Ibn Soulaymane Arrassmouki Unit 9 Communicative Functions I Technical High School Expressing Wishes (Worksheet)

Expressing Hopes and Wishes (Present & Future)

• Hope mainly expresses a desire that is possible or likely to happen. (usually used with a verb in the present or future) My classmates hope our teacher postpones/will postpone the test. (possible or likely to happen) I hope I finish this project on time. (I’m working really hard and it’s very likely that I will)

• Wish usually expresses a desire that is impossible or unlikely to happen. (used with the past or would/could…) Susan wishes she were rich so she could buy a new car. (very unlikely or almost impossible to happen) I wish I could speak Japanese. (but it’s really hard for me to do so / very unlikely) N.b. If only can also be used to express wishes. If only I had enough money to buy a new phone. = I wish.

Expressing Wishes (hypothetical or imagined situations which are unlikely or almost impossible to happen)

Present Wishes Future Wishes

... Wish(es) + subject + past simple We form wish clause using past simple to express

our wishes or regrets for the present. Examples: •

I wish I were rich as a princess. • She wishes she

had a bigger house. • Thomas wishes he weren't

a policeman. • They wish they could go to Paris.

... Wish(es) + subject + would We form wish clauses using would to express our wishes for the

future. Examples: • I wish my son would go to a

good high school. • My mother wishes I would

become an engineer when I grow up. • the father wishes his son would do well at school this term.

Exercise 1. Write hope or wish(es) to complete the statements.

1. We ………………………… that our children will be successful. (they usually get good marks) 2. I ………………………… that Christmas were over. 3. We ………………………… that this is satisfactory. 4. I ………………………… I were ten again. 5. I ………………………… I could go home now. 6. I ………………………… she understands that she cannot expect a raise. 7. I ………………………… you a good night. 8. I ………………………… I would finish this work by to morrow evening. 9. The host ………………………… that the guests would leave very soon. 10. Tim ………………………… he lived in Italy. 11. The employees ………………………… for a greater pay raise. 12. I ………………………… that the police will take the strongest action against them. 13. I ………………………… I knew more people. 14. Karim ………………………… he were doing well this semester. (But he is not)

Exercise 2. Put the verbs in the convenient forms, making present/future wishes.

1. I wish I (be) ………………………… the manager of this company. 2. I wish my brother (get) ………………………… marks in the exams next June. (but he’s lazy and reluctant) 3. Larry wishes he (be) ………………………… on a spa holiday relaxing rather than working in the office now. 4. Mary feels homesick. She wishes she (be) ………………………… in her home with her parents now. 5. If only I (finish) this project 6. I wish you (bring) ………………………… me a glass of water. I am very thirsty. 7. You look overweight. I wish you (attend) ………………………… a gym this summer. 8. Michael wishes his father (give) ………………………… him £100 for the school trip next month. 9. Mr. Parker wishes there (not/be) ………………………… mosquitoes around. They bite him badly. 10. I wish people (not/cut) ………………………… the trees any more. 11. My mother wishes I (take) ………………………… her to the hospital for her operation this weekend. 12. Pam wishes she (have) ………………………… an mp3 player. She could listen to music now. 13. I wish I (know) ………………… more about cooking. I have to prepare something special for my guests. 14. We wish we (win) ………………………… the match next Sunday. We will be this year's champion then. 15. Ashley's mother wishes she (do) …………………………… well in her job interviews next week.

Ibn Soulaymane Arrassmouki Unit 9 Communicative Functions I Technical High School Expressing Wishes

Part I. Hopes Vs. Wishes I’ll start by explaining the difference between hopes and wishes - both functionally/communicatively and grammatically.- Then, I’ll focus more on how present/future wishes are made. So, good luck and please stay focused throughout the lesson.

Hope Vs. Wish

If wish is “reaching for the stars,” then hope is “reaching for the sky.” Pay attention to the different contexts of hope and wish in these examples.

I hope you pass the test. (possible)

I wish I could fly. (impossible) = If only I could fly.

I hope I get to work on time. (possible)

I wish I were a millionaire. (not likely) = If only I were a millionaire.

Hope

To express that you want something to happen in the future (not wanting a situation to be different, and not implying impatience or annoyance) hope is used instead of wish.

