experiment 6. adsorption official power point
TRANSCRIPT
Experiment 6. Adsorption
Renon, Mike Angel T.
Tan, Elaine D.
The Phenomenon Called Adsorption The attachment of a substance to the surface
of a solid or a liquid.
Has two components: Adsorbent: the solid or liquid Adsorbate: the substance attached to the surface
Four Factors Affect Adsorption(Gas Adsorbed in a Solid) natures of the adsorbent and the gas being
adsorbed area of the adsorbent temperature of the gas pressure of the gas
Adsorption Has Two Types
Physisorption Chemical Adsorption
Adsorption Isotherms
describe the relation between the amount of substance adsorbed by an adsorbent and the equilibrium pressure or concentration at constant temperature
The 2 Common Adsorption Isotherms Freundlich Isotherm (1909)
empirical Langmuir Isotherm (1916)
theoretical
Objectives(Acetic Acid Adsorbed in Charcoal) To determine the saturation value for
monomolecular coverage for the adsorption of acetic acid by activated charcoal
To determine the values of the constants k and n in the Freundlich equation
To determine the values of constants a and b in the Langmuir’s equation
Methodology
Prepare 100 mL solutions of the ff. concentrations from 17 M acetic acid
using serial dilution: 1.0 M, 0.50 M, 0.25 M, 0.125 M, 0.0625 M
Measure 50 mL 1.0 M solution into 125-mL Erlenmeyer flask (A)
Add 1.0 g accurately weighed activated charcoal, shake the mixture and allow to equilibrate for one hour (B)
Agitate the mixture from time to time during the equilibration process (C)
While equilibration is taking place, titrate 5.0 mL original solution with 0.1 M NaOH to the phenolphthalein end point (D)
Calculate the original concentration of the solution from the titration data (E)
After equilibration, filter off the activated carbon
titrate 5.0 mL of the filtrate with 0.1 M NaOH to the phenolphthalein end point
Repeat A-E
For the titration of 0.25 M-0.0625 M analyte, use 10 mL
Calculate equilibrium concentration (C2) and the specific adsorption (y) for each concentration
Plot y versus C2 and determine the saturation value for monomolecular coverage
Plot ln y versus ln C2 and determine the values of K and n for Freundlich’s equation
Plot 1/y versus 1/C2 and determine the values of a and b for Langmuir’s equation
Results
Does the adsorption of acetic acid on activated charcoal obey the Freundlich equation? Support your answer. Yes it somehow obeys the Freundlich equation since the r value is close to 1.
Does the adsorption of acetic acid on activated charcoal obey the Langmuir equation? Support your answer. Yes it obeys the Langmuir equation since the r value is close to 1.
Which equation better describes the adsorption of acetic acid on charcoal? Explain your answer. The adsorption of acetic acid on activated charcoal is best explained by the Langmuir equation since the r value for Langmuir is closer to 1 than that of the r value from the Freundlich equation.
What gives rise to adsorption? Solids:
The intermolecular forces between the repeating units that make up the lattice are saturated
At the surface, these intermolecular forces are unsaturated
Consequently, any available molecule or ion is adsorbed to the surface.
The Two Components of Adsorption Adsorbent: solid phase Adsorbate:
system of the molecules that are adsorbed on the adsorbate
can be either a gas molecule or a solute molecule or ion
Adsorption is Different from Absorption Adsorption: surface accumulation Absorption: diffusion into the liquid or solid
The term “sorption” encompasses both processes.
The Case of Bonding Requirements solid :
bulk material bonding requirements of the atoms of the materials are
filled form of ionic, covalent or metallic bonds
Surface: bond deficiency is experienced
Thus, energetically favourable bonding with whichever available species is made possible.
Bonding Requirements and The Two Types of Adsorption Physisorption Chemisorption
Physisorption
Van der Waals adsorption adsorbate adheres to the
surface only through weak intermolecular interactions
Examples: Acetic Acid Adsorbed on
Charcoal The ability of geckos
(Uroplatus fibriatus) to climb walls
Chemisorption
molecule adheres to a surface and consequently forms a chemical bond
high activation energy monolayer form Examples:
Corrosion Metallic Oxidation
Activated Charcoal and Its Role on Adsorption Large surface area High surface area to mass ratio Highly porous
The Freundlich Isotherm
-Empirical basis
Where:
Y: specific adsorption (mg/g)
c: concentration (mol/L)
k and n: experimentally determined constants
In the experiment, we are to find k and n.
We need Y. Y (mg of adsorbate/ g of adsorbate)
We determine, from titration, the amount of acetic acid not adsorbed by charcoal.
The Freundlich Isotherm: A Derivation
At low pressure,
At high pressure,
Note that:
x: mass of adsorbate (mg)
m: mass of adsorbent (g)
x/m = Y = specific adsorption (mg/g)
At an intermediate value of pressure,
By using a constant of proportionality, k,
Note that n > 1.
By taking the logarithm of both sides, we obtain:
Upon plotting, we get:
The Limitations of The Freundlich Equation Fails at high pressures.
Current studies show that the Freundlich Isotherm can be derived from Kinetics
Langmuir Equation Relates the coverage or adsorption of molecules on a
solid surface to gas pressure or concentration of a medium above the solid surface at a fixed temperature.
b signifies the adsorption capacity/amount adsorbed per gram adsorbent while a is the Langmuir constant related to the adsorption energy/net enthalpy of adsorption.
The greater the a, the greater the affinity of the adsorbent with the adsorbate
The greater the b, the greater the number of available binding sites there are.
Assumptions of the Langmuir equationa) that the surface of the adsorbent is uniform
b) that the adsorbed molecules do not interact
c) that all adsorption occurs through the same mechanism
d) that at the maximum adsorption, only a monolayer is formed
Derivation of the Langmuir Isotherm: From Thermodynamics
S: the vacant surface sitesA: the gas phase moleculesSA: being the occupied surface sites, assuming there are a fixed number of surface sites present on the surface.
0 < θ < 1.
[SA] is proportional to the surface coverage of adsorbed molecules, or
proportional to θ
[S] is proportional to the number of vacant sites, or 1- θ
[A] is proportional to the pressure of gas, P.
Derivation of the Langmuir Isotherm: From Kinetics
The rate of adsorption will be proportional to the pressure of the gas and thenumber of vacant sites for adsorption. If the total number of sites on the surface isN,
The rate of change of the coverage due to the adsorbate leaving the surface(desorption) is proportional to the number of adsorbed species:
Ka and Kd are the rate constants for adsorption and desorption respectively, and P
is the pressure of the adsorbate gas. At equilibrium, the coverage is independent oftime and thus the adsorption and desorption rates are equal.
Conclusion
The saturation value for the monomolecular coverage for the adsorption of acetic acid on activated charcoal is 584 mg/g.
The Langmuir isotherm better describes the adsorption process because the Pearson coefficient is closer to 1.
Thank you!