Extracellular Matrix 1Contents

1 Extracellular Matrix2 Introduction

2.1 Note2.2 Archive

3 Objectives4 ECM Function5 ECM Structure6 Shapes and Sizes ECM molecules7 Collagen8 Collagen Components

8.1 Collagen Structure8.2 Collagen Fibers8.3 Collagen Interactions8.4 Collagen Type Functions8.5 Collagen Proteins8.6 Collagen Synthesis

9 Collagen Diseases9.1 Collagen Diseases - Excess9.2 Collagen Diseases - Insufficient

10 Elastin10.1 Microfibrils10.2 Elastin Structure10.3 Elastin Function10.4 Elastin Disorders

11 References11.1 Recent Reviews11.2 Textbooks

11.2.1 Essential Cell Biology11.2.2 Molecular Biology of the Cell11.2.3 Molecular Cell Biology11.2.4 The Cell- A Molecular Approach11.2.5 Essentials of Glycobiology, 2nd ed.11.2.6 Search Online Textbooks

11.3 Books11.4 PubMed

11.4.1 Search Pubmed11.4.2 Reviews11.4.3 Articles

12 Links13 2017 Course Content

Extracellular MatrixIntroduction

(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Skthick0021he.jpg)Skin

(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Cell_adhesion_summary.png)Cell Adhesion

(/cellbiology/index.php/File:09lungtem.jpg)Collagen (type I) Fibres

This lecture introduces the materials lying outside the cell, knowncollectively as the extracellular matrix (ECM). There is no one matrixthough, with different tissues having their own specific ECM, whichmay be dynamic or static in structure. In particular the ECM hassignificant roles in normal tissue development, function and disease.This matrix is manufactured by cells, secreted and modified outside thecell by several different enzymes.

This lecture introduces the ECM, describes the major fiber (fibre) andmatrix components and will then cover the major ECM glycoproteinsand experimental studies of ECM function.

Spelling - UK sulphate, US sulfate ; UK fibre, US fiber

NoteTake a look at the 2015 student group projects designed around ECM -2015 Extracellular Matrix: Group 1 - Small Leucine-RichProteoglycans (/cellbiology/index.php/2015_Group_1_Project) | Group2 - Integrins (/cellbiology/index.php/2015_Group_2_Project) | Group 3 -Elastic Fibres (/cellbiology/index.php/2015_Group_3_Project) | Group 4- Fibronectin (/cellbiology/index.php/2015_Group_4_Project) | Group 5 -Laminin (/cellbiology/index.php/2015_Group_5_Project) | Group 6 -Collagen (/cellbiology/index.php/2015_Group_6_Project) | Group 7 -Basement Membrane (/cellbiology/index.php/2015_Group_7_Project)

ArchiveMH - note that content listed below willnot match exactly current lecturestructure but has been selected ashaving similar content

2016

(https://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/cellbiology/index.php?title=Extracellular_Matrix_1&oldid=77626) |2010 (/cellbiology/index.php/2010_Lecture_13) | 2009 (/cellbiology/index.php/2009_Lecture_14) | 2008(http://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/units/pdf/08L12-13s1.pdf) | 2008 4 slides/page(http://cellbiology.med.unsw.edu.au/units/pdf/08L12-13s4.pdf) |

(/cellbiology/index.php/File:ECM_Collagen_triplehelix_sm.png)Collagen triplehelix

ObjectivesUnderstand the localisation and origin of extracellular matrixUnderstand the 3 major components

fibers, proteoglycans (matrix), adhesive glycoproteinsBroad understanding of structure and function

collagen fiberselastin fibersproteoglycans

ECM Function

Support for cellsPattern of ECMregulates

polaritycell divisionadhesionmotility

Developmentmigrationdifferentiationgrowthfactors

(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Evolution_of_metazoan_extracellular_matrix_PMID22431747.jpg)Evolution of metazoan extracellular matrix

ECM Features

[Expand]

stable and able to be reorganised?different for different tissues

| Figure 19-61. How the extracellular matrix could, in principle, propagate order from cell to cell within atissue (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=mboc4&part=A3532&rendertype=figure&id=A3586)

Cell Walls/ECM?