Examples

• I hope it’s sunny tomorrow. (very likely/possible)

• I hope the students will do well in their finals . (very likely/possible)

• I hope the kids are doing well at school. (very likely/possible)

• I hope I can answer all these grammar questions. (very likely/possible)

we use HOPE when we’re talking about desired outcomes/results that are very likely to happen. (possible)

Form Hope + Present Simple /Present continuous /Future simple or can, may, shall, be going to … (Modals in their base forms)

Wish We use WISH when we want a change of a circumstance or situation. In other words, when we want something to be different. (something that is very unlikely/almost impossible to happen)

Examples (If only can replace wish in the examples below)

• I wish I had a sports car. (It’s a bit hard to get a sports car given your current situation = possible but very unlikely to happen) / If only I had a sports car.

• I wish people weren’t going around spreading the virus. (This situation is hard to change since maybe most people are not following the rules/ unlikely to happen).

• I wish/If only I were rich. (But I’m not, and probably not working hard to be rich)

• I wish I didn’t have to wash my hands every 15 minutes. (a situation you have to deal with)

• I wish I could run the marathon. (But I’m usually out of breath running the shortest distances)

• I wish/If only you would be careful. (But you’re not, as usual)

Form To form a present/future wish, use: Wish or if only + past simple/past continuous. I wish I were a billionaire. (But I’m not /it’s very unlikely) I wish it were raining today. (But it’s not / it’s very unlikely) Wish or if only + could/would/might/(past forms of modals) + infinitive without to. E. g: I wish my neighbours would stop bothering me.

N. B.

In the examples above (wishes), the situations are related to the present time but we’re using past forms of verbs to refer to them. (the past here is unreal but it expresses a mood, noting that these situations are very difficult to change and you just have to deal with/accept them as they are)

Notice how “were” is used instead of “was” in present wishes. Exception: The way we use wish in some fixed expressions, like when we wish someone a happy Birthday, is different from the kind of wishes we’re targeting in this lesson. In some contexts Wish and Hope can be interchangeable. However, Hope usually expresses desire that is possible. Wish, on the other hand, refers to an outcome that is not likely to happen.

Ibn Soulaymane Arrassmouki Unit 9 Human Rights Technical High School Vocabulary Extension / Reading

Monday, April 13th, 2020

Pre-Reading

I. Complete the spidergram:

II. Fill in the blanks with words from the box. (You may use a dictionary)

Slavery – enslaved – deny – captives – rather – muscles – differences – belong – somehow – ethic – masters

The institution of slavery is as old as civilization. Many nations and empires were built by the

………… of slaves. But what kinds of people were ………………………………, and why? In

ancient civilizations, slaves were usually war ……………………………….. . The victors in battle

might enslave the losers …………………………. than kill them. Over time, people have found

other reasons to justify …………………………………… . Slaves were usually considered

……………………………….. different from their owners/masters. They might

…………………… to a different race, religion, nationality, or ………………………………….

background. By focusing on such ……………………………, slaves owners felt they could

…………………………… basic human rights to their slaves.

Main Reading Activity. (Base your Answers on the text)

I. Read and write definitions of the words or expressions in bold type:

‘‘Non-violence in the Civil Rights struggle has meant not relying on arms and weapons. It has

meant non-cooperation with customs and laws which are institutional aspects of a regime of

discrimination and enslavement’’, said Martin Luther King in his 1965 speech. He added

saying ‘‘Non-violence has also meant we do not want to instil fear to others or into the

society of which we are part. it has meant that we don’t seek to win victory over anyone. We

seek to liberate our society and share in the self-liberation of all the people’’.

……………………………………………

…..

……………………………………………

…..

…………………………….. ……………………………..

……………………………..

…………………………………………….

……………………………..

……………………………………………

…..

……………………………..

Sure that violence often brings momentary results. Nations have frequently won their

independence in battle. But in spite of temporary victories , violence never brings

permanent peace. It solves no social problems : it merely creates new and more complicated

ones. ‘‘violence is immoral,’’ he said ‘‘It destroys community and makes brotherhood

impossible.’’

According to Martin Luther King, practising non-violence shows that we have reached a

superior level, that we have escaped the blind fear that arouses panic and violence. Non-

violence, for him, requires courage and self-denial. Martin Luther King exposes how useless

and harmful violence is. It is impractical and immoral because it develops hatred and ends in

destruction for all. He pointed out that violence has come to be taken for granted as a means

of solving problems. Yet, violence engenders even more violence, and it will never bring

permanent peace. He also declared that we have to exchange ideas and opinions in peaceful

dialogues. We have to set an atmosphere of understanding and tolerance; an atmosphere of

brotherhood and love.

