exercises and problems

EXERCISES AND PROBLEMS

85.The Zygon Corporation was recently formed to produce a semiconductor chip that forms an essential part of the personal computer manufactured by a major corporation. The direct materials are added at the start of the production process while conversion costs are added uniformly throughout the production process. June is Zygon's first month of operations, and therefore, there was no beginning inventory. Direct materials cost for the month totaled $895,000, while conversion costs equaled $4,225,000. Accounting records indicate that 475,000 chips were started in June and 425,000 chips were completed.

Ending inventory was 50% complete as to conversion costs.

Required:a.What is the total manufacturing cost per chip for June?b.Allocate the total costs between the completed chips and the chips in ending inventory.

Answer:a.Direct MaterialsConversion CostsTotal

Cost to account for$895,000$4,225,000$5,120,000

Divided by equiv units475,000450,000

Cost per equivalent units$1.88$9.39$11.27

Equivalent unit for conversion costs = 425,000 completed + (50,000 x 0.5 completed) = 425,000 + 25,000 = 450,000

b.Completed units = $11.27 x 425,000 = $4,789,750

Ending work in process = Direct materials = 50,000 x $1.88 = $ 94,000Conversion costs = 25,000 x $9.39 = 234,750Total$328,750

Difficulty:2Objective:2Terms to Learn:process-costing system, equivalent units

86.Cedar Rapids Chemical placed 220,000 liters of direct materials into the mixing process. At the end of the month, 10,000 liters were still in process, 30% converted as to labor and factory overhead. All direct materials are placed in mixing at the beginning of the process and conversion costs occur evenly during the process. Cedar Rapids Chemical uses weighted-average costing.

Required:a.Determine the equivalent units in process for direct materials and conversion costs, assuming there was no beginning inventory.

b.Determine the equivalent units in process for direct materials and conversion costs, assuming that 12,000 liters of chemicals were 40% complete prior to the addition of the 220,000 liters.

Answer:a.Direct materials:Beginning inventory0 liters

Units started220,000 liters

Equivalent units220,000 liters

Conversion costs:Beginning inventory0 liters

Units started220,000 liters

To account for220,000 liters

Units transferred out210,000 liters

Ending inventory10,000 liters

Units transferred out210,000 liters

Ending inventory, 30% complete3,000 liters


b.Direct materials:Completed and transferred out (210,000 + 12,000)222,000 liters



Conversion costs:Completed and transferred out222,000 liters



Difficulty:2Objective:5Terms to Learn:weighted-average process-costing method, equivalent units

87.Jordana Woolens is a manufacturer of wool cloth. The information for March is as follows:

Beginning work in process10,000 units

Units started20,000 units

Units completed25,000 units

Beginning work-in-process direct materials$ 6,000

Beginning work-in-process conversion$ 2,600

Direct materials added during month$30,000

Direct manufacturing labor during month$12,000

Factory overhead$ 5,000

Beginning work in process was half converted as to labor and overhead. Direct materials are added at the beginning of the process. All conversion costs are incurred evenly throughout the process. Ending work in process was 60% complete.

Required:Prepare a production cost worksheet using the weighted-average method. Include any necessary supporting schedules.

Answer:PRODUCTION COST WORKSHEET

Flow of productionPhysical UnitsDirect MaterialsConversion

Work in process, beginning10,000

Started during period20,000

To account for30,000

Units completed25,00025,00025,000

Work in process, ending5,0005,0003,000

Accounted for30,00030,00028,000

CostsTotalsDirect MaterialsConversion

Work in process, beginning$ 8,600$ 6,000$ 2,600

Costs added during period47,00030,00017,000

Total costs to account for$55,600$36,000$19,600

Divided by equivalent units30,00028,000

Equivalent unit costs$ 1.90$ 1.20$ 0.70

87.(continued)

Assignment of costs

Costs transferred out (25,000 x $1.90)$47,500

Work in process, ending

Direct materials (5,000 x $1.20)6,000

Conversion (5,000 x $0.70 x 0.60)2,100

Costs accounted for$55,600


88.Four Seasons Company makes snow blowers. Materials are added at the beginning of the process and conversion costs are uniformly incurred. At the beginning of September, work in process is 40% complete and at the end of the month it is 60% complete. Other data for the month include:

Beginning work-in-process inventory1,600 units

Units started2,000 units

Units placed in finished goods3,200 units

Conversion costs$200,000

Cost of direct materials$260,000

Beginning work-in-process costs:

Materials$154,000

Conversion$ 82,080

Required:a.Prepare a production cost worksheet with supporting schedules using the weighted-average method of process costing.b.Prepare journal entries to record transferring of materials to processing and from processing to finished goods.

Answer:a.PRODUCTION COST WORKSHEET

Flow of ProductionPhysical UnitsDirectMaterialsConversion



To account for3,600

Units completed3,2003,2003,200

Work in process, ending400400240

Accounted for3,6003,6003,440


Work in process, beginning$236,080$154,000$ 82,080




Equivalent-unit costs$197$ 115$ 82

Assignment of costs

Completed units (3,200 x $197)$630,400


Direct materials (400 x $115)$46,000

Conversion (400 x $82 x 0.60)19,680 65,680


b.

Work in Process260,000

Materials Inventory260,000

Finished Goods630,400

Work in Process630,400

Difficulty:3Objective:4, 5Terms to Learn:weighted-average process-costing method, equivalent units

89.Surf Products Company uses an automated process to clean and polish its souvenir items. For March, the company had the following activities:

Beginning work in process inventory3,000 items, 1/3 complete

Units placed in production12,000 units

Units completed9,000 units

Ending work in process inventory6,000 items, 1/2 complete

Cost of beginning work in process$2,500

Direct material costs, current$9,000

Conversion costs, current$7,700

Direct materials are placed into production at the beginning of the process and conversion costs are incurred evenly throughout the process. Required:Prepare a production cost worksheet using the FIFO method.Answer:PRODUCTION COST WORKSHEET

Flow of productionPhysical UnitsDirect MaterialsConversion




Units Completed:

Work in process, beginning3,0002,000

Started and completed6,0006,0006,000


15,00012,00011,000


Work in process, beginning$ 2,500

Costs added during period16,700$ 9,000$ 7,700

Total costs to account for$19,200$ 9,000$ 7,700


Equivalent-unit costs$1.45$ 0.75$ 0.70

89.(continued)

Assignment of costs


Completion of beginning (2,000 x $0.70)1,400

Total beginning inventory3,900

Started and Completed (6,000 x $1.45)8,700

Total costs transferred out$12,600


Direct materials (6,000 x $0.75)$4,500

Conversion (6,000 x $0.70 x 0.50)2,1006,600


Difficulty:3Objective:6Terms to Learn:first-in, first-out (FIFO) process-costing method, equivalent units

90.The Laramie Factory produces expensive boots. It has two departments that process all the items. During January, the beginning work in process in the tanning department was 40% complete as to conversion and 100% complete as to direct materials. The beginning inventory included $6,000 for materials and $18,000 for conversion costs. Ending work-in-process inventory in the tanning department was 40% complete. Direct materials are added at the beginning of the process.

Beginning work in process in the finishing department was 60% complete as to conversion. Beginning inventories included $7,000 for transferred-in costs and $10,000 for conversion costs. Ending inventory was 30% complete.

Additional information about the two departments follows:

TanningFinishing

Beginning work-in-process units5,0004,000

Units started this period14,000?

Units transferred this period16,00018,000

Ending work-in-process units?2,000

Material costs added$18,000?

Conversion costs32,000$19,000

Transferred-out cost50,000?

Required:Prepare a production cost worksheet using weighted-average costing for the finishing department.

Answer:Production Cost WorksheetFinishing DepartmentWeighted-Average Method

Flow of productionPhysical UnitsConversionTrans-In


Transferred in during period16,000


Units transferred out18,00018,00018,000

Work in process, ending2,0006002,000

Accounted for20,00018,60020,000

CostsTotalsConversionTrans-in





Equivalent-unit costs$ 4.41$ 1.56$ 2.85

Assignment of costs

Transferred out (18,000 x $4.41)$79,380


Transferred-in costs (2,000 x $2.85)$5,700

Conversion (600 x $1.56)9366,636



91.Lexington Company produces baseball bats and cricket paddles. It has two departments that process all products. During July, the beginning work in process in the cutting department was half completed as to conversion, and complete as to direct materials. The beginning inventory included $40,000 for materials and $60,000 for conversion costs. Ending work-in-process inventory in the cutting department was 40% complete. Direct materials are added at the beginning of the process.Beginning work in process in the finishing department was 80% complete as to conversion. Direct materials for finishing the units are added near the end of the process. Beginning inventories included $24,000 for transferred-in costs and $28,000 for conversion costs. Ending inventory was 30% complete. Additional information about the two departments follows:

CuttingFinishing


Units started this period60,000

Units transferred this period64,00068,000

Ending work-in-process units20,000

Material costs added$48,000$34,000

Conversion costs28,00068,500

Transferred-out cost128,000

Required:Prepare a production cost worksheet, using FIFO for the finishing department.

