Exploring Nanotechnology and the Emerging Graphene Industry

The Next Big Thing Is Really Small-AnonymousThe Past and the PresentThe YesteryearThe Today

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StarterPresentation OutlinePart IDefinition of Nano & TechnologyHistory of NanotechnologyApplicationsCarbon Nanotubes and Nanotube CircuitsPitfalls of NanotechnologyFuture ProspectsPart IIIntroduction to GrapheneGraphene StructureApplicationDefinition of Nano & TechnologyA Nanometre is a unit of length in the metrics system, equal to 1 billionth of a metre (10 -9)

Technology is the making, usage, and the knowledge of tools, machines, and techniques, in order to solve a problem or perform a specific function.

Nanotechnologythe study of manipulating matter on an atomic scale.the constructing and engineering of the functional systems at a very micro level or we can say at an atomic level.

History of Nanotechnology1950 - Anton Von Hipee, an electrical engineer from Massachussetts Institute of Technology (MIT) coined the term molecular engineering. He predicted the feasibility of constructing nano molecular devices. 1974 - The term nanotechnology had been coined by Norio Taniguchi.

ApplicationsThe top nanotechnology applications are:Energy AgricultureWater Treatment and RemediationBiotechnology and BioengineeringOptical EngineeringElectronics and ComputersNano Devices

Nanotechnology in Drugs (Cancer)New options for drug delivery and therapy.Enable drugs to be delivered to precisely right location in the body.Attached the drug into a nano size carrier.Nanorobots can clear the blockage in arteries.

Nanotechnology in MobileMorph, a nanotechnology concept developed by Nokia Research Center (NRC) and the University of Cambridge (UK).It is able to charge itself from available light sources using photovoltaic nanowire grass.

Nanotechnology in ElectronicsElectrodes made from nanowires enable flat panel displays to be flexible as well as thinner than current flat panel display.Nanolithography is used in the fabrication of chips.Transistors are made of nanowires, that are assembles on thin films.

Nanotechnology in ComputersSilicon transistors may be replaced by carbon nanotubes.Nanorods is an upcoming technology due to its less consumption of electricity and less heat emission.Size of the microprocessors are reduced to greater extent.

Carbon NanotubesCarbon Nanotubes are tube-shaped material, made of carbon, having a diameter measuring on the nanometer scale. These are used to produce faster and smaller components. They do not corroded and make plasitics electrically conductive.IBM created nanowire switches, transistor and other components by carbon nanotubes in bulk.

Nanotube CircuitsExisting silicon-based circuits were replaced by nanotechnology circuits.Its significant success will contribute for denser and denser integration.In the future, individual GATES consisting of aluminum deposited on Nanotube will allow GATES to be controlled separately.Pitfalls of NanotechnologyNano-particles can get into the body through the skin, lungs, and digestive system, thus creating free radicals that can cause cell damage.Once nano-particles, are on the blood stream, they will be able to cross the blood-brain barrier.The most dangerous application is for the military in the form of Nano-bombs.Future ProspectsNanotechnology may make it possible to manufacture lighter, stronger, and programmable materials that:Require less energy than conventional materialPromise greater fuel efficiency in land transportation, ships, aircraft, and space vehicles.The future of nanotechnology could very well include the use of nanorobotics. These nanorobots have the potential to take on human tasks as well as tasks that humans could never complete such as rebuilding the depleted ozone layer.Introduction to GrapheneGrapheneis purecarbonin the form of a very thin, nearly transparent sheet, one atom thick. It is remarkably strong for its very low weight (100 times stronger than steel) and it conducts heat and electricity with great efficiency.Introduction to GrapheneGraphene is a combination of graphite and the suffix-ene, named byHanns-Peter Boehm, who described single-layer carbon foils in 1962.

It was first reliably produced in the lab in 2004 by Andre Geim and Kostya Novoselov at the University of Manchester.

Single-atom-thick crystallites were extracted from bulk graphite by lifting Graphene layers from graphite with adhesive tape then transferred them onto a silicon wafer.Introduction to GrapheneGraphene is a promising material that is used in technologies such as transparent, flexible electrodes and nanocomposites. And while engineers think graphene holds promise for additional applications, they must first have a better understanding of its mechanical properties, including how it works with other materials.Introduction to GrapheneScientists who work with nanocircuits are enthusiastic about graphene because electrons meet with less resistance when they travel along graphene compared to silicon and because todays silicon transistors are nearly as small as allowed by the laws of physics. Graphene is considered the thinnest material in the world.Graphene StructureGraphene is a flat monolayer of carbon atoms tightly packed into a two-dimensional (2D) honeycomb lattice.

One technique to produce is via Liquid Phase Exfoliation of Graphite powders where Graphene solution was prepared.

Graphene Structure

Potential ApplicationsElectronicsHigh-frequency electronicsSupercapacitorsTransparent ConductorsTransistors

Light ProcessingOptical ModulatorInfrared Light Detection

Potential ApplicationsEnergySolar CellsBatteriesHydrogen Storage

SensorsMolecular AbsorptionPiezoelectric EffectBody Motion

They sayMany leading electronics companies consider graphene for the next generation of devices. This work certainly boosts graphenes chances even further.-Professor Kostya Novoselov

"At present, transistors are made of expensive silicon that generates heat when used in electronic devices. Scientists have been looking for a material that is carbon-based and that has the electronic band gap needed for use as a semiconductor."-Elsevier Materials/Materials Today

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