Struggle: …………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Instil/Instill: …………………………………………………………………………………………………

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Seek: …………………………………………………….…………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Momentary: ………………………………………………………………………………………………….

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Permanent: …………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

Immoral: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………...

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

To be taken for granted: …………………………………………………………………………………..

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

II. Complete the table with four words related to violence and four to

non-violence.

Violence Non-violence

………………………………………

………………………………………

………………………………………

………………………………………

………………………………………

………………………………………

………………………………………

………………………………………

III. Answer the following questions according to the text :

1. Did Martin Luther King believe in non-violence to get one’s rights ?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2. Why is violence useless and harmful ?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

3. What should we do to live in harmony with others ?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………

IV. Find in the text words that are closest in meaning to: (Synonyms)

1. Damages (Paragraph 2) …………………………………………………………………

2. Arrived at (Paragraph 3) …………………………………………………………………

3. Cure (Paragraph 3) …………………………………………………………………

V. Find words that are opposite in meaning to: (Antonyms)

1. Necessary (Paragraph 3) …………………………………………………………………

2. Temporary (Paragraph 3) …………………………………………………………………

VI. What do the underlined words refer to?

1. Which (Paragraph 1) …………………………………………………………………

2. Their (Paragraph 2) …………………………………………………………………

3. It (Paragraph 2) …………………………………………………………………

4. Him (Paragraph 3) …………………………………………………………………

Ibn Soulaymane Arrassmouki Unit 8: GRAMMAR II Technical High School

This type of conditional clause is used to talk

about situations that are always true if something happens. (Scientific facts

/Truths/and Routines) In this type of conditional clause “if” can often

be replaced by “when”. If I´m late, my father takes me to school. Or:

When I´m late my father takes me to school.

USE OF ZERO CONDITIONALS

PRESENT SIMPLE + PRESENT SIMPLE

( If- clause ) (main clause)

If I meet my friends at the weekend,

we go to the cinema. If my mother is ill, I stay at home to look after her.

FORM OF ZERO CONDITIONALS

B- The following are well-known scientific facts or

natural laws. Put the verbs into the right form.

1. If the temperature of water drops (drop) to freezing

point, it turns (turn) into ice. {Scientific fact}

2. If water reaches (reach) boiling point, it changes

(change) into steam.

3. If we add (add) oil and water together, the oil floats

(float) on top.

4. If you throw (throw) a stone into the air, gravity

pulls (pull) it back to earth again.

5. If an iron object stands (stand) in the open air for

long, it becomes (become) rusty.

6. If we leave (leave) silver in the sunlight, it goes

(go) black.

7. If a cloud releases (release) electricity, this finds

(find) the shortest way to the ground.

C- Complete the sentences using “if” or “when” and the right form of the verbs in brackets.

1. If / When you speak (speak) slowly, I can understand

you. (It’s always the case for me)

2. If / When the weather is (be) nice, we always go (go)

to the beach.

3. If / When I am (be) late, my parents get (get) angry

with me.

4. If / When I arrive (arrive) home from work, I usually

have (have) a cup of coffee.

5. I stay (stay) in bed If / When I have (have) a

temperature.

6. If / When you study hard, you get (get) good marks.

7. If / When I feel (feel) tired, I go (go) to bed early.

8. If / When students don’t do (not/do) their homework,

the teacher punishes (punish) them.

CONDITIONAL TYPE ZERO

A- Fill in the blanks using the verbs in brackets in the right form.

snows

wear

don’t study

fail

have

take

tells

keep

save

buy

rains

takes

heat

boils

run get

have

go

Ibn Soulaymane Arrassmouki Unit 8: GRAMMAR II Technical High School

Often called the "real" conditional because it is

used for real or possible situations. These situations take place if a certain condition is met. If I see Peter, I’ll tell him about the news. In this type of conditional clause we sometimes use “unless” which means 'if ... not'.

I won’t go to the party unless you come with me. Or: I won’t go to the party if you don´t come with me.

USE OF 1st TYPE OF CONDITIONAL PRESENT SIMPLE + WILL FUTURE

PRESENT SIMPLE + MAY / CAN / MUST+ INFINITIVE

PRESENT SIMPLE + IMPERATIVE

( If- clause ) (main clause)

If I save enough money, I’ll buy the car.