Answer:Production Cost WorksheetFinishing DepartmentFIFO Method

Flow of ProductionPhysical UnitsDirect MaterialsConversionTrans-In




Good units completed

Beginning work in process24,00024,0004,800

Started and completed44,00044,00044,00044,000

Ending work in process20,00006,00020,000

Accounted for88,00068,00054,80064,000

91. (continued)CostsTotalsDMaterialsConversionTrans-In

WIP, beginning$ 52,000

Costs added during period230,500$34,000$68,500$128,000

Total costs to account for$282,500$34,000$68,500$128,000

Divided by equivalent units68,00054,80064,000

Equivalent-unit costs$ 3.75$ 0.50$ 1.25$ 2.00

Assignment of costs


Completion of beginning:

Direct Materials (24,000 x $0.50)$12,000

Conversion (4,800 x $1.25)6,00018,000

Total Beginning Inventory70,000


Total costs transferred out235,000

Work in process ending:

Transferred-in (20,000 x $2.00)$40,000

Conversion (20,000 x $1.25 x 0.30)7,50047,500


Difficulty:3Objective:8Terms to Learn:first-in, first-out (FIFO) process-costing method, equivalent units

92.General Fabricators assembles its product in several departments. It has two departments that process all units. During October, the beginning work in process in the cutting department was half completed as to conversion, and complete as to direct materials. The beginning inventory included $12,000 for materials and $3,000 for conversion costs. Ending work-in-process inventory in the cutting department was 40% complete. Direct materials are added at the beginning of the process.

Beginning work in process in the finishing department was 75% complete as to conversion. Direct materials are added at the end of the process. Beginning inventories included $16,000 for transferred-in costs and $20,000 for conversion costs. Ending inventory was 25% complete. Additional information about the two departments follows:

CuttingFinishing


Units started this period40,00050,000

Units transferred this period50,000

Ending work-in-process units10,00020,000

Material costs added$48,000$28,000

Direct manufacturing labor$16,000$40,000

Other conversion costs$ 8,000$24,000

Required: Prepare a production cost worksheet using weighted-average for the cutting department and FIFO for the finishing department.

Answer:Production Cost WorksheetCutting DepartmentWeighted-Average Method

Flow of ProductionPhysical UnitsDirect MaterialsConversion




Units transferred out50,00050,00050,000


Accounted for60,00060,00054,000




Total costs to account for87,00060,00027,000


Equivalent-unit costs$ 1.50$ 1.00$ 0.50

Assignment of costs

Transferred out (50,000 x $1.50)$75,000


Direct materials (10,000 x $1.00)$10,000

Conversion (10,000 x 0.40 x $0.50)2,00012,000


92.(continued)

Production Cost WorksheetFinishing DepartmentFIFO Method

Flow of ProductionPhysical UnitsDirectMaterialsConversionTrans-In


Started During Period50,000


Good Units Completed:

Beginning Work in process20,00020,0005,000

Started and Completed30,00030,00030,00030,000

Ending work in process20,00005,00020,000

Accounted for70,00050,00040,00050,000

CostsTotalsDirectMaterialsConversionTrans-In


Costs added during period167,000$28,000$64,000$75,000

Total Costs to account for$203,000$28,000$64,000$75,000

Divided by equivalent units50,00040,00050,000

Equivalent-unit costs$ 3.66$ 0.56$ 1.60$ 1.50

Assignment of costs


Completion of beginning:

Direct Materials (20,000 x $0.56)$11,200

Conversion (20,000 x 0.25 x $1.60)8,00019,200

Total Beginning Inventory55,200


Total costs transferred out165,000

Work in process ending

Transferred-in (20,000 x $1.50)$30,000

Conversion (20,000 x $1.60 x 0.25)8,00038,000


Difficulty:3Objectives:5-8Terms to Learn:first-in, first-out (FIFO) process-costing method, equivalent units


138. The president of the company, Gregory Peters, has come to you for help. Use the following data to prepare a flexible budget for possible sales/production levels of 10,000, 11,000, and 12,000 units. Show the contribution margin at each activity level.

Sales price$24 per unitVariable costs: Manufacturing$12 per unit Administrative$ 3 per unit Selling$ 1 per unitFixed costs: Manufacturing $60,000 Administrative$20,000

Answer:Flexible Budget for Various Levelsof Sales/Production Activity

Units10,00011,00012,000

Sales$240,000$264,000$288,000

Variable costs: Manufacturing120,000132,000144,000 Administrative30,00033,00036,000 Selling10,00011,00012,000

Total variable costs160,000176,000192,000

Contribution margin80,00088,00096,000

Fixed costs: Manufacturing60,00060,00060,000 Administrative20,00020,00020,000

Operating income/(loss)$ -0-$ 8,000$ 16,000

Difficulty:2Objective:2Terms to Learn:flexible budget

139.Strauss Table Company manufactures tables for schools. The 20X5 operating budget is based on sales of 20,000 units at $100 per table. Operating income is anticipated to be $120,000. Budgeted variable costs are $64 per unit, while fixed costs total $600,000.

Actual income for 20X5 was a surprising $354,000 on actual sales of 21,000 units at $104 each. Actual variable costs were $60 per unit and fixed costs totaled $570,000.

Required:Prepare a variance analysis report with both flexible-budget and sales-volume variances.

Answer:Strauss Table CompanyVariance Analysis

ActualFlexibleFlexibleSales-VolumeStaticResultsVariancesBudgetVariancesBudget

Units sold21,00021,00020,000

Sales$2,184,000$84,000F$2,100,000$100,000F$2,000,000Variable costs1,260,00084,000F1,344,00064,000U1,280,000

Contribution margin$924,000$168,000F$756,000$36,000F$720,000Fixed costs570,00030,000F600,000 0 600,000

Operating income$354,000$198,000F$156,000$36,000F$120,000

Total flexible-budget variance = $198,000 favorable.

Total sales-volume variance = $36,000 favorable.

Difficulty:2Objective:2Terms to Learn:static budget, flexible-budget variance, sales-volume variance

140.Nicholas Company manufacturers TVs. Some of the company's data was misplaced. Use the following information to replace the lost data:

AnalysisActualResultsFlexibleVariancesFlexibleBudgetSales-VolumeVariancesStaticBudget

Units Sold 112,500 112,500 103,125

Revenues $42,080 $1,000 F (A) $1,400 U (B)

Variable Costs (C) $200 U $15,860 $2,340 F $18,200

Fixed Costs $8,280 $860 F $9,140 $9,140

Operating Income $17,740 (D) $16,080 (E) $15,140

Required::a.What are the respective flexible-budget revenues (A)?b.What are the static-budget revenues (B)?c.What are the actual variable costs (C)?d.What is the total flexible-budget variance (D)?e.What is the total sales-volume variance (E)?f.What is the total static-budget variance?

Answer:

a. $42,080 $1,000 = $41,080

b.$41,080 + $1,400 = $42,480

c. $15,860 + $200 = $16,060

d. $17,740 $16,080 = $1,660 favorable

e. $2,340 favorable + $1,400 unfavorable = $940 favorable

f.$17,740 $15,140 = $2,600 favorable

Difficulty:2Objective:2Terms to Learn:flexible budget, static budget, static-budget variance, flexible-budget variance, sales-volume variance

141.Madzingas Draperies manufactures curtains. A certain window requires the following:

Direct materials standard10 square yards at $5 per yardDirect manufacturing labor standard5 hours at $10During the second quarter, the company made 1,500 curtains and used 14,000 square yards of fabric costing $68,600. Direct labor totaled 7,600 hours for $79,800.

Required:a.Compute the direct materials price and efficiency variances for the quarter.b.Compute the direct manufacturing labor price and efficiency variances for the quarter.

Answer:

a.Direct materials variances:

Actual unit cost = $68,600/14,000 square yards= $4.90 per square yard

Price variance = 14,000 x ($5.00 $4.90)= $1,400 favorable

Efficiency variance = $5.00 x [14,000 (1,500 x 10)]= $5,000 favorable

b.Direct manufacturing labor variances:

Actual labor rate = $79,800/7,600= $10.50 per hour

Price variance= 7,600 x ($10.50 $10.00)= $3,800 unfavorable

Efficiency variance= $10.00 x (7,600 7,500)= $1,000 unfavorable

Difficulty:2Objective:4Terms to Learn:price variance, efficiency variance

142.The following data for the Alma Company pertain to the production of 1,000 urns during August.

Direct Materials (all materials purchased were used):

Standard cost: $6.00 per pound of urn. Total actual cost: $5,600. Standard cost allowed for units produced was $6,000. Materials efficiency variance was $120 unfavorable.Direct Manufacturing Labor:

Standard cost is 2 urns per hour at $24.00 per hour. Actual cost per hour was $24.50. Labor efficiency variance was $336 favorable.

Required:a.What is standard direct material amount per urn?b.What is the direct material price variance?c.What is the total actual cost of direct manufacturing labor?d.What is the labor price variance for direct manufacturing labor?

Answer:

a. Standard cost per urn = $6,000/1,000 = $6.00 per urn

Standard number of pounds per urn= $6.00/$6.00 = 1.0 pound per urn

b. Materials price variance= Total variance efficiency variance= ($5,600 $6,000) $120 unfavorable = $520 favorable

c. Total standard labor cost of actual hours = ((1,000/2) x $24) $336favorable = $11,664 Actual hours = $11,664/24 = 486 hours Total actual costs = 486 x $24.50 = $11,907

d. Labor price variance= $11,907 $11,664= $243 unfavorable


143.The following data for the telephone company pertain to the production of 450 rolls of telephone wire during June. Selected items are omitted because the costing records were lost in a windstorm.

