exploring ecosystems chapter05

1.EXPLORING ECOSYSTEMS
Grade 8/2011
CHAPTER 5
Compiled by Madre Nortje
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Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems

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All living things (organisms) have a place where they live. THIS IS CALLED THEIR HABITAT.
For example, your habitat could include school, your home and the places you shop for all the items you require to live.
What is a habitat?
6. Every living thing has particular requirements, and will live only where these requirements can be met.
Some of the conditions a habitat needs to provide could include:
a source of food
water
shelter and living space
mating partners for reproduction
gases such as oxygen.
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These requirements can be placed into one of TWO CATEGORIES:

8. LIVING OR NON-LIVING environment factors. 9. LIVING ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 10. (BIOTIC FACTORS) include partners for mating, organisms for food, and organisms they may compete with for food and shelter.Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems
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THE NON-LIVING FACTORS

12. (ABIOTIC FACTORS) are those such as wind, light and temperature. 13. A group of organisms of the same species that live in the same habitat is said to be a population. 14. The size of any population will vary over time depending on the availability of food, water, living space and mating partners8
15. ADAPTATIONS

To survive in their habitats, organisms have special characteristics that help them to obtain food and water, protect themselves, build homes and reproduce.

16. These characteristics are called adaptations.Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems
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17. ADAPTION

The spotted-tail quoll is a marsupial

that lives in the wet and dry forests of eastern Australia, from Queensland to Tasmania.

Its colouring means that it is well camouflaged, and can sleep in hollow trees and rock crevices without being seen by predators.

18. It has sharp claws and teeth so that it can catch rats, birds and reptiles for dinner. 19. It also eats dead remains. Being nocturnal, it hunts at night.Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems
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20. ADAPTATIONS ENABLE ANIMALS TO:

protect themselves from predators, e.g. camouflage

21. survive hot and cold temperatures, wet and dry seasons 22. move from place to place, e.g. flippers, legs and wings 23. catch and eat food 24. take in oxygen 25. reproduce.Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems
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26. What are environmental conditions?
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The term environment is used to describe all of the conditions that an organism has to cope with in its habitat.
Many factors may shape and change an environment, including:
Will you have these animals in your Zoo?
27. ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS
the temperature
whether it is wet or dry
whether it is windy
the quality of the air
the water quality
the type of soil
the plants, animals, bacteria and fungi that live there
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28. LETS ALL LIVE TOGETHER
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YES!!!!!
29. A pond Ecosystem
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30. The biosphere is the place where all life as we know it exists.
It consists of the Earth and its atmosphere.
The biosphere is made up of many ecosystems.
In an ecosystem organisms react with each other and their environment in a balanced way.
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31. Ecology- The study of the interactions between living things and their environment.
Ecologists are scientists who study these interactions.
www.princeton.edu
www.thebignm.net
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32. 3 TYPES OF SYMBIOSIS
ORGANISMS IN AN ECOSYSTEM ARE INTERDEPENDENT
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THE ROAD TO KNOWLEDGE - LEARN
33. THREE TYPES OF SYMBIOSIS
1.COMMENSALISM:
This is an interaction between two organisms where only one of them benefits, but the other one is not affected.
For example, on the Great Barrier Reef there are small colourful fish called clown fish. They are immune to the stings from sea anemones. The clown fish lives among the tentacles of the sea anemone and is protected from predators as well as getting food from the scraps left by the anemone.
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34. CLOWN FISH IN THE TENTACLES OF A SEA ANEMONE
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35. MUTUALISM
Have you ever heard the saying you scratch my back and Ill scratch yours? This is what mutualism is all about.
Both of the organisms benefit from the relationship and neither is harmed.
In many cases neither species can exist without the other.
The lichen consists of a fungus and an alga growing together. The fungus gets food from the photosynthesising alga and the alga gets a place to live. It also gets mineral nutrients from the fungus
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36. A LICHEN growing with some mosses on a rock.
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37. PARASITISM
This is an interaction where one species (the parasite) lives on or in the host (another species of plant or animal).
The parasite obtains food and shelter from its host, but often harms or may even kill the host in return.
Heartworm is a parasite that lives in the hearts of dogs.They breed rapidly and when present in large numbers can clog up the dogs heart.
The worm uses the dog for shelter and food, but in the end the dog often dies.
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38. HEARTWORM IN DOGS
WWW.fortheloveofpaws.com
WWW.placervillevet.com
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39. PARTIAL PARASITE
Mistletoe is using this tree ( a casuarina) to obtain water and some nutrients, but it still carries out photosynthesis to make its own food.
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40. QUESTIONS 5.1p 130 & 131
Manual
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Good luck!
41. GUESS WHOS COMING FOR DINNER?
Food is one of the most important needs of all living things.
For an organism to live in a particular habitat, that habitat must provide adequate food or nutrients.
Plants manufacture their own food.
Nutrients= substance that help plants or animals to grow
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42. GUESS WHOS COMING FOR DINNER?
Animals must consume other animals or plants to get their food.
Animals that eat other animals are called PREDATORS of that animal.
Example; Dingo will hunt hopping mice as PREY
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43. PREY CREATURES THAT AN ANIMAL HUNTS AND EATS
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44. COMPETITORS
If two animals eat the same sort of food and they live in the same habitat, they must compete for their food.
Australia Rabbits 1830 www.abc.net.au
http://www.abc.net.au/btn/story/s2551612.htm
What do you say & think???
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45. FOOD CHAINS: The wombat and the Rabbit compete for food, shelter, living space and water.
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FOOD CHAINS
Plants and animals use energy in growing and in day-to-day activity.
Plants get most of their energy from the Sun; animals get their energy from the food they eat.
For example, grass uses the energy from the Sun to grow.
A grasshopper may eat the grass to get the energy it needs,and a kookaburra might eat several grasshoppers to get the energy it needs.
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FOOD CHAINS
When the kookaburra dies, bacteria and fungi will help to decompose its body, returning the nutrients to the soil and helping more grass to grow.
This flow of energy from organism to organism is called a FOOD CHAIN.
48. Most food chains start with the SUN, and usually end with bacteria or Fungi
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A food chain is usually shown as a simple flowchart like this:
Sun -> grass -> grasshopper -> kookaburra -> fungi
The direction of the flow of energy is shown by the arrows.
49. Producers, consumers and decomposers
The Sun gives out light energy which the plants collect using a chemical called chlorophyll.
It is the chlorophyll that gives plants their green colour.
Plants then use the energy they have trapped, along with water and carbon dioxide, to make the carbohydrateglucose.
Oxygen is also produced in this process, which is called PHOTOSYNTHESIS.
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50. Photosynthesis is often written as a chemical equation like this:
carbon dioxide + watersunlight -> glucose + oxygen
chlorophyll
Because plants can produce their own food they are called producers.
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51. PLANTS MAKE OWN FOOD
Make food from very simple substances.
These are carbon dioxide gas from the air and water from the soil.
Energy from sunlight is needed to combine these into sugars
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52. CONSUMERS:HERBIVORES
Animals are unable to make their own food and must consume (eat) plants or other animals to obtain food.
