experimental tests
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
FRCindustrialapplications inItalyM. di PriscoDepartment of Structural EngineeringPolitecnico di Milano
![Page 2: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Why fibres in the precast industry?
fibres are a spread reinforcement and do not substitute main reinforcement!
• thickness reduction (no cover limitations)
• larger design freedom in the drawing of cross-section profile
• prevention of complex reinforcement detailing
• major industrialisation degree in the production process (no mesh handling and placing)
• better spreading, continuously adjustable
• no check ot tolerances on reinforcement position
• set-up of the mix-design to conserve a good workability
• checking of fibre dispersion
• lack of well-established design procedures
![Page 3: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
25 January 2013
3
Model Code: material and structure design
Concrete’s
Chapter §5.6 Chapter §7.7
![Page 4: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
FRC to substitute transverse reinforcement
![Page 5: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
the material: mix design of the matrix
+50 kg/m3 low-carbon steel fibers 45/30
or
50 kg/m3 high-carbon steel fibers 80/30 fcm= 75 MPa
![Page 6: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
UNI 11188: defect introduction
Compressed zone
Tensile zone
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Fibr
e co
nten
t [kg
/m3 ]
Bottom Plate 47,10 37,93 42,77 36,58 48,90 37,33 40,18 44,49Web (bottom) 42,41 29,61 51,68 51,41 42,02 53,50 43,15 40,26Web (top) 50,39 49,52 46,58 48,18 48,29 45,53 50,81 53,06
Section 1 Section 2 Section 3 Section 4 Section 5 Section 6 Section 7 Section 8
by Ferrara and Meda, 2006
![Page 7: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Bending tests on roof elementsUPN 300
HEB 160HEB 260
HEB 550
lcs,wing
lcs,slab
by di Prisco, Failla,Plizzari, 2003
![Page 9: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
COMPARISON - SECTION CLoad - Total displacement
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Total displacement [mm]
Load
[kN
]
NG-PL 80/30NG-PL 45/30NG-PL RCElastic limit
First cracks
80/3045/30
R/C
by di Prisco, Failla,Plizzari, 2003
![Page 10: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
the bridge ... of the characteristic structural length
This image cannot currently be displayed.
lcs1lcs1
w
lcs2lcs1
w
lcs
Gf
![Page 11: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Test data
tj [day]
fcm [MPa] fibre Cf
[kg/m3] MR,CEB [kNm]
MR,EC2 [kNm]
MR,sper [kNm]
Weight [kg] failure
25/07/02 69 72.05 45/30 50 614.8 (+1.9%)
567.7 (-5.9%) 603.4 6580 lb / wing
30/07/02 56 67.00 80/30 50 634.5 (+1.5%)
567.7 (-9.2%) 625.1 6500 lb / wing
06/09/02 35 74.07 - - 582.3 (+5.9%)
567.7 (+3.3%) 549.6 5780 lb / wing
0 10 20 30Curvature [1/km]
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
M[kNm]
expUNI,nRILEM (kh=1.00)RILEM (kh=0.56)no fibres
Mexp,max
longitudinal cracks
0 1 2 3[10-3]
0
2
4
6[N/mm2] RILEM
UNInwing
UNInslab
![Page 12: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Carico eccentrico
0
1500
500
1000
-500
VlasovEF sezione AEF sezione BEF sezione C
Mtrasv[Nm/m]
ascissa/larghezza0 11/2
0
4500
1500
3000
-1500
-3000
VlasovEF sezione AEF sezione BEF sezione C
Mtrasv[Nm/m]
ascissa/larghezza0 11/2
Al collasso
Verifica elastica con E.F.elastic check by FEeccentric load
at failure
![Page 13: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Longitudinal roofing elements
![Page 15: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Table 1. Material description Steel Polypropylene
Code
Rcm [MPa]
cf [kg/m3]
lf/df lf [mm]
ffu [MPa]
cf [kg/m3]
lf [mm]
ffu [MPa]
P 61.19 - - - - - - -
S-1 54.43 25+ 25
75 50
60 30
1192 1192 3 12 450
S-2 57.09 50 80 30 2300 3 12 450 S-3 61.09 50 45 30 1250 3 12 450
by Bonalumi et al., 2006
Materials investigated
![Page 17: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
0 1 2 3 4CODm (mm)
0
2
4
6
N[MPa]
CPCRDPDR
S-2
0 1 2 3 4CTODm (mm)
0
2
4
6
8
10
N[MPa]
Specimen 1Specimen 2Specimen 3
S-2
Italian Standard test Structural test
![Page 18: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
specimen 1,2,3averagee-s lawr-p law
0 1 2 3 4CODm (mm)
0
2
4
6
N[MPa] S-2
0 1 2 3 4CTODm (mm)
0
2
4
6
8
10
N[MPa]
specimen 1,2,3averagee-s lawr-p law
S-2
e-s
r-p
![Page 19: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Unnotched0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
Mexp/Mrd
Notched0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5Mexp/Mrd
elasto-softening law
rigid-plastic law
concentrated load distributed load
0 10 20 30 40(mm)
0
1
2
3
4
P (kN)
W-PW-S-1W-S-2W-S-3
Safety
S1 S2 S3S1 S2 S3
W-PW-S-1W-S-2W-S-3
0 10 20 30 40(mm)
0
1
2
3
4
P (kN)
point load distributed load
![Page 20: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
fc,28= 67 MPaHPSFRC 75/50/45-30
140°
30 mm.