Direct Materials (All materials purchased were used.)

Standard cost per roll: a pounds at $4.00 per pound.Total actual cost: b pounds costing $9,600.Standard cost allowed for units produced was $9,000.Materials price variance: c .Materials efficiency variance was $80 unfavorable.

Direct Manufacturing Labor

Standard cost is 3 hours per roll at $8.00 per hour.Actual cost per hour was $8.25.Total actual cost: d .Labor price variance: e .Labor efficiency variance was $400 unfavorable.

Required:Compute the missing elements in the report represented by the lettered items.

Answer:

a.Standard cost per roll = $9,000/450 = $20.00Standard number of pounds per roll = $20/$4 = 5 pounds per roll

b.Actual pounds = ($9,000 + $80)/$4 = 2,270 pounds

c.Materials price variance = $9,600 ($9,000 + $80) = $520 unfavorable

d.Total standard labor cost of actual hours = (450 x 3 x $8) + $400 = $11,200Actual hours = $11,200/$8 = 1,400

Total actual cost = 1,400 x $8.25 = $11,550

e.Labor price variance = $11,550 $11,200 = $350 unfavorable

Difficulty:3Objective:4Terms to Learn:standard cost, price variance, efficiency variance

144.Littrell Company produces chairs and has determined the following direct cost categories and budgeted amounts:

Standard InputsStandard CostCategoryfor 1 outputper inputDirect Materials1.00$7.50Direct Labor0.309.00Direct Marketing0.503.00

Actual performance for the company is shown below:

Actual output: (in units)4,000Direct Materials: Materials costs $30,225 Input purchased and used 3,900 Actual price per input $7.75Direct Manufacturing Labor: Labor costs $11,470 Labor-hours of input 1,240 Actual price per hour $9.25Direct Marketing Labor: Labor costs $5,880 Labor-hours of input2,100 Actual price per hour$2.80

Required:a.What is the combined total of the flexible-budget variances?b.What is the price variance of the direct materials?c.What is the price variance of the direct manufacturing labor and the direct marketing labor, respectively?d.What is the efficiency variance for direct materials?e.What are the efficiency variances for direct manufacturing labor and direct marketing labor, respectively?

Answer:a.Actual ResultsFlexible BudgetVariancesDirect materials$30,225$30,000$225UDirect manufacturing labor 11,470 10,800670 UDirect marketing labor5,8806,000 120 F $47,575$46,800$775 U

b.($7.75 $7.50) x (3,900) = $975 unfavorable

c. Manufacturing Labor ($9.25 $9.00) x 1,240 = $310 unfavorableMarketing Labor ($2.80 $3.00) x 2,100 = $420 favorable

d.[3,900 (4,000 units x 1.00)] x $7.50 = $750 favorable

e.Manufacturing Labor = [1,240 hours (4,000 x 0.30 hours)] x $9.00 = $360 unfavorableMarketing Labor = [2,100 hours (4,000 x 0.50 hours)] x $3.00 = $300.00unfavorable

Difficulty:3Objective:4Terms to Learn:standard cost, flexible-budget variance, price variance, efficiency variance

145.Coffey Company maintains a very large direct materials inventory because of critical demands placed upon it for rush orders from large hospitals. Item A contains hard-to-get material Y. Currently, the standard cost of material Y is $2.00 per gram. During February, 22,000 grams were purchased for $2.10 per gram, while only 20,000 grams were used in production. There was no beginning inventory of material Y.

Required:a.Determine the direct materials price variance, assuming that all materials costs are the responsibility of the materials purchasing manager.b.Determine the direct materials price variance, assuming that all materials costs are the responsibility of the production manager.c.Discuss the issues involved in determining the price variance at the point of purchase versus the point of consumption.

Answer:a.Material price variance = 22,000 x ($2.10 $2.00)= $2,200 unfavorable

b.Material price variance = 20,000 x ($2.10 $2.00)= $2,000 unfavorable

c.Measuring the price variance at the time of materials purchased is desirable in situations where the amount of materials purchased varies substantially from the amount used during the period. Failure to measure the price variance based on materials purchased could result in a substantial delay in determining that a price change occurred.

Also, if the purchasing manager is to be held accountable for his/her purchasing activities, it is appropriate to have the materials price variances computed at the time of purchase so the manager can include the variances on his/her monthly report. This encourages the purchasing manager to be more responsible for the activities under his/her control. It provides a closer relationship between responsibility and authority and becomes a relevant performance measure.

Difficulty:2Objectives:4, 5Terms to Learn:price variance, efficiency variance

146.During February the Lungren Manufacturing Company's costing system reported several variances that the production manager was surprised to see. Most of the company's monthly variances are under $125, even though they may be either favorable or unfavorable. The following information is for the manufacture of garden gates, its only product:

1. Direct materials price variance, $800 unfavorable.2. Direct materials efficiency variance, $1,800 favorable.3. Direct manufacturing labor price variance, $4,000 favorable.4. Direct manufacturing labor efficiency variance, $600 unfavorable.

Required:a.Provide the manager with some ideas as to what may have caused the price variances.b.What may have caused the efficiency variances?

Answer:a.Direct materials' unfavorable price variance may have been caused by: (1) paying a higher price than the standard for the period, (2) changing to a new vendor, or (3) buying higher-quality materials.

Direct manufacturing labor's favorable price variance may have been caused by: (1) changing the work force by hiring lower-paid employees, (2) changing the mix of skilled and unskilled workers, or (3) not giving pay raises as high as anticipated when the standards were set for the year.

b.Direct materials' favorable efficiency variance may have been caused by: (1) employees/machinery working more efficiency and having less scrap and waste materials, (2) buying better-quality materials, or (3) changing the production process.Direct manufacturing labor's unfavorable efficiency variance may have been caused by: (1) poor working conditions, (2) changes in the production process (learning something new initially takes longer), (3) different types of direct materials to work with, or (4) poor attitudes on behalf of the workers.


147.Mayberry Company had the following journal entries recorded for the end of June. Unfortunately, the company's only accountant quit on July 10 and the president is at a loss as to the company's performance for the month of June.

Materials Control150,000 Direct Materials Price Variance5,000 Accounts Payable Control145,000

Work-in-Process Control60,000Direct Materials Efficiency Variance4,000 Materials Control64,000

Work-in-Process Control425,000Direct Manufacturing Labor Price Variance 7,500 Direct Manufacturing Labor Efficiency Variance9,000 Wages Payable Control423,500

Required:a.What kind of performance did the company have for June? Explain each variance.b.Why is Direct Materials given in two entries?

Answer:a.The first entry is for materials purchases. The credit entry indicates a favorable variance. This could be an indicator that the purchasing agent did a good job or he/she bought inferior goods.

Production was not as lucky in June. The debit entry for materials efficiency indicates that more materials were used than should have been under the operating plans for the month.

For labor, the price was unfavorable, while the efficiency was favorable. This could have been caused by using higher-priced workers who were, in fact, better workers. Of course, there are many other possible causes.

b.Recoding variances for direct materials is completed with two separate entries since the price variance is isolated at the point of purchase, while the efficiency variance is isolated at the point of use.

Difficulty:2Objectives:5Terms to Learn:price variance, efficiency variance, standard cost

148.Waddell Productions makes separate journal entries for all cost accounting-related activities. It uses a standard cost system for all manufacturing items. For the month of June, the following activities have taken place:

Direct Manufacturing Materials Purchased$300,000Direct Manufacturing Materials Used250,000Direct Materials Price Variance10,000unfavorable (at time of purchase)Direct Materials Efficiency Variance15,000favorableDirect Manufacturing Labor Price Variance6,000favorableDirect Manufacturing Labor Efficiency Variance4,000favorableDirect Manufacturing Labor Payable170,000

Required:Record the necessary journal entries to close the accounts for the month.

Answer:Materials Control 300,000Direct Manufacturing Materials Price Variance10,000Accounts Payable Control310,000

Work-in-Process Control265,000Direct Materials Efficiency Variance15,000Materials Control250,000

Work-in-Process Control 180,000Direct Manufacturing Labor Price Variance6,000Direct Manufacturing Labor Efficiency Variance4,000Wages Payable Control170,000

Difficulty:3Objective:5Terms to Learn:price variance, efficiency variance, standard cost

149.Tysons Hardware uses a flexible budget to develop planning information for its warehouse operations. For 20X5, the company anticipated that it would have 96,000 sales units for 664 customer shipments. Average storage bin usage for various inventories was estimated to be 200 per day. The costs and cost drivers were determined to be as follows:

Item FixedVariableCost driverProduct handling$10,000$1.25per 100 unitsStorage3.00per storage binUtilities1,0001.50per 100 unitsShipping clerks1,0001.00per shipmentSupplies0.50per shipment

During the year, the warehouse processed 90,000 units for 600 customer shipments. The workers used 225 storage bins on average each day to sort, store, and process goods for shipment. The actual costs for 20X5 were:

ItemActual costsProduct handling$10,900Storage465Utilities2,020Shipping clerks1,400Supplies340

Required:a. Prepare a static budget for 20X5 with static-budget variances.b. Prepare a flexible budget for 20X5 with flexible-budget variances.