Cows that eat only plants are known as HERBIVORES.www.wallpapers-diq.com
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53. CONSUMERS: CARNIVORES
Lions that eat only other animals are called CARNIVORES.www.psychology.wikia.com
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54. WWW.masterfile.com
CONSUMERS: OMNIVORES
Those like humans that eat both plants and animals are called OMNIVORES.
If a plant or animal dies without being eaten, its body is broken down by DECOMPOSERS.
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55. CONSUMERS
DECOMPOSERS are living things such as bacteria and fungi that are able to get the energy they need as they break down dead matter.
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WWW.sheppardsoftware.com
56. DECOMPOSERS
In the food chain
Sun -> grass -> grasshopper -> kookaburra -> fungi
The grass is the producer, the grasshopper is called a first-order consumer and the kookaburra is a second-order consumer.
If we were to add a snake, which eats the grasshopper and in turn is eaten by the kookaburra, our food chain would look like this:
Sun -> grass -> grasshopper -> snake -> kookaburra -> fungi
The snake has become the second-order consumer, kookaburra is now a third-order consumer.
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57. FOOD WEB IDENTIFIES WHO EATS WHOM IN ECOSYSTEM
Joining a number of food chains together produces a food web.
Changes in food web occur as the population of different organisms increase, decrease or disappear altogether.
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58. FOOD WEBp135
Interactive Tutorial Chapter 5 Food Web
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59. QUESTIONS 5.2 p 135
Manual
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THIS IS HOW YOU KNOW..................... YOU KNOW THE CONTENT OF THEWORK..........
60. Biologists ?(scientists who study living things)
Living things
are able to move
need oxygen
need food or nutrients
produce and eliminate wastes
grow
respond to changes
reproduce
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61. ORGANISMS
Euglena (Water Otganism)
A CELL IS THE BASIC UNIT OF ORGANISMS, AND ALL ORGANISMS ARE MADE OF ONE OR MORE CELLS.(Multicellular)
Some organisms consist of only one cell(Unicellular) like Euglena (you GLEEN a)
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62. CLASSIFYING LIVING THINGS
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Taxonomists now classify living things into FIVE KINGDOMS based on their structural and functional similarities or differences.
TAXONOMISTS Scientists who classify living things into groups.
To make it easier to talk about the living things in the biosphere, taxonomists (scientists who classify living things) classify them INTO KINGDOMS.
63. Madre Nortje Year 8 Ecosystems
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NAME THE FIVE KINGDOMS OF LIFE?
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65. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FIVE KINGDOMS
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66. CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS MORE LEVELS THAN JUST THE KINGDOMS
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67. CLASSIFICATION OF HUMANS- Homo sapiens
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www.aberdeenshire.gov.uk
68. Homo Sapiens- humans
www.yapa.org.au
Does everybody in the picture fitin the human
CLASSIFICATION?
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69. A system of naming living things was developed by Carolus Linnaeus in the 1750s. In this system the scientific name of every living thing has two parts that together name.
For humans the genus name is Homo.
Humans share this name with related species such as Homo erectus and Homo neanderthalensis.
The second part of the name indicates the species to which we belong.
This is a descriptive name. Homo erectus literally means the human that stood upright.
Homo sapiens means the intelligent human.
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NAMING LIVING THINGS
70. Making a key
Objects can be grouped, or classified, using a key. In a key there are usually two options for each characteristic.
Dichotomous means divided into two parts, so such keys are called dichotomous keys.
Sometimes keys are written as a chart and sometimes they are written as words.
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71. Keys - how to use it
Watch interactive tutorial
Chapter 5 Using Keys
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Manual
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Learning is the Key to success!
73. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN A TYPICAL ANIMAL AND TYPICAL PLANT
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Plant
Animal
Feeds on ready-made organic food
Has feeding structures such as mouth and
Lacks chlorophyll
Lacks leaves
Lacks roots
Moves around
Has nerves and muscles
Has receptors such as eyes and nose
Makes its own food by photosynthesis
Lacks feeding structures
Has chlorophyll
Has leaves
Has roots
Does not move around
Lacks nerves and muscles
Lacks receptor organs
74. OBTAINING AND USING FOODCELLULAR RESPIRATION
Why do animals need to be able to move?
Animals cannot make their own food, so they need to be able to move around to find other animals or plants to eat.
Plants make their own food by photosynthesis. They do not need to move around to find the raw materials.
However, because sunlight is required, plants can only photosynthesise in the daytime.
The sugars that are formed during photosynthesis maybe stored in a plant in the form of starch.
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75. Photosynthesis occurs when sunlight isabsorbed by the green chlorophyll in plants.
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76. CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Both plants and animals need energy for their everyday lives.
The energy contained in food is released in a process called
cellular respiration.
Plants use the glucose that they make in photosynthesis for this process.
In animals the glucose comes from the food they eat, which is first broken down in their digestive systems.
We can write a summary of what happens in cellular respiration:
glucose + oxygen->energy + carbon dioxide + water
As you can see, this process needs oxygen.
During daylight plants usually have a ready supply of oxygen.
Why is this so?
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77. OXYGEN IN ANIMALS AND HUMANS
Animals have to obtain oxygen from their environment, and are adapted in different ways to do this.
An earthworm absorbs oxygen through its moist skin.
Fish have gills that absorb dissolved oxygen from the water that passes over them.
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78. WWW.landonyorkes.blogspot.com
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Human lungs allow the uptake of oxygen into the body.
The oxygen is transported in the blood to body cells
where it is used in cellular respiration.
Fish have gills to enable them to take