ECM StructureGlycoproteinsFibers

Collagen- main fibersElastin

Hydrated MatrixProteoglycanshigh carbohydrate

AdhesiveLamininFibronectin

Shapes and Sizes ECM molecules|MBoC Figure 19-59. The comparative shapes and sizes of some of the major extracellular matrixmacromolecules (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=mboc4&part=A3532&rendertype=figure&id=A3582)Note the relative size and differential contribution of protein (green) and glycosaminoglycan (red)

Collagentensile strength and elasticity

TendonsCartilageBone

half total body proteins (by weight)

Collagen ComponentsInsoluble glycoprotein

protein + carbohydrateProtein

high glycinehigh prolinehydroxylysinehydroxyproline(gly-X-Y)n - any of 20 standard amino acids may occupy the X position and/or the Y position (Yposition- hydroxylysine, hydroxyproline)most frequently observed triplet is Gly-Pro-Hyp (10.5%) PMID 9724608

Carbohydrate

glucose

(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Collagen_cartoon2.jpg)Collagen Fiber structure and size

(/cellbiology/index.php/File:11lungtem.jpg)Collagen Type I

galactose

Collagen StructureCollagen Protein

3 polypeptide (a) chainsleft hand helix, forms fibersmany different (vertebrate) collagens by differentcombinations of a-chainsType I, II, III

main fibers, flexibleType I

bone, skin, tendons90% of all collagen

Type IIcartilage

Collagen FibersType I, II, III cross striated

e.g. tendons - type I fibrils, have a 67-nmperiod striations and are oriented longitudinally(direction of the stress)showing overlapping packing of individualcollagen moleculesreticular fibres type III, support individual cells

Type IV fine unstriatedsheet-like supportive meshworkmature basal laminaetracks for embryonic migrationbarriers for cell migration

Type V-XIIsmaller diameter fibers than I-IIIno striations

Collagen InteractionsCollagen fibril types can interact with a variety of non-fibrous collagen types (microfiber)

fibrous collagens—types I, II, III, and VCartilage - types II (fiber) and IX collagen microfibrilsTendons - type I fibrils bound and linked by type VI microfibrils.

MCB - Interactions of fibrous and nonfibrous collagens (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&rid=mcb.figgrp.6555)

MBoC Type IX collagen (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?highlight=collagen&rid=mboc4.figgrp.3565)

Collagen Type FunctionsCollagen Type I - skin, tendon, vascular, ligature, organs, bone (main component of bone)Collagen Type II - cartilage (main component of cartilage)Collagen Type III - reticular fibers with type I.

[Expand]

(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Skthick0021he.jpg)Skin

(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Fibrillar_collagen_01.jpg)Fibrillar collagen

Collagen Type IV - forms bases of cell basement membraneCollagen Type V - hair and nail

You do not need to know the protein table below in detail, just themajor type/functions shown above.

Collagen ProteinsCollagen Types

Collagen Synthesis

Endoplasmic ReticulummRNA attached to ERprotein synthesized into ER lumencotranslational and post-translational modifications3 proto-a-chains form soluble procollagenmoved to golgi apparatus

Golgi Apparatus

[Expand]

packed into secretion vesiclesfuse with membrane

Outside Cellprocollagen processed by enzymes outside cellassemble into collagen fiberscollagen fibrils form lateral Interactions of triple helices

Link: MBoC - The intracellular and extracellular events in theformation of a collagen fibril(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&rid=mboc4.figgrp.3559)| MCB - Collagen synthesis(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&rid=mcb.figgrp.6551)

(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Collagen-synthesis.jpg)

(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Collagen-fibril-

em.jpg)

Collagen Assembly

Collagen in the ECM is modified/cleaved by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) - family of enzymes

(calcium-dependent zinc-containing endopeptidases)

Collagen DiseasesCollagen Diseases - Excess

fibrosislung- pulmonary fibrosisoverproduction of collagen Iliver- over consumption of alcoholarteries- atherosclerosis