Answer:a.Tysons Hardware Static Budget with Variances 20X5StaticActualBudgetVariancesProduct handling$10,900$11,200$300 FStorage465600135 FUtilities2,0202,440420 FShipping clerks1,4001,664264 FSupplies 340 332 8 UTotal$15,125$16,236$1,111 F

b.Tysons Hardware Flexible Budget with Variances 20X5FlexibleActualBudgetVariancesProduct handling$10,900$11,125$225FStorage465675210 FUtilities2,0202,350330 FShipping clerks1,4001,600200 FSupplies 340 300 40 UTotal$15,125$16,050$925 F

Difficulty:2Objective:6Terms to Learn:static budget, flexible budget, static-budget variance, flexible-budget variance

CRITICAL THINKING

150.Explain the difference between a static budget and a flexible budget. Explain what is meant by a static budget variance and a flexible budget variance.

Answer:A static budget is one based on the level of output planned at the start of the budget period. A flexible budget calculates budgeted revenue and budgeted costs based on the actual output in the budget period. The only difference between the static budget and the flexible budget is that the static budget is prepared for the planned output, whereas the flexible budget is prepared based on the actual output.

A static budget variance is the difference between the actual results and the corresponding budgeted amounts in the static budget. A flexible-budget variance is the difference between an actual result and the corresponding flexible-budget amount based on the actual output in the budget period.

Difficulty:2Objective:1Terms to Learn:static budget, flexible budget151.The textbook discusses three levels of variances, Level 0, Level 1, Level 2, and Level 3. Briefly explain the meaning of each of those levels and provide an example of a variance at each of those levels.

Answer:A Level 0 variance is simply the difference between actual operating income and planned operating income in the static budget.

A Level 1 variance would be any of the differences between the static budget and the actual results that make up operating income. Examples of such differences could include the following items:Units sold(Static budget actual)Revenues(Static budget actual)Material costs(Static budget actual)Direct manufacturing labor(Static budget actual)Variable manufacturing overhead(Static budget actual)Contribution margin(Static budget actual)Fixed costs(Static budget actual)A Level 2 variance subdivides the level 0 variance (which is the total of the Level 1 variances) into a sales volume variance and a flexible-budget variance. The sales volume variance is the difference between the flexible budget amount and the corresponding static budget amount. The flexible budget variance is an actual result and the corresponding flexible budget amount based on the actual output level in the budget period. Specific examples of Level 2 variances could include any of the items shown in the list of Level 1 variances.

A Level 3 variance would include price variances that reflect the difference between the actual input price and a budgeted input price, such as the direct material price variance, the direct labor rate variance, and the variable overhead rate variance. Level 3 variances would also include efficiency variances that reflect the difference between an actual input quantity and a budgeted input quantity. Examples would include material quantity variances, labor efficiency variances, and variable overhead efficiency variances.

Difficulty:3Objective:2,3Terms to Learn:variance

152.Describe the purpose of variance analysis.

Answer:Variance analysis should help the company learn about what happened and how to perform better and should not be a tool in playing the blame game.

Difficulty:2Objective:5Terms to Learn:variance153.Give at least three good reasons why a favorable price variance for direct materials might be reported.

Answer: Any three of the following:a.The purchasing manager skillfully negotiated a better purchase price.b.The purchasing manager changed to a lower-priced supplier.c.The purchasing manager purchased in larger quantities resulting in quantity discounts.d.The purchasing manager changed to lower-quality materials.e.An unexpected industry oversupply resulted in decreased prices for materials.f.Budgeted purchase prices were not carefully set.

Difficulty:3Objective:4Terms to Learn:price variance

154.Give at least three good reasons why an unfavorable efficiency variance for direct manufacturing labor might be reported.

Answer: Any three of the following:a.More lower-skilled workers were scheduled than planned.b.Work was inefficiently scheduled.c.Machines were not properly maintained.d.Budgeted time standards were too tight.

Difficulty:3Objective:4Terms to Learn:efficiency variance

155.What is benchmarking, and how is it useful to a company?

Answer:Benchmarking is the continuous process of comparing the levels of performance in producing products and services and executing activities against the best levels of performance in competing companies or in companies having similar processes. Companies can examine aspects of their own operations in comparison to similar operations and see if they are operating at a disadvantage. Benchmarking might provide targets and opportunities to cut costs, and might even show where they have a competitive advantage over similar companies.

Difficulty:2Objective:7Terms to Learn:benchmarking


183.Spirit Company sells three products with the following seasonal sales pattern:

ProductsQuarter ABC140%30%10%230%20%40%320%20%40%410%30%10%

The annual sales budget shows forecasts for the different products and their expected selling price per unit as follows:

ProductUnitsSelling PriceA50,000$ 4B125,00010C62,5006

Required:

Prepare a sales budget, in units and dollars, by quarters for the company for the coming year.

Answer:FirstSecondThirdFourthQuarterQuarterQuarterQuarterTotalProduct A:Sales (units)20,00015,00010,0005,00050,000Pricex $4x $4x $4x $4x $4

Sales$80,000$60,000$40,000$20,000$200,000

Product B:Sales (units)37,50025,00025,00037,500125,000Pricex $10x $10x $10x $10x $10

Sales$375,000$250,000$250,000$375,000$1,250,000

Product C:Sales (units)6,25025,00025,0006,25062,500Pricex $6x $6x $6x $6x $6

Sales$37,500$150,000$150,000$37,500$375,000

Total$492,500$460,000$440,000$432,500$1,825,000

Difficulty: 2Objective: 3Terms to Learn: operating budget

184.Lubriderm Corporation has the following budgeted sales for the next sixmonth period:

MonthUnit SalesJune90,000July120,000August210,000September150,000October180,000November120,000

There were 30,000 units of finished goods in inventory at the beginning of June. Plans are to have an inventory of finished products that equal 20% of the unit sales for the next month.

Five pounds of materials are required for each unit produced. Each pound of material costs $8. Inventory levels for materials are equal to 30% of the needs for the next month. Materials inventory on June 1 was 15,000 pounds.

Required:a.Prepare production budgets in units for July, August, and September.b.Prepare a purchases budget in pounds for July, August, and September, and give total purchases in both pounds and dollars for each month.

Answer:a.JulyAugustSeptemberBudgeted sales 120,000210,000150,000Add: Required ending inventory42,00030,00036,000

Total inventory requirements 162,000240,000186,000Less: Beginning inventory24,00042,00030,000

Budgeted production138,000198,000156,000

b.JulyAugustSeptemberProduction in units138,000198,000156,000

Targeted ending inventory in lbs.*297,000234,000**252,000Production needs in lbs.***690,000990,000780,000

Total requirements in lbs.987,0001,224,0001,032,000Less: Beginning inventory in lbs.****207,000297,000234,000

Purchases needed in lbs.780,000927,000798,000Cost ($8 per lb.) x $8 x $8 x $8

Total material purchases$6,240,000$7,416,000$6,384,000

* 0.3 times next month's needs** (180,000 + 24,000 - 36,000) times 5 lbs. x 0.3*** 5 lbs. times units to be produced, across row**** (690,000 x .3) = 207,000 lbs., etc. row across


185.Gerdie Company has the following information:

MonthBudgeted SalesMarch$50,000April53,000May51,000June54,500July52,500

In addition, the gross profit rate is 40% and the desired inventory level is 30% of next month's cost of sales.

Required:Prepare a purchases budget for April through June.

Answer:AprilMayJuneTotalDesired ending inventory$ 9,180$ 9,810$ 9,450$ 9,450Plus COGS 31,80030,60032,70095,100Total needed 40,98040,41042,150104,550Less beginning inventory9,5409,1809,8109,540Total purchases$31,440$31,230$32,340$ 95,010


186.Picture Pretty manufactures picture frames. Sales for August are expected to be 10,000 units of various sizes. Historically, the average frame requires four feet of framing, one square foot of glass, and two square feet of backing. Beginning inventory includes 1,500 feet of framing, 500 square feet of glass, and 500 square feet of backing. Current prices are $0.30 per foot of framing, $6.00 per square foot of glass, and $2.25 per square foot of backing. Ending inventory should be 150% of beginning inventory. Purchases are paid for in the month acquired.

Required:

a.Determine the quantity of framing, glass, and backing that is to be purchased during August.b.Determine the total costs of direct materials for August purchases.

Answer: a.FramingGlassBackingDesired ending inventory*2,250750750Production needs (10,000 units)**40,00010,00020,000

Total needs42,25010,75020,750Less: Beginning inventory1,500500500

Purchases planned 40,75010,25020,250

b.Cost of direct materials:Framing (40,750 x $0.30) $12,225.00Glass (10,250 x $6.00)61,500.00Backing (20,250 x $2.25)45,562.50

Total$119,287.50

*1,500 x 1.5 = 2,250 framing 500 x 1.5 = 750 glass 500 x 1.5 = 750 backing

**10,000 x 4 = 40,000 framing 10,000 x 1 = 10,000 glass 10,000 x 2 = 20,000 backing


187.Michelle Enterprises reports the year-end information from 20X5 as follows:

Sales (100,000 units)$250,000Less: Cost of goods sold150,000Gross profit100,000Operating expenses (includes $10,000 of Depreciation) 60,000Net income$ 40,000

Michelle is developing the 20X6 budget. In 20X6 the company would like to increase selling prices by 10%, and as a result expects a decrease in sales volume of 5%. Cost of goods sold as a percentage of sales is expected to increase to 62%. Other than depreciation, all operating costs are variable.

