exotic mosquito surveillance program around major ports dr satya yadav regional vector coordinator,...
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Exotic Mosquito Surveillance Program around Major Ports
Dr Satya YadavRegional Vector Coordinator, Dept. of Agriculture and Water Resources
Historical Prospective• The 1996 Prof. Nairn Review into Australia’s
quarantine standard highlighted the ad hoc vector
monitoring(VM) that was being conducted by AQIS.
• Vector Monitoring Working Group (VMWQ) was
created for nationally consistent VM practices.
• Prof R. Russell Report 1998 (ext) and S. Russell
Report 2004 (int) which included Defence sites
Objective
• To monitor and control the mosquito
population in the 400m radius of each
port, thereby preventing importation
and exportation of mosquitoes with
disease vector capability.
International Obligations
World Health Organisation (WHO) and their
International Health Regulations (IHR)
WHO IHR Annex - 5• A 400m radius around ports is to be kept free
from mosquitoes capable of hosting human
disease• Goals are to detect, reduce or eliminate sources
from which infections may spread; improve
sanitation; prevent dissemination of vectors
Diseases and the Health PerspectiveA resurgence of infectious diseases has arisen due to many
factors including:
- long-distance trade
- greater human travel
- environmental challenges like climate change
- unplanned urbanisation
- inappropriate use of pesticides
- human settlement near wetlands and forests
- social and political disruption
Mosquito Vector
Mozzies are responsible for more than one million
deaths each year worldwide – that’s more than
one hundred times the deaths caused by sharks,
crocodiles and box jellyfish combined.
Mosquitoes are best known for carrying malaria, a
‘vector-borne’ disease that around 3.4 billion
people – or half of the world’s population – are at
risk of contracting.
Mosquito-Borne DiseasesDiseases of Import Concern:• West Nile virus • Dengue Fever• Chikengunya• Japanese Encephalitis• Malaria• Filariasis
Diseases of Export Concern:• Australian Encephalitis (MVE and Kunijn)• Ross River• Barmah Forest Viruses and Yellow Fever
First Port Vector Monitoring ProgramThe “Russell Report”
• In 1998 Prof. Richard Russell (medical
entomologist) visited first ports at the
request of the AQIS Vector Monitoring
Working Group.
• Prof. Russell reviewed AQIS VM procedures,
assigned risk profiles for each port and
provided recommendations for vector
monitoring.
Vulnerability & Receptivity
Risk categories were based upon port:
Vulnerability: of the port for mosquito incursions (i.e. types of vessels arriving, their ports of origin and types of cargo) and;
Receptivity: of the port for establishment of exotic species of concern (i.e. presence of suitable mosquito habitats and favourable environmental conditions)
The Risk Categories
Category RiskVulnerabilit
yReceptivity
1 Very High High High
2 High Moderate High
3 Moderate Moderate Moderate
4 Low Moderate Low
5 Very Low Low Low
Seaports RiskRussell report found that overall:
• Seaports have a much greater vulnerability and receptivity than airports
• Ships carrying receptacles capable of holding water coming from Asia constitute the highest vulnerability risk
• Australian Ports with drums, tyres, machinery etc on or near wharves constitute the highest receptivity
Airport Mosquito Control
Disinsection Program
• All first porting aircraft must have either– disinsection agreement and/or be manually disinsected when landing in Australia
• Provides security against mosquitoes being imported and exported by aircraft
• Covers cabin and hold• Molecular assays are done to audit
aircraft
NSW Vector MonitoringIn total at 11 Locations
Sydney Airport
Phillip Moffatt
Sydney SeaportHaydn
Monroe
Newcastle Port
Beau Parker
Canberra AirportCarsten Tietgte
Port Kembla
Iain Davidson
Lord Howe Island
Ian Fitzgerald
David Kelly
Coffs Harbour
M Johnstone
Beau Parker
Eden -Twofold
BayIain
Davidson
HMAS AlbatrossJan Forbes
RAAF Williamtow
nKylie
Watson
RAAF Richmond
David Nakken
NSW Vector
Monitoring Satya YadavRoss
Rickard
Trapping Techniques
Why we do trapping?• Trapping is a backup defense against
importations of exotic mosquitoes
Types of traps AQIS use:-
1. Adult Traps – Light (light+CO2) and BG Traps
2. Larval Traps – Sentinel Tyres
3. Egg Traps - Ovitraps
Light Trapping
• CO2 released into the
breeze • Diode emits light and
heat• Fan sucks in the
mosquitoes• Held in storage
container
The BG-Sentinel: Biogents' mosquito trap
• the BG-Sentinel is an excellent surveillance tool for mosquitoes in general.
•mimics convection currents created by a human body.
•employs attractive visual cues
•releases artificial skin emanations through a large surface area.
•can be used with or without CO2
Importance of Light Trapping
Why?• Indicates port receptivity• Records local species• May identify incursion
When?Dependant on risk category:
• Risk Cat. 1& 2 – 2 to 4 sites weekly• Risk Cat. 3, 4 & 5 – when required
Sentinel Tyre Traps
Why?
Good traps for container breeders• Dark, sheltered interior, rapid aging of water
When?
Dependant on risk category:• Risk Cat. 1– 6 sites weekly• Risk Cat. 2 & 3 – 4 sites weekly• Risk Cat. 4 & 5 - 4 sites weekly (>10°C)
Sentinel Tyre Traps
• Tyres are favorite
breeding places for
container breeders• Tyres - <500mm dia.,
cloth ply, thin walled• 50mm hole in wall• Attractive but risky to
maintain
Ovi-traps
Why?
They allow rapid reporting of an
incursion of container breeding
species, particularly Ae. aegypti and
Ae. albopictus
When?
Dependant on risk category
January 2007 PowerPoint Template 24
Pathways• Air
-Aircraft Disinsection-Treated residually every 8 weeks or TOD-Random auditing of aircrafts by molecular assays
PathwaysSea
Higher level of trapping and
monitoring due to higher risk
(more receptive & vulnerable)
Surveillance Strategy for Vectors at First Ports
Requirements of Vector Program:
– Surveillance: the detection, reduction or
elimination of sources from which infection may
spread– Remediation: maintenance of sanitation in
and around the port
Ground Surveillance
Why?Ensures port sanitation
• Recommend remediation activities• Confirms highest risk sites are being
monitored
When?Dependant on risk category:
• Risk Cat. 1 & 2 – Monthly (wet season) (November to April)
• Risk Cat. 3 to 5 – Twice Yearly (November and March)
Target Mosquito Species
Exotic target species are:
•Aedes aegypti (where it does not naturally occur)
•Aedes albopictus
•Exotic Anopheles spp.
•Other exotic species
Target species for export prevention are:
•Aedes aegypti (endemic in North Queensland)
•Aedes camptorhynchus
•Aedes vigilax
•Anopheles annulipes
•Anopheles farauti
•Culex annulirostris
T
Exotic detections at the boarder since the start of 2014
Airport Detections =40
Seaport Detections =03
Cargo/Surveillance Detections =04
Prior to last year average exotic detections per year were =5-6 Prior to last year average exotic detections per year were =5-6