2.0
mm 2.0 mm.
l / df = 480,
62
fiber content 50kg/m3
cement + fly ash = 315 + 105 [kg/m3] siliceous aggregate acrylic superplasticizer 1.7% of bindermaximum aggregate size 15 mm water/binder ratio = 0.38
Material mix design
strength class
type of fiber aspect ratio – fiber length
Fire resistance
![Page 21: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
T [°C]
t [h]
+30°C/h
-12°C/h
t=2h
Tmax
Tmax = 200, 400, 600 °C
Heating process before testing
Post thermal cycle characterization
• uniaxial compression of cubic specimens
•uniaxial tension of prismatic specimens
![Page 22: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
1 2 3
6 5 4
84
60
60
150
mm
50
LVDT
Uniaxial tension: fixed-end plate
Post thermal cycle characterization
![Page 23: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
0.0 0.1 0.2Crack width w (mm)
0.0
2.0
4.0
t(N/mm2)
200°C
400°C600°C 20°C
t
w
Post thermal cycle characterization
![Page 24: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Load
Deflection75
60
500
150 150 150
25 450 25
4-Point Bending tests• 4 materials
75/50/45-3075/50/80-3040/50/45-3040/35/45-30
•2 characterization procedures- (post thermal cycle - BC) cold specimen - at assigned temperaturehot specimens (BH)
•3 nominal identical tests
•5 reference maximum temperature (T=20, 200,400, 600, 800 °C)
Which is the difference between a hot and a post-thermal cycle characterization?
108 specimens tested
![Page 25: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
0 1 2 3 40
2
4
6T75/50/80-30
(d)
Deflection [mm]
Load[kN]
Which is the difference between a hot and a post-thermal cycle characterization?
0 1 2 3 40
2
4
6T75/50/45-30
(c)
Deflection [mm]
Load[kN]
BHCBCC
T=20°C
200
400
600800
![Page 26: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Thermal decay laws
![Page 27: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Description of the retaining structure
![Page 28: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
New design aspects
Main Concepts• to strenghten the structure “ground slope”• to use precast elements to accelerate the in-situ operations• to apply FRC materials to benefit of local thoughness• to use such construction as an environmental structurecarefully monitored to check the reliability of both the structure and the monitoring exp. techniques• to calibrate NDT, by perfectly knowing the mechanicalcharacteristics of the materials
![Page 29: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Structural design
![Page 30: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
S23030
Similarities:- cross-section- concrete mix- fibre type and content
(50 kg/m3 = 0.6%)- number (4), diameter (0.6’’)
and initial stress in the strands (1350 MPa)
Experimental programme
![Page 31: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Not Post-tensioned beams
30
30
Total: 15 beams (6 typologies) 30
30
R0
2 x
S0
3 x
Experimental programme
Post-tensioned beams
30
30
30
30
S1
3 x 3 x
30
30
P1
2 x 2 x
P2 30
30
S2
![Page 32: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Construction phases: safety operations
![Page 33: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Construction phases: drainage setting-up
![Page 34: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Construction phases: testing on plates
Ltf
LtbLfree
Lconstraint
Le
![Page 35: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Construction phases: relief, template positioning and anchor fixing
![Page 36: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Construction phases: template formwork