Required:

Prepare a budgeted income statement for 20X6.

Answer:

Michelle EnterprisesBudgeted Income StatementFor the Year 20X6

Sales (95,000 x $2.75)$261,250Cost of goods sold (20X6 sales x 62%)161,975Gross profit99,275Less: Operating expenses [($0.50 x 95,000] + $10,000) 57,500Net income$ 41,775


188.Brad Corporation is using the kaizen approach to budgeting for 20X5. The budgeted income statement for January 20X5 is as follows:

Sales (240,000 units)$720,000Less: Cost of goods sold480,000

Gross margin240,000Operating expenses (includes $64,000 of fixed costs)192,000

Net income$ 48,000

Under the kaizen approach, cost of goods sold and variable operating expenses are budgeted to decline by 1% per month.

Required:

Prepare a kaizen-based budgeted income statement for March of 20X5.

Answer:

Sales $720,000Less: Cost of goods sold ($480,000 x 0.99 x 0.99)470,448

Gross margin249,552Operating expenses [($128,000 x 0.99 x 0.99) + $64,000] 189,453

Net income$ 60,099

Difficulty: 2Objective: 5Terms to Learn: kaizen budgeting

189.Allscott Company is developing its budgets for 20X5 and, for the first time, will use the kaizen approach. The initial 20X5 income statement, based on static data from 20X4, is as follows:


Gross margin140,000Operating expenses (includes $28,000 of depreciation)112,000

Net income$28,000

Selling prices for 20X5 are expected to increase by 8%, and sales volume in units will decrease by 10%. The cost of goods sold as estimated by the kaizen approach will decline by 10% per unit. Other than depreciation, all other operating costs are expected to decline by 5%.

Required:

Prepare a kaizen-based budgeted income statement for 20X5.

Answer: Sales (126,000 x $3.24)$408,240Less: COGS (126,000 x $1.80)226,800

Gross margin181,440Operating expenses ($28,000 + $79,800) 107,800

Net income$ 73,640

Difficulty: 2Objectives: 4, 5Terms to Learn: kaizen budgeting, sensitivity analysis

190.Russell Company has the following projected account balances for June 30, 20X5:

Accounts payable$40,000Sales$800,000Accounts receivable100,000Capital stock400,000Depreciation, factory24,000Retained earnings?Inventories (5/31 & 6/30)180,000Cash56,000Direct materials used200,000Equipment, net240,000Office salaries80,000Buildings, net400,000Insurance, factory4,000Utilities, factory16,000Plant wages140,000Selling expenses60,000Bonds payable160,000Maintenance, factory28,000

Required:a.Prepare a budgeted income statement for June 20X5.b.Prepare a budgeted balance sheet as of June 30, 20X5.

Answer:Russell Companya.Income StatementFor the Month of June 20X5

Sales$800,000Cost of goods sold:Materials used$200,000Wages140,000Depreciation24,000Insurance4,000Maintenance28,000Utilities16,000412,000Gross profit388,000Operating expenses:Selling expenses$60,000Office salaries80,000140,000Net income$248,000b.Russell CompanyBalance SheetJune 30, 20X5

Assets:Liabilities and Owners Equity:Cash$ 56,000Accounts payable$ 40,000Accounts receivable100,000Bonds payable160,000Inventories180,000Capital stock400,000Equipment, net240,000Retained earnings*376,000Buildings, net400,000Total$976,000Total$976,000

*$976,000 ($40,000 + $160,000 + $400,000) = $376,000

Difficulty: 2Objectives: 3, ATerms to Learn: operating budget

191.Shamokin Manufacturing produces two products, Big and Bigger. Shamokin expects to sell 20,000 units of Big and 10,000 units of Bigger. Shamokin plans on having an ending inventory of 4,000 units of Big and 2,000 units of Bigger. Currently, Shamokin has 1,000 units of Big in its inventory and 800 units of Bigger. Each product requires two labor operations: molding and polishing. Product Big requires one hour of molding time and one hour of polishing time. Product Bigger requires one hour of molding time and two hours of polishing time. The direct labor rate for molders is $20 per molding hour, and the direct labor rate for polishers is $25 per polishing hour.

Required:

Prepare a direct labor budget in hours and dollars for each product.

Desired Production:BigBiggerTotalExpected sales20,00010,000Desired ending inventory4,0002,000Production needs24,00012,000Less: beginning inventory1,000800Desired production23,00011,200

Direct Labor Budget for Big:MoldingPolishingDesired Production of Big23,00023,000Hours of Labor Required per unit11Total Hours of Labor Required23,00023,000Direct Labor Rate$20$25Cost of Direct Labor for Big$460,000$575,000$1,035,000

Direct Labor Budget for Bigger:MoldingPolishingDesired Production of Bigger11,20011,200Hours of Labor Required per unit12Total Hours of Labor Required11,20022,400Direct Labor Rate$20$25Cost of Direct Labor for Bigger$224,000$560,000$784,000

Total Direct Labor Costs$684,000$1,135,000$1,819,000


192.Duffy Corporation has prepared the following sales budget:

MonthCash SalesCredit SalesMay$16,000$68,000June20,00080,000July18,00074,000August24,00092,000September22,00076,000

Collections are 40% in the month of sale, 45% in the month following the sale, and 10% two months following the sale. The remaining 5% is expected to be uncollectible.

Required:

Prepare a schedule of cash collections for July through September.

Answer:

JulyAugustSeptemberTotalCash sales$18,000$24,000$22,000$64,000

Collections of credit sales from:Current month29,60036,80030,40096,800Previous month36,00033,30041,400110,700Two months ago6,8008,0007,40022,200

Total collections$90,400$102,100$101,200$293,700

Difficulty: 2Objective: ATerms to Learn: cash budget

193.The following information pertains to Amigo Corporation:

MonthSalesPurchasesJuly$30,000$10,000August34,00012,000September38,00014,000October42,00016,000November48,00018,000December60,00020,000

Cash is collected from customers in the following manner:Month of sale (2% cash discount)30%Month following sale50%Two months following sale15%Amount uncollectible5%40% of purchases are paid for in cash in the month of purchase, and the balance is paid the following month.

Required:a.Prepare a summary of cash collections for the 4th quarter.b.Prepare a summary of cash disbursements for the 4th quarter.

Answer:a.Cash collections Oct $36,448 + Nov $40,812 + Dec $47,940 = $125,200

OctoberNovemberDecemberAugust$ 5,100September19,0005,700October12,34821,0006,300November14,11224,000December17,640-------------------------$36,448$40,812$47,940

b.Cash disbursements Oct $14,800 + Nov $16,800 + Dec $18,800 = $50,400

OctoberNovemberDecemberSeptember8,400October6,4009,600November7,20010,800December8,000-------------------------$14,800$16,800$18,800

Difficulty:2Objective: ATerms to Learn:cash budget


134.Cocoa Pet Corporation manufactures two models of grooming stations, a standard and a deluxe model. The following activity and cost information has been compiled:

Number ofNumber ofNumber ofProductSetupsComponentsDirect Labor HoursStandard330650Deluxe750150

Overhead costs$20,000$60,000

Assume a traditional costing system applies the $80,000 of overhead costs based on direct labor hours. a.What is the total amount of overhead costs assigned to the standard model?b.What is the total amount of overhead costs assigned to the deluxe model?Assume an activity-based costing system is used and that the number of setups and the number of components are identified as the activity-cost drivers for overhead. c.What is the total amount of overhead costs assigned to the standard model?d.What is the total amount of overhead costs assigned to the deluxe model?e.Explain the difference between the costs obtained from the traditional costing system and the ABC system. Which system provides a better estimate of costs? Why?

Answer:a.[$80,000 / (650 + 150)] x 650 = $65,000

b.[$80,000 / (650 + 150)] x 150 = $15,000

c.Setups: $20,000 / (3 + 7) = $2,000Components: $60,000 / (30 + 50) = $750($2,000 x 3) + ($750 x 30) = $28,500

d.($2,000 x 7) + ($750 x 50) = $51,500

e.Because the products do not all require the same proportionate shares of the overhead resources of setup hours and components, the ABC system provides different results than the traditional system which allocates overhead costs on the basis of direct labor hours. The ABC system considers some important differences in overhead resource requirements and thus provides a better picture of the costs from each grooming table style, provided that the activity measures are fairly estimated.

