exploring the use of conceptual models to identify scenarios, lessons, and entry points for...
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Exploring the Use of Conceptual Models to Identify
Scenarios, Lessons, and Entry Points for Community-scale Marine Resource
Tenure and Governance
Dr. Catherine Courtney
Tetra Tech, Inc.
Significance of Small-scale Fisheries to Food Security and Poverty Alleviation
Attributes Large-scale Fisheries Small-scale Fisheries
# people employed ~ ½ million > 12 million
Annual tons caught ~ 30 million ~ 30 million
Annual tons fuel ~37 million ~5 million
Annual tons of fish discarded
8 – 20 million Very little
Annual $ in subsidies 25 – 27 billion 5 – 7 billion
Jacquet and Pauly 2008
Explore the conditions under which
community-scale marine resource tenure and governance
contributes to sustainable fisheries, biodiversity conservation, and climate change adaptation
Outline:• Characterize main components of the social-ecological system • Present a conceptual model to diagnose interactions• Explore four scenarios with examples from the literature• Suggest several entry points for strengthening community-scale
marine tenure and governance
Complexity of Actors
• Small-scale/artisanal fishers• Large-scale/industrial fishers• Other marine resource users (e.g. oil and
gas, mariculture, tourism)
Complexity of Tenure and Governance Regimes
• Community-scale Tenure and Governance– Customary– Informal– Devolved
• Co-management– Consultative– Delegated– Collaborative
Adapted from Berkes 2010
External/Local Drivers and Threats
• Population growth/ migration
• Coastal development• Land use practices• New technologies• Global trade• Poverty• Global climate change
• Overfishing• Illegal fishing• Habitat destruction• Watershed-based
pollution• Climate change
impacts
Four Scenarios
• Scenario 1: Community-scale marine resource tenure in a sea of open access
• Scenario 2: Passing the buck through decentralization• Scenario 3: Multiple knowledge sources and scales for
adaptive co-management• Scenario 4: Linked ecological and social vulnerability in
marine resource dependent communities
Tale of Two Coastal Villages in Mexico (Basurto et al. 2012)
• Seri– Indigenous land and
marine tenure rights recognized by government
– Excluded outsiders, established rules
– Fisheries recovered in area under tenure
• Kino– Fish buyers have
control (own permits, gear)
– Fishers employed by buyers
– Overfishing in adjacent areas
Decentralized fisheries management in the Philippines
• National legal framework supports preferential use of nearshore water by small-scale fishers
• Management responsibility over 15 km from the shore decentralized to over 850 municipalities and cities
• Fishers and other local stakeholders serve on advisory bodies to local governments
Perez et al 2012Pomeroy et al 2010
Courtney et al. 2002
Adaptive management in customary tenure regimes in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia (Cinner et al. 2006)
Ecosystem-based management in Huave Lagoon, Southern Mexico (Espinoza-Tenerio et al., 2013)
Ecosystem-based management
Transdisciplinary modeling
Traditional ecological knowledge
• Scenarios based on different rule configurations
• Broader social –ecological system processes
• Fine scale delineation of 6 seascapes
Social-ecological vulnerability in Kenyan coastal communities (Cinner et al. 2013)
• Lower vulnerability in communities with more effective management systems
• Adaptive capacity varied among communities
• One-size-fits-all to adaptation planning unlikely to succeed
Marshal et al. 2012
Entry Points for Strengthening Community-scale Marine Tenure and Governance
Recognize community-scale
tenure rights
Strengthen local institutional
capacity
Develop effective co-management arrangements
Reduce vulnerability of community-scale management of small-scale
fisheries from external drivers
Build knowledge base for
ecosystem-scale processes