exploring psychology 1_-_moodle
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Brain LateralizationBrain Lateralization
Exploring Psychology (1)Exploring Psychology (1)
Brain Lateralization
The Unequal Specialization of the two halves of the brain
Behavioural Techniques
used to measure
Brain Lateralization
Behavioural Techniques
• Dual Task Studies/Interference Tasks
• Tachistoscopic Presentation
Interference Tasks
• Tapping
• Balancing task
Right Hand (Tapping Alone) Left Hand (Tapping Alone)
Right Hand (Tapping & Reading) Left Hand (Tapping & Reading)
Whose woods these are I think I know. His house is in the village, though; He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow.
My little horse must think it queer To stop without a farmhouse near Between the woods and frozen lake The darkest evening of the year.
He gives his harness bells a shake To ask if there is some mistake. The only other sound's the sweep Of easy wind and downy flake.
The woods are lovely, dark, and deep, But I have promises to keep, And miles to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep. Robert Frost
Right Hand (Tapping Alone) Left Hand (Tapping Alone)
Total number of Taps = Total number of Taps =
Right Hand (Tapping & Reading) Left Hand (Tapping & Reading)
Total number of Taps = Total number of Taps =
Interference Tasks
Tapping Task
http://www.zimm-co.com/PressTheSpaceBar/pressthespacebar2000.html
Tapping Task
• Base rate of how many times a person can tap their index finger within a specified time is taken for each hand, one at a time
• Measurements taken again –
Tapping & Talking
• The tapping while simultaneously-talking-rate is compared to base rate
Tapping Task
• usually found that for most right handers talking decreases the tapping rate of the right hand more than left
(Hellige & Longstreth,
1981)
• greater interference when two activities are carried out within the same hemisphere
• greater right- than-left-hand interference indicates left hemisphere language dominance
Motor Pathway
Interference Tasks
Left Hemisphere Right Hemisphere
Right Hand
BalancingTask
• Base rate – length of time each hand can balance a dowel rod - alone
• Then, balancing in conjunction with reading
The balancing while simultaneously-reading-rate is compared to base rate for each hand
BalancingTask
• usually found that reading decreases the length of time for balancing of the right hand more than left
• greater right- than-left-hand interference indicates left hemisphere language dominance
Motor Pathway
Interference Tasks
Left Hemisphere Right Hemisphere
Right Hand
Behavioural Techniques
• Dual Task Studies/Interference Tasks
• Tachistoscopic Presentation
Tachistoscopic Presentation
Right Visual Field Advantage (RVFA) usually found for language
i.e., greater accuracy or faster Reaction Time for verbal stimuli presented in the right visual field
Language Lateralization
RVFA is taken as a Left Hemisphere advantage for Language
- due to set-up of visual pathways
Visual Pathways to Hemispheres
Dichotic Listening Technique
Dichotic Listening Technique
The simultaneous presentation of two different stimulus inputs
- one to each ear
Dichotic Listening
Broadbent (1954)
• Initially used to study attention
• The aim was to purposely divide the attention
• To provide information regarding processing capacity/limitations
Dichotic Listening
In Broadbent’s early studies
• participants heard 6 digits, 3 to each ear in simultaneous pairs:
Right Ear Left Ear6 97 52 4
• Recall 1. pair by pair (6 9, 7 5, 2 4) or2. ear by ear (672, 954)
Ear by ear recall was found to be easier & more accurate
Dichotic Listening
Broadbent’s early studies
• Broadbent concluded the ears act as separate channels, to which the person can only attend to one at a time
• But participants do recall some items from the other ear
Concluded that there is a buffer zone in which items are held until the person can get to them
Dichotic Listening
Dichotic Listening is used as a technique to measure brain lateralization
• Right Ear Advantage (REA) found for Language
Competitive stimulation causes suppression of the ipsilateral pathways (Kimura, 1961)
Auditory pathways acting as a contralateral
system
Auditory Pathways
Left Hemisphere Right Hemisphere
Contralateral
Ipsilateral
Left Ear Right Ear
Language Lateralization
Different behavioural techniques/Different routes
Same conclusion –
Left hemisphere specialized for language
Language Lateralization
Tachistoscopic presentation & Dichotic listening
What do they tell us about how the brain is organized for Language??