Difficulty:2Objectives:1, 3, 5, 8Terms to Learn:activity-based costing (ABC)

135. Come-On-In Manufacturing produces two types of entry doors: Deluxe and Standard. The assignment basis for support costs has been direct labor dollars. For 20X5, Come-On-In compiled the following data for the two products: DeluxeStandardSales units50,000400,000

Sales price per unit$650.00$475.00Direct material and labor costs per unit$180.00$130.00Manufacturing support costs per unit$ 80.00$120.00

Last year, Come-On-In Manufacturing purchased an expensive robotics system to allow for more decorative door products in the deluxe product line. The CFO suggested that an ABC analysis could be valuable to help evaluate a product mix and promotion strategy for the next sales campaign. She obtained the following ABC information for 20X5:

ActivityCost DriverCostTotalDeluxeStandardSetupsof setups$ 500,000500400100Machine-relatedof machine hours$44,000,000600,000300,000300,000Packingof shipments$ 5,000,000250,00050,000200,000

Required:a.Using the current system, what is the estimated1.total cost of manufacturing one unit for each type of door?2.profit per unit for each type of door?

b.Using the current system, estimated manufacturing overhead costs per unit are less for the deluxe door ($80 per unit) than the standard door ($120 per unit). What is a likely explanation for this?

c.Review the machine-related costs above. What is a likely explanation for machine-related costs being so high? What might explain why total machining hours for the deluxe doors (300,000 hours) are the same as for the standard doors (300,000 hours)?

d.Using the activity-based costing data presented above, 1.compute the cost-driver rate for each overhead activity.2.compute the revised manufacturing overhead cost per unit for each type of entry door.3.compute the revised total cost to manufacture one unit of each type of entry door.

e.Is the deluxe door as profitable as the original data estimated? Why or why not?

f.What considerations need to be examined when determining a sales mix strategy?

Answer:a.Currently estimated deluxe-entry door total cost per unit is $260 = $180 + $80.Currently estimated standard-entry door total cost per unit is $250 = $130 + $120.

Currently estimated deluxe-entry door profit per unit is $390 = $650 $260.Currently estimated standard-entry door profit per unit is $225 = $475 $250.

b.Support manufacturing costs are currently allocated based on direct labor dollars. Because the deluxe doors are manufactured using the new robotics system, it appears that less direct labor is needed to manufacture each unit in the deluxe product line.

c.The high machine-related costs are probably a result of purchasing the new robotics equipment for the deluxe product line. Yes, the total number of machine hours is the same for each product line, but the deluxe line uses 6 machine hours per unit (300,000 mh / 50,000 units), while the standard product line only uses 0.75 machine hours per unit (300,000 mh / 400,000 units). By evaluating machine hours per unit rather than total machine hours, these numbers make more sense.

d1.Manufacturing overhead cost driver rates: Setup activity is $1,000/setup = $500,000/500 setups.Machine-related activity is $73.33/machine hour = $44,000,000/600,000 machine hours.Packing activity is $20/shipment = $5,000,000/250,000 shipments.

d2.Revised overhead costs per unit:Deluxe-entry door is $468 per unit = [($1,000 x 400) + ($73.33 x 300,000) + ($20 x 50,000)] / 50,000 units.Standard-entry door is $65.25 per unit = [($1,000 x 100) + ($73.33 x 300,000) + ($20 x 200,000)] / 400,000 units.

d3.Revised total cost per unit for the deluxe-entry door is $648.00 = $180.00 + $468.00.Revised total cost per unit for the standard-entry door is $195.25 = $130.00 + $65.25.

e.No, the deluxe door is not as profitable as originally estimated because the deluxe door requires a disproportionate share of the overhead activities (the robotics system) and thus, more of the overhead costs are assigned to the deluxe door when using an ABC system.Revised profit per unit for the deluxe-entry door is $2.00 = $650.00 $648.00.Revised profit per unit for the standard-entry door is $279.75 = $475.00 $195.25.Currently estimated deluxe-entry door profit per unit is $390 = $650 $260.Currently estimated standard-entry door profit per unit is $225 = $475 $250.

f.First, the sales-mix strategy ought to consider the current and future market demands for the two types of entry doors. Other considerations include the capacity-related constraints of the robotics system, other equipment, and the facilities. The fact that customers may be willing to pay more for the deluxe doors should be considered when evaluating the profitability of each product line. Costs do not drive a sales-mix strategy.

Difficulty:3Objectives:1,3,5,6Terms to Learn:activity-based costing (ABC)

136.Brilliant Accents Company manufactures and sells three styles of kitchen faucets: Brass, Chrome, and White. Production takes 25, 25, and 10 machine hours to manufacture 1,000-unit batches of brass, chrome and white faucets, respectively. The following additional data apply:BRASSCHROME WHITEProjected sales in units30,00050,00040,000

PER UNIT data:Selling price$40$20$30

Direct materials$ 8$ 4$ 8Direct labor$15$ 3$ 9Overhead cost based on direct labor hours (traditional system) $12$ 3$ 9

Hours per 1000-unit batch:Direct labor hours 40 10 30 Machine hours 25 25 10Setup hours1.00.51.0Inspection hours 30 20 20

Total overhead costs and activity levels for the year are estimated as follows:

ActivityOverhead costsActivity levelsDirect labor hours2,900 hoursMachine hours2,400 hoursSetups$465,50095 setup hoursInspections$405,0002,700 inspection hours$870,500

Required:a.Using the traditional system, determine the operating profit per unit for the brass style of faucet.

b.Determine the activity-cost-driver rate for setup costs and inspection costs.

c.Using the ABC system, for the brass style of faucet:1.compute the estimated overhead costs per unit.2.compute the estimated operating profit per unit.

d.Explain the difference between the profits obtained from the traditional system and the ABC system. Which system provides a better estimate of profitability? Why?

Answer:a.Traditional system: Operating profit per unit for Brass faucets is $5 = $40 ($8 + 15 + 12).

b.The activity-cost-driver rate for setup costs is $4,900 per setup hour = $465,500/95,and for inspection costs is $150 per inspection hour = $405,000/2700.

c.ABC system:Overhead costs per unit for Brass faucets are $9.40 per unit.30,000 units in projected sales / 1000 units per batch = 30 batches; 30 batches x 1 setup hour per batch = 30 setup hours; 30 batches x 30 inspection hours per batch = 900 inspection hours.

30 setup hours x $4,900 = $147,000/30,000 units = $4.90/unit900 inspection hours x $150 = $135,000/30,000 units = $4.50/unitOverhead costs for Brass faucets ($4.90 + $4.50) = $9.40 per unit.

Operating profit per unit for Brass faucets is $7.60 = $40 ($8 + 15 +9.40).

d.Traditional system:Operating profit per unit for Brass faucets is $5.00.ABC system:Operating profit per unit for Brass faucets is $7.60.

Because the products do not all require the same proportionate shares of the support resources of setup hours and inspection hours, the ABC system provides different results than the traditional system which allocates overhead costs on the basis of direct labor hours. The ABC system considers some important differences in overhead resource requirements and thus provides a better picture of the profitability from each faucet style provided that the activity measures are fairly estimated.


137.Brilliant Accents Company manufactures and sells three styles of kitchen faucets: Brass, Chrome, and White. Production takes 25, 25, and 10 machine hours to manufacture 1000-unit batches of brass, chrome and white faucets, respectively. The following additional data apply:BRASSCHROME WHITEProjected sales in units30,00050,00040,000

PER UNIT data:Selling price$40$20$30

Direct materials$ 8$ 4$ 8Direct labor$15$ 3$ 9Overhead cost based on direct labor hours (traditional system) $12$ 3$ 9

Hours per 1000-unit batch:Direct labor hours 40 10 30 Machine hours 25 25 10Setup hours1.00.51.0Inspection hours 30 20 20

Total overhead costs and activity levels for the year are estimated as follows:

ActivityOverhead costsActivity levelsDirect labor hours2,900 hoursMachine hours2,400 hoursSetups$465,50095 setup hoursInspections$405,0002,700 inspection hours$870,500

Required:a.Using the traditional system, determine the operating profit per unit for each style of faucet.

b.Determine the activity-cost-driver rate for setup costs and inspection costs.

c.Using the ABC system, for each style of faucet1.compute the estimated overhead costs per unit.2.compute the estimated operating profit per unit.

d.Explain the differences between the profits obtained from the traditional system and the ABC system. Which system provides a better estimate of profitability? Why?

Answer:a.Traditional system:Operating profit per unit for Brass faucets is$5 = $40 ($8 + $15 + $12)Operating profit per unit for Chrome faucets is$10 = $20 ($4 + $3 + $3)Operating profit per unit for White faucets is$4 = $30 ($8 + $9 + $9)

b.The activity-cost-driver rate for setup costs is $4,900 per setup hour = $465,500/95,and for inspection costs is $150 per inspection hour = $405,000/2,700.

c.ABC system:Overhead costs per unit for Brass faucets are $9.40 per unit.30,000 units in projected sales / 1,000 units per batch = 30 batches; 30 batches x 1 setup hour per batch = 30 setup hours; 30 batches x 30 inspection hours per batch = 900 inspection hours

30 setup hours x $4,900 = $147,000/30,000 units = $4.90/unit900 inspection hours x $150 = $135,000/30,000 units = $4.50/unitOverhead costs for Brass faucets ($4.90 + $4.50) = $9.40 per unit

Operating profit per unit for Brass faucets is $7.60 = $40 ($8 + $15 + $9.40).

Overhead costs per unit for Chrome faucets are $5.45 per unit.50,000 units in projected sales / 1,000 units per batch = 50 batches; 50 batches x .5 setup hour per batch = 25 setup hours; 50 batches x 20 inspection hours per batch = 1,000 inspection hours

25 setup hours x $4,900 = $122,500/50,000 units = $2.45/unit1,000 inspection hours x $150 = $150,000/50,000 units = $3.00/unitOverhead costs for Chrome faucets ($2.45 + $3.00) = $5.45 per unit

Operating profit per unit for Chrome faucets is $7.55 = $20 ($4 + $3 + $5.45).

