. The regulation is usually obtained from an IC voltage regulator unit, which takes

a dc voltage and provides a somewhat lower dc voltage, which remains the same even if

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GND

+5

v

VD

D

A K 1 2 3 15 16

4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 142x16 Liquid Crystal Display

RS

R/www

wow

En

D0

0D6

0

D2 D3 D5 D7D6D4D1


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the input dc voltage varies, or the output load connected to the dc voltage changes. The

block diagram of power supply is shown in fig below.

AC I/P

Transformer Rectifier Filter Regulator Load

.

Block diagram of power supply

3.3.1.Transformer

The potential transformer will step down the power supply voltage (0-230V) to

(0-6V) level. Then the secondary of the potential transformer will be connected to the

precision rectifier, which is constructed with the help of opamp. The advantages of

using precision rectifier are it will give peak voltage output as DC, rest of the circuits will

give only RMS output.

3.3.2.Bridge rectifier

Bridge rectifier is used to maintain the proper DC polarity at the input to the

circuit, irrespective of telephone line polarity. It comprises of four diodes connected to

form a bridge. It uses the entire AC wave (both positive and negative sections). 1.4V is

used up in the bridge rectifier because each diode uses 0.7V when conducting and there

are always two diodes conducting, as shown in fig below.

AC I/P

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O/P

Fig: Bridge rectifier

3.3.3.IC Voltage Regulators:

Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator IC units

contain the circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control device, and

overload protection all in a single IC. Although the internal construction of the IC is

somewhat different from that described for discrete voltage regulator circuits, the external

operation is much the same. IC units provide regulation of either a fixed positive voltage,

a fixed negative voltage, or an adjustably set voltage.

3.3.4.Three terminal Voltage Regulators:

Fig shows the basic connection of a three-terminal voltage regulator IC to a load.

The fixed voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input voltage, V in, applied to one input

terminal, a regulated output dc voltage, Vout, from a second terminal, with the third

terminal connected to ground.

Secondary Vin

Fig.: Fixed Voltage Regulator

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IN OUT

7805

GND


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Fig.:Circuit Diagram of Power Supply

4.Software:

Introduction to Micro vision Keil (IDE)

Keil is a cross compiler. So first we have to understand the concept of compilers and

cross compilers. After then we shall learn how to work with keil.

4.1. Concept of compiler:

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Compilers are programs used to convert a High Level Language to object code.

Desktop compilers produce an output object code for the underlying microprocessor,

but not for other microprocessors. I.E the programs written in one of the HLL like Cwill compile the code to run on the system for a particular processor like x86

(underlying microprocessor in the computer). For example compilers for Dos

platform is different from the Compilers for Unix platform.

4.2. Keil C cross compiler:

Keil is a German based Software development company. It provides several development

tools like IDE (Integrated Development environment)

Project Manager

Simulator

Debugger

C Cross Compiler , Cross Assembler, Locator/LinkerKeil Software provides you with software development tools for the 8051 family of

microcontrollers. With these tools, you can generate embedded applications for themultitude of 8051 derivatives. Keil provides following tools for 8051 development

1. C51 Optimizing C Cross Compiler,

2. A51 Macro Assembler,3. 8051 Utilities (linker, object file converter, library manager),

4. Source-Level Debugger/Simulator,

5. Vision for Windows Integrated Development Environment.

The keil 8051 tool kit includes three main tools, assembler, compiler and linker.An assembler is used to assemble your 8051 assembly program

A compiler is used to compile your C source code into an object fileA linker is used to create an absolute object module suitable for your in-circuit emulator.

8051 project development cycle: - these are the steps to develop 8051 project using keil

1. Create source files in C or assembly.2. Compile or assemble source files.

3. Correct errors in source files.

4. Link object files from compiler and assembler.5. Test linked application.

4.3 Source Code:

Eye Blink:

#include

void lcd_read (unsigned char);

void lcd_write(unsigned char);void lcd_display(unsigned char *,unsigned char);

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void delay(unsigned int);

void lcd_init();

sbit rs = P2^7;sbit rw = P2^6;

sbit en = P2^5;

sbit buzzer=P1^2;sbit sensor=P1^1;

//bit f;

unsigned int count;

void main()

{

while(1)

{

lcd_init();lcd_read(0x80);

