EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF SAND BY

M-SAND & ECO SAND AND REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT USING FLY ASH IN

CONCRETE

Sundharam R 1, Vasanth S

2, Vasantha Kumar V

3,

Assistant Professor 1, UG Student

2, 3,

Kings College of Engineering, Punalkulam. suncivil24@gmail.com, vasanth4ce@gmail.com, vasanthakumarthanjavur@gmail.com.

ABSTRACT

The high cost of conventional construction material

affects economy of structure. Eco – sand and

manufactured sand is used as partial replacement

fine aggregate in concrete and fly ash is partially

replaced for cement. Fresh concrete tests like

compaction factor test, and slump cone test were

undertaken as well as hardened concrete tests like

Compressive strength, Split Tensile strength ,

Flexural strength and Modulus of elasticity at the

age of 7, 14 and 28 days has been done for M20

grade of concrete . Test results are compared

between conventional concrete.

Key words: Manufactured sand, Eco sand, fine

and coarse aggregates, fly ash, Strength of

concrete.

I INTRODUCTION

Concrete is world’s most widely used construction

material. The utilization of concrete is increasing at

a higher rate due to development in infrastructure

and construction activities all around the

world.Sand is the one of main constituents of

concrete making which is about 35% of volume of

concrete used in construction industry . The

demand of natural sand is quite high in developing

countries to satisfy the rapid infrastructure growth,

in this situation developing country like India

facing shortage in good quality natural sand

Particularly in India, Increasing extraction of

natural sand from river beds causing many

problems, loosing water retaining sand, deepening

of the river courses and causing bank slides,

Now a day’s sand is becoming a very scarce

material, in this situation research began for

inexpensive and easily available alternative

material to natural sand.

II MATERIALS USED

1 CEMENT

The cement used was ordinary Portland cement (43

grade). Portland cement is the most common type

of cement in general usage. It is a basic ingredient

of concrete, mortar and plaster. It consists of the

mixture of oxides of calcium, silicon and

aluminium. Portland cement is made by heating

limestone with clay and grinding this product with

source of sulphate. Specific gravity of cement used

is 3.15.

2 FLY ASH

Fly ash, a waste generated by thermal power plants

is as such a big environmental concern. The

investigation fly ash in cement concrete as a partial

replacement of cement as well as an additive so as

to provide an environmentally consistent way of its

disposal and reuse

3 FINE AGGREGATE

River sand

M Sand

Eco sand

Sand used for the experimental program was

locally procured and confirmed to Indian standard

Specifications IS: 383-1970. The sand was sieved

through BIS 4.75mm sieve to remove any particles

greater than 4.75 mm and then was washed to

remove the dust. Fine aggregate was test as per IS

2386-1963. The fine aggregate belongs to grading

zone II.

Fig 1 Sieve analysis report of fine aggregate

4. MANUFACTURED SAND

The fine aggregates or sand used is usually

obtained from natural sources specially river beds

or river banks. Now-a-days due to constant sand

mining the natural sand is depleting at an alarming

rate. Sand dragging from river beds has led to

several environmental issues. Due to various

environmental issues Government has banned the

dragging of sand from rivers. This has led to a

scarcity and significant increase in the cost of

natural sand. There is an urgent need to find an

alternative to river sand. The only long term

replacement for sand is manufactured sand. The

cheapest and easiest alternative to natural sand is

manufacturing sand by crushing rocks/stones in

desired size and grade by suitable method. Sand

produced by such means is known as

manufactured/ crusher/artificial sand.

Table 1 Chemical properties of M–Sand

S.No Chemical compounds Percentage of

presence

1. FE2O3 65-75%

2. SiO2 25-35%

3. CaO 2-4.5%

4. Al2O3 5%

5. Cu Traces- 1%

6. Free moisture 1-3%

5. ECO SAND

Eco sand are very fine particles, a bi-product from

cement manufacture, which can be used to

increases efficiency in concrete. Its micro-filling

effect reduces pores in concretes and provides

better moisture resistivity and thus durability. It has

more consistent grading than many extracted

aggregates. Effective use for waste material and

thus cost effective and performs as well as naturally

occurring sand. The use of eco sand rather than

extracted or dredged natural sand will help

designers and contractors address issues of

sustainability. The present study is checking the

compressive strength, tensile strength and flexure

of concrete cube using eco sand, cement and super

plasticizer. While the durability characteristics

were investigated in terms of alkalinity and water

absorption. The eco sand has various advantages

such as energy efficient, fire resistant, reduction of

dead load, environmentally friendly, durable, light

weight, low maintenance low construction cost.

Table 2 Chemical Composition of Eco- Sand

S.No Chemicals

Amount (%)

1

Silica (SiO2) 68.1

2

Alumina (Al2O3) 10.7

3

Potassium (K2O) 4.3

4

Calcium (CaO) 2.2

5

Iron (Fe2O3) 1.7

6

Sodium (Na2O) 0.6

7

Magnesium (MgO) 0.5

8

Loss on Ignition

(H2O)

11.5

6. COARSE AGGREGATE

Crushed granite of size 20mm is used as a

coarse aggregate. The coarse aggregate is having

dust particles and so it could be cleaned well by

washing and removing the dust particles. The sieve

analysis of fine and coarse aggregates is confirmed

to IS10262.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

IS 4

.75m

m

IS 2

.36m

m

IS 1

.18m

m

IS 6

00m

ic.