![Page 37: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Construction phases: ground anchor boring and grouting
![Page 38: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Construction phases: casting of bedding bottom layer
![Page 39: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Construction phases: panel handling
![Page 40: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Construction phases: anchor plate positioning
![Page 41: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Construction phases: final view
![Page 42: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
constituent quantity [kg/ m3]Cement (CEM I
52.5R) 400
Coarse aggregate A 569 (da < 12)Coarse aggregate B 403 (da < 8)
Sieved sand 676 (da < 4)Calcareous filler 96 (da < 0.1)
Steel fibres 60/0.8 50Superplasticizer/
cement ratio 2.2 %
Water/binder ratio 0.39
Material characterization: mix design
![Page 43: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Material characterization: workability suitable tests
Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Cast Slump T50
Ratio Scatter Ratio Scatter Ratio Scatter [mm] [sec]Sector [kg/m3] [%] [kg/m3] [%] [kg/m3] [%] 1 625 8.81 40.01 -20.24 60.33 -7.73 44.43 -25.3 2 618 10.62 54.48 8.61 63.36 -3.10 69.33 16.56 3 560 12.03 54.16 7.98 68.12 4.19 53.62 -9.85 4 666 5.44 47.25 -5.79 61.15 -6.48 64.66 8.71 5 580 12.65 45.34 -9.62 64.12 -1.93 57.69 -3.01 6 714 6.26 50.35 0.37 76.00 16.23 61.94 4.13 7 685 6.87 46.58 -7.13 70.63 8.02 62.41 4.93 8 686 6.28 57.56 14-76 66.95 2.39 62.87 5.69 9 658 8.19 55.71 11.06 57.82 -11.57 58.37 -1.87 10 641 10.5Mean 50.16 65.39 59.48 Mean 643 8.7
![Page 44: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
CTODm [mm]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7σΝ
[MPa] P1AR0AR0BAverage
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4CTODm [mm]
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 [MPa]
S0AS0BS0C
S1AS1BS1C
S2AS2BS2Caverage
P/2 P/2
P/2 P/2
clip gauge(CMOD)
LVDTs(CTOD)
PLAIN SFRC
Material characterization: bending strength
![Page 45: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
fIf[MPa]
fpeak[MPa]
fFt[MPa]
feq(0-0.6)[MPa]
feq(0.6-3)[MPa]
Ft1[MPa]
Ft2[MPa]� D0 D1
R0A - 3.850 3.465 - - - - - -R0B - 4.509 4.058 - - - - - -P1A - 3.716 3.344 - - - - - -
Average - 4.025 3.622 - - - - - -Variation
Coefficient [%] - 10.56 10.55 - - - - - -
S0A 3.899 6.181 3.509 5.559 2.879 2.501 0.189 1.425 0.512S0B 4.350 6.805 3.915 6.063 3.890 2.728 0.581 1.391 0.649S0C 4.736 6.644 4.263 5.600 4.014 2.520 0.747 1.187 0.732S1A 4.334 7.023 3.900 6.216 4.545 2.797 0.874 1.437 0.733S1B 4.231 4.982 3.808 4.623 2.496 2.081 0.208 1.092 0.553S1C 4.195 6.279 3.776 5.602 3.661 2.521 0.570 1.314 0.651S2A 4.575 6.526 4.118 5.825 3.672 2.621 0.526 1.263 0.638S2B 5.003 5.571 4.503 4.920 2.409 2.214 0.097 0.983 0.506S2C 4.131 5.269 3.718 4.650 2.809 2.092 0.358 1.120 0.604
Average 4.384 6.142 3.945 5.451 3.375 2.453 0.461 1.246 0.620Variation
Coefficient [%] 7.69 11.61 7.68 10.79 22.19 - - - -
Material characterization: bending strength
![Page 46: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
0 1000 2000 3000COD [m]
0
4
8
12
N [M
Pa]
Mean
0 1200 2400 3600COD [m]
0
4
8
12
N [M
Pa]
fctf = 6.09 MPa [s = 0.84]f1tf = 6.10 MPa [s = 0.77]fFtf* = 2.57 MPa [s = 0.79]
P P
l l l
L =3.5 l
h+a=
l
ah
![Page 47: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
0 1000 2000 3000COD [m]
0
4
8
12
N [M
Pa]
Mean
Mechanical properties according to UNI 11039
SFRC for panels: mechanical tests