Language Lateralization
RVFA & REA are taken as a Left Hemisphere advantage for Language
What about the Right Hemisphere?
Strict Localization Model (Moscovitch 1973)
Left Ear/VF Right Ear/VF
Left Hemisphere Right Hemisphere
Efficiency Model (Moscovitch 1973)
Left Ear/VF Right Ear/VF
Left Hemisphere Right Hemisphere
Hand Preference
& Brain Lateralization
Hand Preference and Cerebral Asymmetry
Right handers
- most left hemisphere dominant for language
Left handers
- c. 75% left hemisphere dominant for language
- remainder have a bilateral organization
Handedness & Cerebral Asymmetry
Right Handers Left Handers
Lateralization of Bilateral Organization
Language of Language
Incidence of Hand Preference
10% Left handed
• Generation• Culture
Hand Preference
Measurement
Measurement of Hand Preference
• Hand used for writing
• Most widely used measure now:
Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI) (Oldfield, 1971)
Measurement of Hand Preference
Edinburgh Handedness Inventory
(EHI)
EDINBURGH HANDEDNESS INVENTORY (Oldfield, 1971)Please indicate your preferences in the use of hands in the following activitie by putting + in the appropriate column.Where the preference is so strong that you would never try to use the other hand unless absolutely forced to, put ++. Ifin any case you are really indifferent put + in both columns.
Some of the activities require both hands. In these cases the part of the task, or object, for which hand preference is wanted isindicated in brackets.
Left
Right
1 Writing
2 Drawing
3 Throwing
4 Scissors
5 Toothbrush
6 Knife (without fork)
7 Spoon
8 Broom (upper hand)
9 Striking match (match)
10 Opening box (lid)
Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI) (Oldfield, 1971)
EHI Scoring
The laterality Quotient for the EHI is derived in the following way:
• Add the number of +’s getting a total for each column
• Subtract the sum for the left hand column from that for the right hand column
• Divide the obtained difference by the sum of both columns
• Multiply the resulting ratio by 100
Right Column – Left Column X 100 = Laterality Quotient R Col + L Col
• The EHI provides a score which ranges from +100 to -100
(Right handed (Left handed for all items) for all items)
Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI)
• Measures degree of hand preference
• Provides a hand preference score
• EHI scores range from
+100 (Strongly Right Handed)
to
-100 (Strongly Left Handed)
Degree of Handedness
Strong Left Strong Right
Handers Handers
Weak Left Weak Right
Handers Handers
-100 -50 0 +50 +100
Hand Preference Measurement
• Other Hand Preference Measures
(e.g., Annett’s Hand Preference Measure)
• Carry out tasks
Degree of Hand Preference
• Forced to use right hand
• Handicap – broken arm
• Family Handedness
• Genetics – biologically related
Handedness & Cerebral Asymmetry
Strong Left & Weak Left &
Right Handers Right Handers
Lateralization of Bilateral Organization
Language of Language
Hand Preference
Familial Sinistrality
Presence of left handers in one’s family
Brain Lateralization
– outweigh own hand preference?
Familial Sinistrality
Left Hander - with FS
Left Hander - with No FS
Right Hander - with FS
Right Hander - with No FS
Cerebral Asymmetry Worksheet
1. Define cerebral asymmetry
2. Name 3 behavioural techniques used to measure cerebral asymmetry
3. Briefly describe the rationale behind one of these techniques
4. What are the advantages of a behavioural technique over other types of techniques?
5. Calculate your direction and degree of hand preference using the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (Oldfield, 1971).
EHI = R column – L column X 100 = Rc + Lc
direction =degree =
6. Is a strong hand preference associated with: -Weak brain lateralization
-Strong brain lateralization
-No cerebral lateralization
Brain Lateralization and Ability
A Lateralized or more Bilateral
organization best??
Brain Lateralization
Why be Lateralized for functioning?
- Asymmetrical versus a Symmetrical
brain