in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide.
79. All land-living vertebrates, including humans, have lungs.
When they inhale (breathe in) their lungs fill with air.
Oxygen is taken into the body and carbon dioxide passes from the body into the lungs.
When these animals exhale (breathe out) they excrete the carbon dioxide.
Carbon dioxide is a waste product for animals, but for plants it is the raw material of photosynthesis.
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80. LETS LOOK AT PLANTS
To classify plants, taxonomists look at their structure and how they reproduce.
Using this information they have worked out the following key.
A CLASSIFICATION key can be used to sort the plant kingdom into smaller groups with similar characteristics.
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81. PLANT KINGDOM:TWO MAIN GROUPS
TRACHEOPHYTES
BRYOPYTES
Have veins true roots, stem and leaves.
Includes flowering plants, ferns and conifers.
Called ANGIOSPERMS
Example Fruit trees, cereal crop, & vegetables
Produce fruit, flowers, and seeds.
Each part of plant has a function
No veins - Without true roots, stem or leaves.
Example Mosses.
Have structure to carry out same functions.
Mainly found in damp places.
2 to 3 cm tall.
Reproduce by spores.
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82. PLANT KINGDOM
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1.Cones of Conifer2. Fern3. Mosses
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84. Table 5.3 Parts and functions of flowering plants
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A CLOSER LOOK AT ANIMALS
Animals can be grouped on the basis of whether they are VERTEBRATES OR INVERTEBRATES.
VERTEBRATES :Animals that have an endoskeleton or backbone inside their bodies.(VERte-brates).
INVERTEBRATES: Animals with no skeletons, such as molluscs or worms, or those with a jointed external skeleton (exoskeleton) such as beetles or flies.
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Another way of grouping animals is by sensitivity to TEMPERATURE.
Birds and mammals are able to maintain constant body temperatures even when the temperature of the surroundings changes.
They are said to be ENDOTHERMIC.
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Another way of grouping animals is by sensitivity to TEMPERATURE.
Fish, reptiles and amphibians have a body temperature that is affected by their surroundings.
They are called ECTOTHERMIC.
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ANIMALKINGDOM
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Manual
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YOU ARE ALL WINNERS! THANKS FOR HARD WORK.
91. Other kingdoms: FUNGI, PROTISTAAND MONERA
KINGDOM FUNGI
Fungi range in form from the mould that grows on bread to the mushrooms we eat.
Fungi have no chlorophyll, so they cannot use light from the Sun to make their own food.
Fungi reproduce by means of spores.
Some fungi live on dead organic matter. They are decomposer organisms.
Some fungi are parasites living on plants and animals and gaining their nourishment from them.
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92. TOADSTOOLS, PUFFBALLS, TRUFFLES, YEAST, BREAD MOULD AND SKIN INFECTIONS LIKE TINEA ARE ALL TYPE S OF FUNGI.
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93. Kingdom MONERA (1)
Members of this kingdom are called monerans, and you need a powerful microscope to see them.
They are single-celled and have a simple cell structure without a distinct nucleus.
Bacteria and cyanobacteria (photosynthetic bacteria) fall into this group.
Bacteria live in many different places, many of which are wet and warm.
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94. Kingdom MONERA / BACTERIA
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95. Kingdom MONERA (2)
Some, like sulphur bacteria and cyanobacteria, can make their own food, but most rely on other organisms for food.
Decomposers break down the bodies of dead organisms. Some monerans live inside living organisms, causing diseases such as tetanus, food poisoning and cholera; others are essential for health.
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96. Kingdom PROTISTA
Have you seen seaweed at the beach? Seaweeds are examples of ALGAE.
They can make their own food. Do they have stems, roots and leaves?
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Some protists have structures that enable them to move through water.
Other protists do not contain chlorophyll.
They catch and eat food from the water around them.
They are more animal-like and are called protozoa.
Some protists have hair-like structures that help them move through the water.
Most protists are not harmful to humans, but some cause disease. These diseases tend to be more common in tropical climates.
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For example, amoebic dysentery, which causes severe pain and diarrhoea, is caused by drinking water contaminated with protists.
This is why it is important to drink only boiled or bottled water in some countries where there is not a guaranteed clean water supply.
Diseases caused by these organisms are relatively few in Australia because of good sanitation.
99. QUESTIONS 5.5 p 151Chapter Review p 152 &153
Manual
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DO YOUR BEST, TEST ING SHORTLY!
KEY TERMS
angiosperm
abiotic
adaptation
antibiotics
biotic
carnivore
chlorophyll
classification
commensalism
competitor
conifers
consumer
dichotomous
ectothermic
endoskeleton
endothermic
exoskeleton
food chain
food web
fungi
habitat
herbivore
interdependent
invertebrates
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KEY TERMS
key
kingdom
moneran
mutualism
nutrients
omnivore
organism
parasitism
photosynthesis
population
predator
prey
producer
protist
symbiosis
taxonomist
vertebrates
Copy and complete the following sentences using words from the list of key terms.
The of an organism is where it lives. There will be both and components.
web is made up of many interconnected .
The energy that moves through a food chain comes first from the .
trap this energy in a process called photosynthesis.
The are consumed by consumer organisms. Consumer organisms may be
grouped as , or depending on whether they eat
plant material only, animal material only, or some of both.
Scientists classify all living things into five kingdoms called ,
, , and .
The interdependence of organisms is called . benefits one of
the organisms without affecting the other. benefits both organisms in
the relationship. In one organism benefits and the other is harmed.
An is a vertebrate whose body temperature is influenced by the
temperature of its surroundings. An maintains a constant internal
temperature.
key ideas
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103. BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Coffey,R.Spence, R& Spenceley, M. 2009 Heinemann Queensland Science Project Science 8 A Contextual Approach. Harcourt Education. Port Melbourne Victoria

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