I may go out tonight If I finish the exercises.

If you go to the party, I will meet you there.

If you phone them, they can/may take you to the station.

FORM OF 1stTYPE OF CONDITIONAL

A- Fill in the blanks using the verbs in brackets in the right form.

B- Put the verbs in brackets in the right form

according to the 1st type of conditional.

1. If you don’t hurry (not / hurry), we will be late!

2. If Mark passes (pass) his exam, he will go on holiday.

3. If Mark fails (fail) his exam, he will have to (have to )

stay at home.

4. If you stay awake all night, you will be (be) very tired

tomorrow.

5. You can’t win/won’t win ( not /win ) the lottery if you

don’t buy (not /buy) a ticket.

6. If Tina eats too much chocolate, she will become

(become) very fat.

7. We won’t go/can’t go (not / go ) to that restaurant if

it’s too expensive.

8. If Tim drives (drive) too fast he will have/may have

(have) an accident.

C- Rewrite the following sentences. (Make

conditional sentences)

1. You must hurry. You are going to be late. If you don’t hurry, you are going to be late/you will be late.

2. I won’t let you go unless you tell me the truth. I won’t let you go if you don’t tell me the truth.

3. Should you need my car, let me know. If you need my car, let me know/Let me know if you need my car.

4. If you fail the exam, you won’t be able to go to university. You can’t go to university if you fail the exam. (unless you pass)

5. You can´t send me e-mails if you’re offline. *

You can’t send me e-mails when you’re offline /unless

you’re online.* N.B. This sentence can also be used in a

conditional type 0 context, as it refers to a fact.

6. I need to save some money to go on holiday with my friends. I can’t/won’t go on holiday with my friends if I don’t save money.

7. Don´t touch that wire. You may get an electric shock. If you touch that wire, you may get an electric shock.

8. We won’t go to the beach unless the weather gets better.

We won’t go to the beach if the weather doesn’t get better.

CONDITIONAL TYPE ONE

will make

ask

will go

rains

wins

will lower

’ll dance

meet

will celebrate

wins

goes will buy

will be

graduates

won’t bring

are

arrives

will dismiss

do

will feel

(lower)

Ibn Soulaymane Arrassmouki Unit 8: GRAMMAR Technical High School Conditional Types 0 & 1 (Review)

Conditional Type 0 (Zero Conditional)

I. Complete the rules and the sentences:

( If + Present Simple , Present Simple)

These situations always true. Here if = whenever

Conditional Type 1 (First Conditional) = POSSIBLE / PROBABLE CONDITION.

II. Complete the rule:

(If + Present Simple , Future tense…)

If you work hard, you will succeed.

III. Write the correct form of the verbs. Make Conditional Type I sentences.

If I go out with my friends tonight, I (not / watch) will not watch the football match on TV.

I will earn a lot of money if I (get) get that job.

If she (not hurry) doesn’t hurry, we will miss the bus.

IV. Complete these conditional sentences with a present tense verb

followed by another verb in the present tense (Zero Conditional) or

the future tense (1st Conditional), depending on the meaning.

EXAMPLES: If ice (get) gets warm, it (melt) melts.

If it (start) starts to rain, we (get) will get wet.

1. Oil (float) floats if you (pour) pour it on water.

2. If I (have) have some spare time next weekend, I (go) will go running.

3. Unless you (leave) leave now, you (be) will be late.

4. When you (mix) mix yellow and blue, you (get) get green.

5. If Andrew (save) saves enough money, he (buy) will buy a new computer next June.

6. When air (warm) warms up, it (become) becomes less dense (lighter).

7. If it (rain) rains, I (usually/take) take my umbrella to work.

8. “If we (keep on) keep on using more and more cars, we (run out) will run out of oil in 2030.” scientists say.

9. I always (feel) feel tired if I (not/get) don’t get enough sleep.

10. If you (freeze) freeze water, it (become) becomes a solid.

11. If Bill (phone) phones, (tell) tell him to meet me at the cinema. (imperative)

12. I (can/not/see) can’t see clearly if I (not / wear) don’t wear my glasses. (Conditional type 0; It’s always the case)

If we (heat) heat ice, it (turn) turns into water.

= Ice turns into water if we heat it.

If you (mix) mix the red and yellow colours, you (get) get orange.

=You get orange if you mix the red and yellow colours.