//lcd_read(0x18);lcd_display("eye blink sense",16);

delay(50000);

lcd_read(0xc0);//lcd_read(0x18);

lcd_display("accident prevent",16);

/*sensor=1;

while(sensor==1){

buzzer=0;

delay(500);buzzer=1;

delay(500);

}*/}

}

void lcd_read(unsigned char y)

{

P0=y;rs=0;

en=1;

rw=0;delay(4000);

en=0;

}

void lcd_write(unsigned char y)

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{

P0=y;

rw=0;rs=1;

en=1;

delay(600);en=0;

}

void lcd_init()

{

lcd_read(0x38);

lcd_read(0x06);lcd_read(0x0c);

}

void lcd_display(unsigned char *dis,unsigned char rr){

unsigned char m;for(m=0;m


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void Lcd8_Command(unsigned char);

void Lcd8_Write(unsigned char,unsigned char);

void Lcd8_Display(unsigned char,const unsigned char*,unsigned int);void Lcd8_Decimal2(unsigned char,unsigned char);

void Lcd8_Decimal3(unsigned char,unsigned char);

void Lcd8_Decimal4(unsigned char,unsigned int);void Delay(unsigned int);

void Lcd8_Init(){

Lcd8_Command(0x38); //to select function set

Lcd8_Command(0x06); //entry mode set

Lcd8_Command(0x0c); //display onLcd8_Command(0x01); //clear display

}

void Lcd8_Command(unsigned char com){

porta=com;portc=0x04;

Delay(125);

portc=0x00;Delay(125);

}

void Lcd8_Write(unsigned char com,unsigned char lr){

Lcd8_Command(com);

porta=lr;

portc=0x05;

Delay(125);portc=0x01;

Delay(125);

}

void Lcd8_Display(unsigned char com,const unsigned char *word,unsigned int n)

{

unsigned char Lcd_i;

for(Lcd_i=0;Lcd_i


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void Lcd8_Decimal2(unsigned char com,unsigned char val)

{

unsigned int Lcd_hr,Lcd_t,Lcd_o;

Lcd_hr=val%100;

Lcd_t=Lcd_hr/10;Lcd_o=Lcd_hr%10;

Lcd8_Write(com,Lcd_t+0x30);Lcd8_Write(com+1,Lcd_o+0x30);

}

void Lcd8_Decimal3(unsigned char com,unsigned char val)

{

unsigned int Lcd_h,Lcd_hr,Lcd_t,Lcd_o;

Lcd_h=val/100;

Lcd_hr=val%100;Lcd_t=Lcd_hr/10;

Lcd_o=Lcd_hr%10;

Lcd8_Write(com,Lcd_h+0x30);

Lcd8_Write(com+1,Lcd_t+0x30);

Lcd8_Write(com+2,Lcd_o+0x30);

}

void Lcd8_Decimal4(unsigned char com,unsigned int val)

{unsigned int Lcd_th,Lcd_thr,Lcd_h,Lcd_hr,Lcd_t,Lcd_o;

val = val%10000;Lcd_th=val/1000;

Lcd_thr=val%1000;

Lcd_h=Lcd_thr/100;

Lcd_hr=Lcd_thr%100;Lcd_t=Lcd_hr/10;

Lcd_o=Lcd_hr%10;

Lcd8_Write(com,Lcd_th+0x30);

Lcd8_Write(com+1,Lcd_h+0x30);

Lcd8_Write(com+2,Lcd_t+0x30);Lcd8_Write(com+3,Lcd_o+0x30);

}

void Delay(unsigned int del)

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{

while(del--);

}

5. Conclusion:

This project is very used to provide the easy access to maintain the attendance. In

this project RFID card is used as employee or student ID card. This project is very useful

to the company and office in order to maintain the employee attendance. Attendance is

maintained in the data base in PC. So we can easily cross verify the attendance. In this

project we can maintain the employee IN and Out time. We can also use this project in

school and college to maintain the attendance of the student. So this project improves the

security performance because we cannot make the duplicate RFID card.

6. References:

www.google.com

www.wikipedia.org

8051 Microcontroller Complete Reference, 3rd Edition

Handbook on different displays.

Electronic Device and Circuits, Millman

Electronic Circuit Analysis, K.Srirnivasan

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http://www.google.com/http://www.wikipedia.org/http://www.google.com/http://www.wikipedia.org/

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