IS 3

00m

ic.

IS 1

50m

ic.

Perc

en

tag

e o

f p

ass

ing

River sand

M sand

7. WATER

Ordinary potable tap water available in laboratory

was used for mixing and curing of concrete.

III MIX DESIGN AND MIX PROPORTION

The concrete mix design was proposed by

using Indian Standard for control concrete.

The grade was M20.

Hand mixing and weight batching is used.

The mix proportion of concrete was arrived using

IS 10262-2009.

Cement : Fine aggregate : Coarse aggregate

1.0 : 1.50 : 3.00

The w/c ratio could be assumed as 0.50.

In this mix design, replacements of 10%, 15% and

20% for natural and coarse aggregates are by M

sand and Eco sand are made in concrete.

Table 3 Mix proportion of concrete

MOULDING

Cube size - 150X150X150mm –

Specimens are casted for each mix to

determine the compressive strength.

Cylinder size - 150mm diameter and

300mm height – Specimens are casted for

each mix to determine the split tension

strength.

IV MATERIAL TESTING

The materials used in concrete are tested for

knowing their properties.

Impact Test

Water Absorption Test

1. Impact test

Table 4 Impact test on Coarse aggregate

S.NO DETAILS OF

SAMPLES

COARSE

AGGREGATE

1.

Total weight of

aggregate sample

filling the cylinder

measure = w1 gm

700

2.

Weight of aggregate

passing 20 mm sieve

after the test = w2 gm

195

3. Aggregate impact

value = (w2/w1) x 100 27.86%

2. Water absorption Test

Table 5 Water Absorption Test on Coarse aggregate

S.NO DETAILS OF

SAMPLES

COARSE

AGGREGATE

1. Wet weight w1 gm 1000

2. Dry weight w2 gm 981

3. Water absorption value 1.9%

V TESTING ON FRESH CONCRETE

SLUMP CONE TEST

Workability is the property of freshly mixed

concrete that determines the ease with which it can

be properly mixed, placed, consolidated and

finished without segregation. The workability of

fresh concrete was measured by means of the

conventional slump test as per IS 1199:1989.

Before the fresh concrete was cast into moulds, the

slump value of the fresh concrete was measured

using slump cone.

MATERIALS MIX

1(%) MIX 2(%)

CEMENT +FLY ASH 90+10 90+10

NATURAL SAND 90 80

M SAND 10 20

ECO SAND 10h 20178

Table 6 Slump value for various mix proportion

of M-sand

% Slump (mm)

0 85

10 83

20 77

Table 7 Slump value for various mix proportion

of Eco sand

% Slump (mm)

0 85

10 78

20 60

VI TESTS ON HARDENED CONCRETE

1. COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

For cube specimens testing of concrete, 150mm x

150mm x 150mm size cubes were used. All the

cubes were tested in saturated condition, after

wiping out the surface moisture. The cubes were

tested by using Universal testing machine of

400KN capacity at the age of 7, 14 and 28 days of

curing

Fig 2 Compressive strength

Table 8 Compressive strength for various mixes

of M sand

CURING

DAYS

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH IN

N/mm2 for various mix

0% 10% 20%

7 DAYS 13.95 16.71 19.16

14 DAYS 15.02 23.33 24.14

28 DAYS 24.38 28.51 31.16

Table 9 Compressive strength for various mixes

of Eco sand

CURING

DAYS

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH IN

N/mm2 for various mix

0% 10% 20%

7 DAYS 13.95 14.47 15.09

14 DAYS 15.02 17.40 18.63

28 DAYS 24.38 26.91 27.27

2. SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH

For split tensile strength of concrete, 150mm dia.

and 300mm height cylinders were used. The split

tensile strength on cylinder was conducted on a

Universal testing machine of capacity 400 KN. The

method covers the determination of the splitting

tensile strength of cylindrical concrete specimens.

This method consists of applying a diametric

compressive force along the length of a cylindrical

specimen. This loading includes tensile stresses on

the plane containing the applied load. Tensile

failure occurs rather than compressive failure.

Fig 2 Split Tensile Strength

Table 10 Tensile strength for various mixes of

M Sand

CURING

DAYS

TENSILE STRENGTH in N/mm2

0% 10% 20%

28 DAYS 2.76 3.16 3.39

Table 11 Tensile strength for various mixes of

Eco sand

CURING

DAYS

TENSILE STRENGTH in N/mm2

0% 10% 20%

28 DAYS 2.76 2.81 2.94

VII CONCLUSION

In this experiment investigation of partial

replacement of sand by m- sand &eco –sand and

replacement of cement using fly ash in concrete,

the concrete was prepared under various mix

combinations of materials. The compressive and

tensile strength were found. This experiment is

mainly for giving economic as well as eco-friendly

concrete.

1. In replacement of natural sand by M sand, the

compressive strength of concrete for 20%

replacement is 21.76% increased when

compared to the conventional concrete and the

replacement of natural sand by Eco sand, the

compressive strength of concrete for 20%

replacement is 10.60 % increased when

compared to the conventional concrete.

2. In replacement of natural sand by M sand,

the split tensile strength of concrete for

20% replacement is 18.58% increased

when compared to the conventional

concrete and the replacement of natural

sand by Eco sand, the split tensile strength

of concrete for 20% replacement is 6.12%

increased when compared to the

conventional concrete.

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