Collagen Diseases - InsufficientEhlers-Danlos syndrome

defect in the synthesis of Type I or III collagenrubber-manskin and tendons easily stretchedcontortionists often suffer from this disease

Osteogenesis imperfectabrittle-bone syndromemutation in Type I procollagenfail to assemble triple helixdegrade imperfect collagenLeads to fragile bones

Scurvydietary Vitamin C deficiencyneeded for hydroxylationProline -> Hydroxyprolineform too few hydrogen bonds in collagenskin, bone, teeth weakness and malformationblood vessels weakened, bleeding

ElastinMBoC - Collagen and elastin (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&rid=mboc4.figgrp.435)

Elastin in Aorta (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2679973/figure/F1/) PMID 18248974

elastin and elastic fibresuncoils into an extended conformation when the fiber is stretchedrecoils spontaneously as soon as the stretching force is relaxed

Elastic fibers are composed of a core of cross-linked elastin embedded within a peripheral mantle ofmicrofibrils.

Microfibrils

(/cellbiology/index.php/File:ECM_elastic_fibres_skin.jpg)Elastic Fibers Skin

(/cellbiology/index.php/File:Fibrilin-microfibrils.jpg)

may regulate assembly and organization of elastic fibers by acting as a scaffoldguiding tropoelastin depositionaggregates of threadlike filamentsperiodically spaced globular domains (beads) connected by multiple linear arms

beaded structure is parallel fibrillin monomers aligned head-to-tailfibulin-5 induces elastic fiber assembly and maturation by organizing tropoelastin and cross-linkingenzymes onto microfibrils PMID: 17371835 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17371835)

Links: MBoC - Collagen and elastin (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?&rid=mboc4.figgrp.435)

(/cellbiology/index.php/File:ECM_elastic-fiber_synthesis.jpg)elastic fiber synthesis

(/cellbiology/index.php/File:ECM_elastic_fiber_assemby_model.jpg)elastic fiber assemby model

Elastin Structureprotein Mr 64 to 66 kDacomposed of the amino acids glycine, valine,alanine, and prolinecross-linked tropoelastin monomersfirst secreted as soluble precursors (tropoelastin)assembly and crosslinking of tropoelastinmonomersform insoluble elastin matrix into functional fibres

lysine residues in the cross-linking domain ofsecreted tropoelastin rapidly cross-linked (bothinter- and intra-molecularly by lysyl oxidase)hydrophobic segments - elastic propertiesα-helical segments (alanine- and lysine-rich) -form cross-links between adjacent molecules

Links: Nature - Fibulin-5 is an elastin-binding protein

(http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v415/n6868/full/415168a.html)

Elastin Functionstructural integrity and function of tissuesrequiring reversible extensibility or deformabilityhigh levels in tissues that require elasticity

lung, skin, major blood vessels

Elastin DisordersWilliams Syndrome (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=gene&part=williams#williams)

ReferencesRecent Reviews

Adam Byron, Margaret C Frame Adhesion protein networks reveal functions proximal and distal tocell-matrix contacts. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol.: 2016, 39;93-100 PubMed 26930633(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26930633)

Lauren E Tracy, Raquel A Minasian, E J Caterson Extracellular Matrix and Dermal Fibroblast Function inthe Healing Wound. Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle): 2016, 5(3);119-136 PubMed 26989578(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26989578)

Kristen M Kwan Coming into focus: the role of extracellular matrix in vertebrate optic cupmorphogenesis. Dev. Dyn.: 2014, 243(10);1242-8 PubMed 25044784(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25044784)

TextbooksEssential Cell Biology

Essential Cell Biology Chapter 19 p594-604

Molecular Biology of the CellAlberts, Bruce; Johnson, Alexander; Lewis, Julian; Raff, Martin; Roberts, Keith; Walter, Peter New York andLondon: Garland Science; c2002

Molecular Biology of the Cell 4th ed. - V. Cells in Their Social Context Chapter 19. Cell Junctions, CellAdhesion, and the Extracellular MatrixThe Extracellular Matrix of Animals (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mboc4.section.3532)