Overhead costs per unit for White faucets are $7.90 per unit.40,000 units in projected sales/ 1,000 units per batch = 40 batches; 40 batches x 1 setup hour per batch = 40 setup hours; 40 batches x 20 inspection hours per batch = 800 inspection hours

40 setup hours x $4,900 = $196,000/40,000 units = $4.90/unit800 inspection hours x $150 = $120,000/40,000 units = $3.00/unitOverhead costs for white faucets ($4.90 + $3.00) = $7.90 per unit.

Operating profit per unit for White faucets is $5.10 = $30 ($8 + $9 + $7.90).

Answer:d.Traditional system:Operating profit per unit for Brass faucets is$5 = $40 ($8 + $15 + $12).Operating profit per unit for Chrome faucets is$10 = $20 ($4 + $3 + $3).Operating profit per unit for White faucets is$4 = $30 ($8 + $9 + $9)

ABC system:Operating profit per unit for Brass faucets is $7.60 = $40 ($8 + $15 + $9.40).Operating profit per unit for Chrome faucets is $7.55 = $20 ($4 + $3 + $5.45).Operating profit per unit for White faucets is $5.10 = $30 ($8 + $9 + $7.90).

Because the products do not all require the same proportionate shares of the overhead resources of setup hours and inspection hours, the ABC system provides different results than the traditional system which allocates overhead costs on the basis of direct labor hours. The ABC system considers some important differences in overhead resource requirements and thus provides a better picture of the profitability from each faucet style provided that the activity measures are fairly estimated.


138.At Deutschland Electronics, product lines are charged for call center support costs based on sales revenue. Last years summary of call center operations revealed the following:

Surveillance ProductsSpecialty ProductsNumber of calls for information1,0004,000Average call length for information 3 minutes8 minutesNumber of calls for warranties3001,200Average call length for warranties7 minutes15 minutesSales revenue$8,000,000$5,000,000

Deutschland Electronics currently allocates call center support costs using a rate of 0.5% of sales revenue.

Required:a.Compute the amount of call center support costs allocated to each product line under the current system.

b.Assume Deutschland decides to use the average call length for information to assign last years support costs. Does this allocation method seem more appropriate than percentage of sales? Why or why not?

c.Assume Deutschland decides to use the numbers of calls for information and for warranties to assign last years support costs of $65,000. Compute the amount of call center support costs assigned to each product line under this revised ABC system.

d.Deutschland Electronics assigns bonuses based on departmental profits. How might the Specialty Products manager try to obtain higher profits for next year if support costs are assigned based on the average call length for information?

e.Discuss the barriers for implementing ABC for this call center.

Answer:a.Call center support costs allocated to surveillance products is $40,000 = 0.005 x $8,000,000 and to specialty products is $25,000 = 0.005 x $5,000,000.

b.Yes, average call length appears to be a more appropriate allocation method because it allocates more support costs to specialty products, which consume a greater portion of the call centers resources.

c.$65,000 of support costs / 6,500 total calls (Surveillance 1,000 + 300 + Specialty 4,000 + 1,200) = $10 per call.Call center support costs allocated to surveillance products is $13,000 = 1,300 calls x $10 per call, and to specialty products is $52,000 = 5,200 calls x $10 per call.

d.To increase profits, Specialty Product managers would want less cost allocated to their departments. Therefore, if support cost allocation were based on length of call, Specialty Products management may emphasize keeping calls for their department short and to the point, rather than emphasizing understanding and helping the caller.

e.Poor model design or poor analytical interpretation and accountability consequences may function as barriers to using ABC assignments for the call center activities. It is also important to recognize that the call volumes from this year may be an anomaly so that in an average year, the current allocation rate on sales may not be as distortive as it appears for this year.

Difficulty:3Objectives:1, 3, 5, 6, 8Terms to Learn:activity-based costing (ABC)

139.For each of the following activities identify an appropriate activity-cost driver.

a.machine maintenanceb.machine setupc.quality controld.material orderinge.production schedulingf.warehouse expenseg.engineering design

Answer: Any one of the listed cost drivers is correct.

Activity

A. Machine Maintenance# of machinesMachine hoursActual times for various maintenances of various machines

B. Machine Setup# of setupsSetup hoursActual times for various setups for various machines

C. Quality Control# of inspectionsInspection hoursActual times for various inspections for various controls

D. Material Ordering# of ordersOrdering hoursActual times for various orders for various materials

E. Production Scheduling# of runsScheduling hoursActual times for various runs for various schedules

F. Warehousing# of bins, aislesPicking hoursActual times for various parts for various warehousing activities

G. Engineering Design# of engineers # of designsEngineering hoursActual times for various engineering designs

Difficulty:2Objectives:3, 5Terms to Learn:activity

140. The Marionettes Company is noted for an exceptionally impressive line of Mardi Gras masks. Marionettes has established the following selling and distribution support activity-cost pools and their corresponding activity drivers for the year 20X5:

ActivityCostCost driverMarketing$30,000$500,000 of salesCustomer service 10,0005,000 customerOrder execution 5,000100 ordersWarehousing 5,00050 product lines

Required:a.Determine the activity-cost-driver rate for each of the four selling and distribution activities.

b.Under what circumstances is it appropriate to use each of the activity-cost drivers?

c.Describe at least one possible negative behavioral consequence for each of the four activity-cost drivers.

Answer:a.Activity-cost driver rate for Marketing = 6% of sales = $30,000/$500,000.Activity-cost driver rate for Customer Service = $2 per customer = $10,000/5,000.Activity-cost driver rate for Order Execution = $50 per order = $5,000/100.Activity-cost driver rate for Warehousing = $100 per order = $5,000/50. b.For marketing, using 6% of stipulated sales is appropriate when management wants to limit marketing costs to a budgeted proportion to sales. Using the number of customers for customer service is appropriate when the customer service costs are similar enough to use the average for all customers. Using the number of orders for order execution is appropriate when all orders are sufficiently alike in terms of resources used that they can be averaged. Using the number of product lines for warehousing is appropriate when each product line requires similar proportions of the warehousing efforts.

c.For marketing, using 6% of sales limits the marketing activities to an arbitrary amount without consideration for potential opportunities. Using the number of customers for customer service can lead to customer service initiatives to limit the amount of time servicing each customer to cause the number of customers serviced to increase. Using the number of orders for order execution can result in purchasers splitting orders to increase the numbers of orders executed. Using the number of product lines for warehousing can lead warehouse personnel to designate more product line differences in the warehouse.

Difficulty:3Objectives:3, 5, 6, 8Terms to Learn:activity


183.Spirit Company sells three products with the following seasonal sales pattern:

ProductsQuarter ABC140%30%10%230%20%40%320%20%40%410%30%10%

The annual sales budget shows forecasts for the different products and their expected selling price per unit as follows:

ProductUnitsSelling PriceA50,000$ 4B125,00010C62,5006

Required:

Prepare a sales budget, in units and dollars, by quarters for the company for the coming year.

Answer:FirstSecondThirdFourthQuarterQuarterQuarterQuarterTotalProduct A:Sales (units)20,00015,00010,0005,00050,000Pricex $4x $4x $4x $4x $4

Sales$80,000$60,000$40,000$20,000$200,000

Product B:Sales (units)37,50025,00025,00037,500125,000Pricex $10x $10x $10x $10x $10

Sales$375,000$250,000$250,000$375,000$1,250,000

Product C:Sales (units)6,25025,00025,0006,25062,500Pricex $6x $6x $6x $6x $6

Sales$37,500$150,000$150,000$37,500$375,000

Total$492,500$460,000$440,000$432,500$1,825,000


184.Lubriderm Corporation has the following budgeted sales for the next sixmonth period:

MonthUnit SalesJune90,000July120,000August210,000September150,000October180,000November120,000

There were 30,000 units of finished goods in inventory at the beginning of June. Plans are to have an inventory of finished products that equal 20% of the unit sales for the next month.

Five pounds of materials are required for each unit produced. Each pound of material costs $8. Inventory levels for materials are equal to 30% of the needs for the next month. Materials inventory on June 1 was 15,000 pounds.

Required:a.Prepare production budgets in units for July, August, and September.b.Prepare a purchases budget in pounds for July, August, and September, and give total purchases in both pounds and dollars for each month.

Answer:a.JulyAugustSeptemberBudgeted sales 120,000210,000150,000Add: Required ending inventory42,00030,00036,000

Total inventory requirements 162,000240,000186,000Less: Beginning inventory24,00042,00030,000

Budgeted production138,000198,000156,000

b.JulyAugustSeptemberProduction in units138,000198,000156,000

Targeted ending inventory in lbs.*297,000234,000**252,000Production needs in lbs.***690,000990,000780,000

Total requirements in lbs.987,0001,224,0001,032,000Less: Beginning inventory in lbs.****207,000297,000234,000

Purchases needed in lbs.780,000927,000798,000Cost ($8 per lb.) x $8 x $8 x $8

Total material purchases$6,240,000$7,416,000$6,384,000

* 0.3 times next month's needs** (180,000 + 24,000 - 36,000) times 5 lbs. x 0.3*** 5 lbs. times units to be produced, across row**** (690,000 x .3) = 207,000 lbs., etc. row across


185.Gerdie Company has the following information:

MonthBudgeted SalesMarch$50,000April53,000May51,000June54,500July52,500

In addition, the gross profit rate is 40% and the desired inventory level is 30% of next month's cost of sales.