Fibre content 50 kg/m3
df = 0.8 mmLf = 60 mm
![Page 48: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
SFRC Classification
C60–S5–12–XC4–F4–DH1–DS1UNI 11039
4a
fR1k/fLk ≈ 0,94 > 0.4fR3k/fR1k ≈ 0,70 > 0.5
MC 2010 (EN14651)
![Page 49: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
![Page 50: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Prova di flessione a quattro punti
P/2 P/2L/4 L L L L/4
Experimental tests: test set-up
![Page 51: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
L 1 L 2 L 3
L 4
L 7L 6 L 8
Vert A1 Vert A2 Vert B1 Vert C1 Vert D1 Vert E2 Vert E1
A B C D E
lato 1
Scopo: ottenere dei diagrammi
Experimental tests: test instrumental equipment
![Page 52: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
L 1 L 2 L 3
L 4
L 7L 6 L 8
Vert A1 Vert A2 Vert B1 Vert C1 Vert D1 Vert E2 Vert E1
A B C D E
lato 1
Experimental tests: test instrumental equipment
![Page 53: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Experimental tests: test instrumental equipment
Vert A1 Vert A2 Vert B1 Vert C1 Vert D1 Vert E2 Vert E1
L 7
L 9
L 1
L 3
L 5
L 6
A B C D E
lato 1
![Page 54: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Rilievo fotogrammetrico digitale
Experimental tests: reference grid
![Page 55: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
0 0.004 0.008 0.012 0.016 0.02[1/m]
0
5
10
15
20
25M [kNm]
S0AS0A sxS0BS0C
Carichi pre-esistenti (mezzeria):Momento da peso proprio: 2.46kNmMomento da ripartitore: 1.1kNm
0 4 8 12[mm]
0
10
20
30
40
50P [kN]
S0AS0BS0C
Carichi pre-esistenti (oltre al peso proprio)Carico del ripartitore: 2.2kN
0 0.04 0.08 0.12[1/m]
0
40
80
120
160
200M [kNm]
R0AR0BR0B dx
0 40 80 120[mm]
0
100
200
300
400P [kN]
R0AR0B
SFRC
R/C
Experimental tests: not post-tensioned beams
Midspan loads MG
MQ
Load device = 2.2 kN
![Page 56: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
0 30 60 90 120[mm]
0
50
100
150
200
250P [kN]
S1AS1BS1C
0 20 40 60 80 100[mm]
0
100
200
300P [kN]
P2AP2B
0 20 40 60 80 100[mm]
0
100
200
300P [kN]
S2AS2BS2C
Calcestruzzo
SFRC
P/C
0 30 60 90 120[mm]
0
50
100
150
200
250P [kN]
P1AP1B
4 strands
5 strands
Experimental tests: post-tensioned beams
![Page 57: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
0 0.004 0.008 0.012 0.016 0.02[1/m]
0
5
10
15
20
25M [kNm]
S0AS0A sxS0BS0C
Carichi pre-esistenti (mezzeria):Momento da peso proprio: 2.46kNmMomento da ripartitore: 1.1kNm
Experimental tests: not post-tensioned beams
Midspan loads MG
MQ
feq2,m = 3.375 MPas = 0.749 MPafeq2,k = feq2,k – ks = 2.124 MPafFtuk = feq2k/3 = 0.708 MPafFtd = fFtuk/f = 0.708 / 1.5 = 0.47 MPa
fFtd
Mud
Mud = fFtd · b · h2 /2 = 6.34 kNm
Mud
s ~ 2.8
![Page 58: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Experimental tests: not post-tensioned beams
fsd
Mrd
Mrd= 144.1 kN m
Mrd
s ~ 1.18
fc1
0 0.04 0.08 0.12[1/m]
0
40
80
120
160
200M [kNm]
R0AR0BR0B dx
![Page 59: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Experimental tests: post-tensioned beams
Mrd
Prd= 141.78 kN m
Prd
s ~ 1.13
fc1
0 30 60 90 120[mm]
0
50
100
150
200
250P [kN]
S1AS1BS1C
Np0
fFtd
h/2
h/2
Asse di calcolo
p0= 1350 MPa · 0.8 = 1080 MPaNp0 = 4 · 139 mm2 · 1080 MPa = 600 kNfc1 = 26.56 MPa
x1
x2
fc1 · b · x1 = Np0x1 = 75.30 mm
0.8 · fc1 · b · x2 = fFtd · b · (h-x1-x2)x2 = 4.86 mm
Mrd= 1.24 + 2.25 + 67.4 = 70.89 kNm
1m
![Page 60: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Experimental tests: post-tensioned beams
Mrd
Prd= 134.8 kN m
fc1Np0
h/2
h/2
Asse di calcolo
p0= 1350 MPa · 0.8 = 1080 MPaNp0 = 4 · 139 mm2 · 1080 MPa = 600 kNfc1 = 26.56 MPa
x1