Molecular Cell BiologyLodish, Harvey; Berk, Arnold; Zipursky, S. Lawrence; Matsudaira, Paul; Baltimore, David; Darnell, James E.New York: W. H. Freeman & Co.; c1999

Molecular Cell Biology - Chapter 22. Integrating Cells into TissuesCell-Matrix Adhesion (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=mcb.section.6526)

The Cell- A Molecular ApproachCooper, Geoffrey M. Sunderland (MA): Sinauer Associates, Inc.; c2000

The Cell- A Molecular ApproachThe Cell - A Molecular Approach - III. Cell Structure and Function Chapter 12. The Cell SurfaceThe Extracellular Matrix (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov:80/books/bv.fcgi?db=Books&rid=cooper.section.2035#2045)

Essentials of Glycobiology, 2nd ed.Varki, A.; Cummings, R.D.; Esko, J.D.; Freeze, H.H.; Stanley, P.; Bertozzi, C.R.; Hart, G.W.; Etzler, M.E.,editors Plainview (NY): Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; 2008

Proteoglycans and Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=glyco2&part=ch16)hyaluronan-binding proteins (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=glyco2&part=ch15&rendertype=figure&id=ch15.f3)

Search Online Textbooks"extracellular matrix" Molecular Biology of the Cell (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=extracellular+matrix+mboc4) | Molecular Cell Biology(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=extracellular+matrix+mcb) |

The Cell- A molecular Approach (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=extracellular+matrix+cooper) | Bookshelf(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=extracellular+matrix)"collagen" Molecular Biology of the Cell (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=collagen+mboc4) | Molecular Cell Biology(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=collagen+mcb) | The Cell- Amolecular Approach (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=collagen+cooper) | Bookshelf(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=collagen)"elastin" Molecular Biology of the Cell (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=elastin+mboc4) | Molecular Cell Biology(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=elastin+mcb) | The Cell- Amolecular Approach (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=elastin+cooper) | Bookshelf (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=elastin)"glycosaminoglycan" Molecular Biology of the Cell (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=glycosaminoglycan+mboc4) | Molecular Cell Biology(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=glycosaminoglycan+mcb) |The Cell- A molecular Approach (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=glycosaminoglycan+cooper) | Bookshelf(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=Books&cmd=search&term=glycosaminoglycan)

Books

PubMedPubMed is a service of the U.S. National Library of Medicine that includes over 18 million citationsfrom MEDLINE and other life science journals for biomedical articles back to 1948. PubMed includeslinks to full text articles and other related resources. PubMed(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed)PubMed Central (PMC) is a free digital archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature at theU.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) in the National Library of Medicine (NLM) allowing all users freeaccess to the material in PubMed Central. PMC (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=PMC)Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) is a comprehensive compendium of human genes andgenetic phenotypes. The full-text, referenced overviews in OMIM contain information on all knownmendelian disorders and over 12,000 genes. OMIM (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=omim)Entrez is the integrated, text-based search and retrieval system used at NCBI for the major databases,including PubMed, Nucleotide and Protein Sequences, Protein Structures, Complete Genomes,Taxonomy, and others Entrez (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar)

Search Pubmed"extracellular matrix" Entrez all databases (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=extracellular+matrix)"collagen" Entrez all databases (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=collagen)"elastin" Entrez all databases (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=elastin)"glycosaminoglycan" Entrez all databases (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=glycosaminoglycan)"proteoglycan" Entrez all databases (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery?itool=toolbar&cmd=search&term=proteoglycan)

(http://moodle.telt.unsw.edu.au/course/view.php?id=25143)Moodle

note the spelling differences when carrying out other related ECM searches: UK sulphate, USsulfate ; UK fibre, US fiber

ReviewsCanty EG, Kadler KE. Procollagen trafficking, processing and fibrillogenesis. J Cell Sci. 2005 Apr 1;118(Pt7):1341-53. Review. PMID: 15788652 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15788652) JCS Link(http://jcs.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/118/7/1341)