Required:Prepare a purchases budget for April through June.

Answer:AprilMayJuneTotalDesired ending inventory$ 9,180$ 9,810$ 9,450$ 9,450Plus COGS 31,80030,60032,70095,100Total needed 40,98040,41042,150104,550Less beginning inventory9,5409,1809,8109,540Total purchases$31,440$31,230$32,340$ 95,010


186.Picture Pretty manufactures picture frames. Sales for August are expected to be 10,000 units of various sizes. Historically, the average frame requires four feet of framing, one square foot of glass, and two square feet of backing. Beginning inventory includes 1,500 feet of framing, 500 square feet of glass, and 500 square feet of backing. Current prices are $0.30 per foot of framing, $6.00 per square foot of glass, and $2.25 per square foot of backing. Ending inventory should be 150% of beginning inventory. Purchases are paid for in the month acquired.

Required:

a.Determine the quantity of framing, glass, and backing that is to be purchased during August.b.Determine the total costs of direct materials for August purchases.

Answer: a.FramingGlassBackingDesired ending inventory*2,250750750Production needs (10,000 units)**40,00010,00020,000

Total needs42,25010,75020,750Less: Beginning inventory1,500500500

Purchases planned 40,75010,25020,250

b.Cost of direct materials:Framing (40,750 x $0.30) $12,225.00Glass (10,250 x $6.00)61,500.00Backing (20,250 x $2.25)45,562.50

Total$119,287.50

*1,500 x 1.5 = 2,250 framing 500 x 1.5 = 750 glass 500 x 1.5 = 750 backing

**10,000 x 4 = 40,000 framing 10,000 x 1 = 10,000 glass 10,000 x 2 = 20,000 backing


187.Michelle Enterprises reports the year-end information from 20X5 as follows:

Sales (100,000 units)$250,000Less: Cost of goods sold150,000Gross profit100,000Operating expenses (includes $10,000 of Depreciation) 60,000Net income$ 40,000

Michelle is developing the 20X6 budget. In 20X6 the company would like to increase selling prices by 10%, and as a result expects a decrease in sales volume of 5%. Cost of goods sold as a percentage of sales is expected to increase to 62%. Other than depreciation, all operating costs are variable.

Required:

Prepare a budgeted income statement for 20X6.

Answer:

Michelle EnterprisesBudgeted Income StatementFor the Year 20X6

Sales (95,000 x $2.75)$261,250Cost of goods sold (20X6 sales x 62%)161,975Gross profit99,275Less: Operating expenses [($0.50 x 95,000] + $10,000) 57,500Net income$ 41,775


188.Brad Corporation is using the kaizen approach to budgeting for 20X5. The budgeted income statement for January 20X5 is as follows:


Gross margin240,000Operating expenses (includes $64,000 of fixed costs)192,000

Net income$ 48,000

Under the kaizen approach, cost of goods sold and variable operating expenses are budgeted to decline by 1% per month.

Required:

Prepare a kaizen-based budgeted income statement for March of 20X5.

Answer:

Sales $720,000Less: Cost of goods sold ($480,000 x 0.99 x 0.99)470,448

Gross margin249,552Operating expenses [($128,000 x 0.99 x 0.99) + $64,000] 189,453

Net income$ 60,099

Difficulty: 2Objective: 5Terms to Learn: kaizen budgeting

189.Allscott Company is developing its budgets for 20X5 and, for the first time, will use the kaizen approach. The initial 20X5 income statement, based on static data from 20X4, is as follows:


Gross margin140,000Operating expenses (includes $28,000 of depreciation)112,000

Net income$28,000

Selling prices for 20X5 are expected to increase by 8%, and sales volume in units will decrease by 10%. The cost of goods sold as estimated by the kaizen approach will decline by 10% per unit. Other than depreciation, all other operating costs are expected to decline by 5%.

Required:

Prepare a kaizen-based budgeted income statement for 20X5.

Answer: Sales (126,000 x $3.24)$408,240Less: COGS (126,000 x $1.80)226,800

Gross margin181,440Operating expenses ($28,000 + $79,800) 107,800

Net income$ 73,640

Difficulty: 2Objectives: 4, 5Terms to Learn: kaizen budgeting, sensitivity analysis

190.Russell Company has the following projected account balances for June 30, 20X5:

Accounts payable$40,000Sales$800,000Accounts receivable100,000Capital stock400,000Depreciation, factory24,000Retained earnings?Inventories (5/31 & 6/30)180,000Cash56,000Direct materials used200,000Equipment, net240,000Office salaries80,000Buildings, net400,000Insurance, factory4,000Utilities, factory16,000Plant wages140,000Selling expenses60,000Bonds payable160,000Maintenance, factory28,000

Required:a.Prepare a budgeted income statement for June 20X5.b.Prepare a budgeted balance sheet as of June 30, 20X5.

Answer:Russell Companya.Income StatementFor the Month of June 20X5

Sales$800,000Cost of goods sold:Materials used$200,000Wages140,000Depreciation24,000Insurance4,000Maintenance28,000Utilities16,000412,000Gross profit388,000Operating expenses:Selling expenses$60,000Office salaries80,000140,000Net income$248,000b.Russell CompanyBalance SheetJune 30, 20X5

Assets:Liabilities and Owners Equity:Cash$ 56,000Accounts payable$ 40,000Accounts receivable100,000Bonds payable160,000Inventories180,000Capital stock400,000Equipment, net240,000Retained earnings*376,000Buildings, net400,000Total$976,000Total$976,000

*$976,000 ($40,000 + $160,000 + $400,000) = $376,000

Difficulty: 2Objectives: 3, ATerms to Learn: operating budget

191.Shamokin Manufacturing produces two products, Big and Bigger. Shamokin expects to sell 20,000 units of Big and 10,000 units of Bigger. Shamokin plans on having an ending inventory of 4,000 units of Big and 2,000 units of Bigger. Currently, Shamokin has 1,000 units of Big in its inventory and 800 units of Bigger. Each product requires two labor operations: molding and polishing. Product Big requires one hour of molding time and one hour of polishing time. Product Bigger requires one hour of molding time and two hours of polishing time. The direct labor rate for molders is $20 per molding hour, and the direct labor rate for polishers is $25 per polishing hour.

Required:

Prepare a direct labor budget in hours and dollars for each product.

Desired Production:BigBiggerTotalExpected sales20,00010,000Desired ending inventory4,0002,000Production needs24,00012,000Less: beginning inventory1,000800Desired production23,00011,200

Direct Labor Budget for Big:MoldingPolishingDesired Production of Big23,00023,000Hours of Labor Required per unit11Total Hours of Labor Required23,00023,000Direct Labor Rate$20$25Cost of Direct Labor for Big$460,000$575,000$1,035,000

Direct Labor Budget for Bigger:MoldingPolishingDesired Production of Bigger11,20011,200Hours of Labor Required per unit12Total Hours of Labor Required11,20022,400Direct Labor Rate$20$25Cost of Direct Labor for Bigger$224,000$560,000$784,000

Total Direct Labor Costs$684,000$1,135,000$1,819,000


192.Duffy Corporation has prepared the following sales budget:

MonthCash SalesCredit SalesMay$16,000$68,000June20,00080,000July18,00074,000August24,00092,000September22,00076,000

Collections are 40% in the month of sale, 45% in the month following the sale, and 10% two months following the sale. The remaining 5% is expected to be uncollectible.

Required:

Prepare a schedule of cash collections for July through September.

Answer:

JulyAugustSeptemberTotalCash sales$18,000$24,000$22,000$64,000

Collections of credit sales from:Current month29,60036,80030,40096,800Previous month36,00033,30041,400110,700Two months ago6,8008,0007,40022,200

Total collections$90,400$102,100$101,200$293,700

Difficulty: 2Objective: ATerms to Learn: cash budget

193.The following information pertains to Amigo Corporation:

MonthSalesPurchasesJuly$30,000$10,000August34,00012,000September38,00014,000October42,00016,000November48,00018,000December60,00020,000

Cash is collected from customers in the following manner:Month of sale (2% cash discount)30%Month following sale50%Two months following sale15%Amount uncollectible5%40% of purchases are paid for in cash in the month of purchase, and the balance is paid the following month.

Required:a.Prepare a summary of cash collections for the 4th quarter.b.Prepare a summary of cash disbursements for the 4th quarter.

Answer:a.Cash collections Oct $36,448 + Nov $40,812 + Dec $47,940 = $125,200

OctoberNovemberDecemberAugust$ 5,100September19,0005,700October12,34821,0006,300November14,11224,000December17,640-------------------------$36,448$40,812$47,940

b.Cash disbursements Oct $14,800 + Nov $16,800 + Dec $18,800 = $50,400

OctoberNovemberDecemberSeptember8,400October6,4009,600November7,20010,800December8,000-------------------------$14,800$16,800$18,800

Difficulty:2Objective: ATerms to Learn:cash budget

17-2

exercises and problems

Documents

liters of direct materials

liters conversion costs

liters b

process direct materials

process conversion

liters difficulty

liters of chemicals

liters equivalent units220