fc1 · b · x1 = Np0x1 = 75.30 mm
Mrd= 1.24 + 2.25 + 67.4 = 67.4 kNm
1m
![Page 61: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Osservazioni
- livelli prestazionali ben distinti
- rigidezze iniziali
- duttilità
42
374
207
101
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 [mm]
0
4
8
12
16P [kN]
R0BS1CS0A
0 30 60 90 120 [mm]
0
100
200
300
400P [kN]
R0BS1CS0A
Experimental tests: comparisons
![Page 62: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
0 30 60 90 120
0
100
200
300P [kN] P2
S2
0 30 60 90 120stroke [mm]
0
100
200
300P [kN] P1
S1
Contributo a trazione
Contributo a compressione
P1B (4 strands - PC)
S1B (4 strands) SFRC)
120 kN
100 kN
Experimental tests: comparisons
![Page 63: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
• Contributo delle fibre a trazione
• Buona ripetibilità del comportamento degli elementi strutturali
No cracking of ducts!
Experimental results: observation
![Page 64: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Geometria della sezione (cls/acciaio)
Discretizzazione della sezione
(solo cls) Legame costitutivo
(cls/acciaio)
Calcolo delle caratteristiche geometriche della sezione
max
yy sup_:)sup,_,(
0:N NtleggeN )cos_,sup,_(
max i
)sup,_(: MM
Diagramma M-
Integrazione numerica
Diagramma P-
ii :
Cross section geometry
Concretediscretization
Constitutive laws
Geometrical characteristic computations
P diagram
Numerical integration
M – diagram
Test modelling: plane section approach
-0.02 -0.015 -0.01 -0.005 0 0.005
300
200
100
0lineadizeroestremisezione0.33·Pu
controllo0.33·Pu
estremisezione0.66·Pu
controllo0.66·Pu
estremisezione0.9·Pu
controllo0.9·Pu
y[mm]
tension compress.
Pu/32Pu/3
0.9Pu
![Page 65: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
σFt2=0.5feq2 - 0.2feq1
σ
wwi1 wi21.5
fctm
ε (x10-4)
σ
0.9fctm
1
Ec
fctm
σFt1=0.45feq1
w1 wc
ε
fc
13 fc
αc/3
Gc
h
αc αu
Feenstra
Sargin
σ
Test modelling: uniaxial constitutive relationships
0 0.02 0.04 0.06
0
400
800
1200
1600
2000
[MPa]
steel
Model Code 90
= 0.83
![Page 66: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025[1/m]
0
5
10
15
20
25M [kNm]
sperimentaleteorico
Carichi pre-esistenti (mezzeria):Momento da peso proprio: 2.46kNmMomento da ripartitore: 1.1kNm
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025[1/m]
0
5
10
15
20
25M [kNm]
sperimentaleteorico
Carichi pre-esistenti (mezzeria):Momento da peso proprio: 2.46kNmMomento da ripartitore: 1.1kNm
0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025[1/m]
0
5
10
15
20
25M [kNm]
sperimentaleteorico
Carichi pre-esistenti (mezzeria):Momento da peso proprio: 2.46kNmMomento da ripartitore: 1.1kNm
S0A S0CS0B
105 34 43 28
n° fibre e n° buchi nella sezione di rottura S0A
73
110 42 37 31
195 70 52
132410 146 132 334 104 119
n° fibre nella sezione di rottura S0B
111 25 35 50
41
112 40 52 20
111 38 32
111
31 46
n° fibre nella sezione di rottura S0C
104 22 40 42
119
48
95 29 37 29
324 82 123
125
exp.th
Fibre number in failed cross section Fibre number in failed cross section Fibre number in failed cross section
exp.th
exp.th
S0A S0B S0C
Test modelling: SFRC beams without long. reinforcement
![Page 67: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Test modelling: FE approach
S2C
(-21 % on fIF; -41% on feq(0-0.6); -43% on feq(0.6-3))
![Page 68: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Test modelling: FE and PS approach comparison
0 2 4 6 8m [mm]
0
10
20
30
40
50P
[kN]
S0CExp.PS NLFEA
0 20 40 60 80 100m[mm]
0
100
200
300
P [kN]
S1CExp.PS-variable strand tensionPS-constant strand tensionNLFEA-homogeneous materialNLFEA-defect