Hay ED. The extracellular matrix in development and regeneration. An interview with Elizabeth D. Hay.Int J Dev Biol. 2004;48(8-9):687-94. No abstract available. PMID: 15558460(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15558460)Hay ED. Extracellular matrix. J Cell Biol. 1981 Dec;91(3 Pt 2):205s-223s. Review. No abstract available.PMID: 6172429 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6172429)Sandberg LB, Soskel NT, Leslie JG. Elastin structure, biosynthesis, and relation to disease states. NEngl J Med. 1981 Mar 5;304(10):566-79. Review. PMID: 7005671(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7005671)Wagenseil JE, Mecham RP. New insights into elastic fiber assembly. Birth Defects Res C EmbryoToday. 2007 Dec;81(4):229-40. Review. PMID: 18228265(http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18228265)

ArticlesSandberg LB, Soskel NT, Leslie JG. Elastin structure, biosynthesis, and relation to disease states. NEngl J Med. 1981 Mar 5;304(10):566-79. Review.

PMID: 7005671 (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7005671?dopt=Abstract)

LinksMarfan syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder that has been linked to the FBN1 gene onchromosome 15. FBN1 encodes a protein called fibrillinCommunication between the intra- and extracellular compartment(http://multimedia.mcb.harvard.edu/anim_innerlife.html)

2017 Course ContentLectures: Cell Biology Introduction (/cellbiology/index.php/Cell_Biology_Introduction) |Cells Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes(/cellbiology/index.php/Cells_Eukaryotes_and_Prokaryotes) | Cell Membranes andCompartments (/cellbiology/index.php/Cell_Membranes_and_Compartments) | CellNucleus (/cellbiology/index.php/Cell_Nucleus) | Cell Export - Exocytosis(/cellbiology/index.php/Cell_Export_-_Exocytosis) | Cell Import - Endocytosis(/cellbiology/index.php/Cell_Import_-_Endocytosis) | Cytoskeleton Introduction(/cellbiology/index.php/Cytoskeleton_Introduction) | Cytoskeleton - Microfilaments(/cellbiology/index.php/Cytoskeleton_-_Microfilaments) | Cytoskeleton - Microtubules(/cellbiology/index.php/Cytoskeleton_-_Microtubules) | Cytoskeleton - Intermediate Filaments(/cellbiology/index.php/Cytoskeleton_-_Intermediate_Filaments) | Cell Mitochondria(/cellbiology/index.php/Cell_Mitochondria) | Cell Junctions (/cellbiology/index.php/Cell_Junctions) |Extracellular Matrix 1 | Extracellular Matrix 2 (/cellbiology/index.php/Extracellular_Matrix_2) | Cell Cycle(/cellbiology/index.php/Cell_Cycle) | Cell Division (/cellbiology/index.php/Cell_Division) | Cell Death 1(/cellbiology/index.php/Cell_Death_1) | Cell Death 2 (/cellbiology/index.php/Cell_Death_2) | Signal 1(/cellbiology/index.php/Signal_1) | Signal 2 (/cellbiology/index.php/Signal_2) | Stem Cells 1(/cellbiology/index.php/Stem_Cells_1) | Stem Cells 2 (/cellbiology/index.php/Stem_Cells_2) | Development(/cellbiology/index.php/Development) | 2017 Revision (/cellbiology/index.php/2017_Revision)

2017 Laboratories: Introduction to Lab (/cellbiology/index.php/2017_Lab_1) | Fixation and Staining(/cellbiology/index.php/2017_Lab_2) |

2017 Projects (/cellbiology/index.php/ANAT3231_Projects_2017): Group 1 - Delta(/cellbiology/index.php/2017_Group_1_Project) | Group 2 - Duct(/cellbiology/index.php/2017_Group_2_Project) | Group 3 - Beta(/cellbiology/index.php/2017_Group_3_Project) | Group 4 - Alpha(/cellbiology/index.php/2017_Group_4_Project)

Dr Mark Hill 2015, UNSW Cell Biology - UNSW CRICOS Provider Code No. 00098G

Categories (/cellbiology/index.php/Special:Categories): Science-Undergraduate (/cellbiology/index.php/Category:Science-Undergraduate)2017ANAT3231 (/cellbiology/index.php/Category:2017ANAT3231)

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