![Page 69: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Test modelling: multicracking by FE approach
0 20 40 60 80 100m[mm]
0
100
200
300
P [kN]
S1CExp.PS-variable strand tensionPS-constant strand tensionNLFEA-homogeneous materialNLFEA-defect
![Page 70: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Test modelling: multicracking by FE approach
0 20 40 60 80 100m[mm]
0
100
200
300
P [kN]
S1CExp.PS-variable strand tensionPS-constant strand tensionNLFEA-homogeneous materialNLFEA-defect
![Page 71: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Monitoring of retaining structure
Vibrating wires (CV), optic fibres (F) and loading cells positions
![Page 72: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Monitoring of retaining structureLoad vs. strand sliding
Which load duringground anchor post-tensioning?
![Page 73: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Meteo conditions
Rainfalll
Temperature
![Page 74: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
winter summer
Temperature evolution
![Page 75: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
EDL
EDR
EUL
EUR
Long term monitoring of load cells
Load cell single strand
![Page 76: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
RESEARCH FRAMEWORK
A.C.C.I.DE.N.TFunded by INTERREG
Advanced Cementitious Composites In DEsign and coNstruction of safe Tunnel
![Page 77: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Original design
Plizzari et al., 2008advantages: less space, easier construction, simpler mounting
Tunnel lining design
![Page 78: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0CMOD [mm]
Nom
inal
str
ess
[MPa
]
CM
OD
1
CM
OD
2
CM
OD
3
CM
OD
4
fR1 fR2 fR3
fR4
Type A
Type C
Type B
PANAMA tunnel
courtesy by Meda, 2012
![Page 79: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
SFRC
HPFRCC
Tunnel Segment Design : materials used and investigated
DAMPING MATERIAL
TRM
600 °C400 °C200 °C20 °C
COD [mm]9876543210
30
27.5
25
22.5
20
17.5
15
12.5
10
7.5
5
2.5
0
SFRC in uniaxial tension
HPFRCC in bending
N[Mpa]
TRMDamping in compression
![Page 80: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Tunnel Segment Design - Costs
MATERIAL UNIT COST VOLUME TOTALCONCRETE
C40/50100 € /m3 1.34 m3 134 €
STEEL REINFORCEMENT 0.9 € /kg 120 kg/ m3 145 €
279 €
MANUFACTURE 25 % - 70 €
TRADITIONAL SOLUTION
MATERIAL UNIT COST VOLUME TOTAL
HPFRCC (borders) 430 € /m3 0.29 m3 125 €
SFRC 150 € /m3 1.05 m3 158 €
TRM 3 € /m2 4.48 m2 13 €
STEEL REINFORCEMENT 0.9 € /kg 35 kg/ m3 43 €
339 €
MANUFACTURE 25 % - 70 €
INNOVATIVE SOLUTION
350 €
410 €
+ 17% TOTAL COST
- 71% steel reinforcement
= 21% of trad. material cost for manufacture
![Page 81: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Tunnel Segment Design - Structural design model
Two half rings with masonry layout
Hinged beam to represent segment
Rotational spring for longitudinal joints
Shear spring for circumferential joint
Radial and tangential springs for soil
MODEL PARAMETERS
N. of element per segment: 12
N. of element per k-segment: 4
Length of beam elements: 0.2945 m
Total N. of elements: 128
MODEL ASSUMPTIONS
Ring type: 5 + 1
External radius: 3.15 m
Segment thickness: 0.3 m
Segment width: 1.5 m
Segment length: 3.534 m
GeometryJoints
![Page 82: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Production of segments
![Page 83: Experimental tests](https://reader033.vdocuments.mx/reader033/viewer/2022042619/5866ae441a28abd7408b90f7/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION!