BRAIN & BEHAVIORAL CHANGES

Prefrontal-Dependent Cognitive Function27

Extracellular Recording

Mood Enchanced positive mood states28

Increased theta70

EEG Increased delta, theta, alpha and beta66

Increased P300 amplitude88

fNIRS Increased activation during task performance100

Increased HAROLD during task performance103

TMS

Lactate129

Cortisol141

Excitation116

Inhibition116

Decreased P300 latency88

Neurotrophins

Endogenous Opioids240

Endocannabinoids

*Note: Data reported are for the longest durations noted in the literature.HAROLD = Hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults; BDNF = Brain derived neurotrophic factor; IGF-1 = Insulin-like growth factor 1; VEGF = Vascular endothelial growth factor; GABA= Gamma-aminobutyric adic

BDNF179

IGF-1 VEGFNeurotransmitters Dopamine201

Norepinephrine222

Serotonin214

Acetylcholine GABA233

Glutamate201

fMRI Increased hippocampal pattern similarity113

Altered activation to an acute stressor114

Decreased negative mood states29

Stress Reduction30

50min cycling at 85% of age-predicted MHR, w/ additional 5min warmup & cooldown

A range of exercise modes at varying intensities (low to very high) for a durations of 7 to over 75min

5min of treadmill running at speeds ranging from 1-22 cm/sec Hippocampus

Frontal, Temporal, Parietal, and Occipital Cortices

Prefrontal Cortex

Primary Motor Cortex

Hippocampus, Frontal, and Temporal Cortices

Hippocampus, Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland, Frontal Cortex

Hippocampus, Prefrontal Cortex, Striatum

Frontal, Temporal, & ParietalCortices, Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia

Hippocampus, Prefrontal Cortex, Striatum, Midbrain,

Brainstem, Ponsmedulla, Hypothalamus, Cortex,

Preoptic area

J.C. Basso and W.A. Suzuki / The Effects of Acute Exercise on Mood

Fig. 1. The Time Course of Behavioral, Functional, Physiological, and Neurochemical Effects of Acute Exercise.

Cortex

A range of exercise modes at various intensities for a duration of 2-60min20min of treadmill walking at 60% of age-predicted MHR

10min of cycling at 50% of VO2 max

10min of cycling at 50% of VO2 max

Graded exercise test on a bicycle ergometer to 85% of age-predicted MHR

20min cycling at 65-70% of age-predicted MHR, w/ additional 5min warmup20min cycling at 65-70% of age-predicted MHR, w/ additional 5min warmup

20min of treadmill walking at 60% of age-predicted MHR

2 hrs of endurance running (21.5 ± 4.7km)

30min treadmill running at low (15 m/min) or moderate-intensity (25 m/min)

20min treadmill running at 12 m/min120min treadmill running at 25 m/min at a 3% slope120min treadmill running at 25 m/min

Graded exercise test on a bicycle ergometer to ≥80% of age-predicted MHR20min treadmill running at 12 m/min

25min of high-intensity interval cycling at 80% of age-predicted MHR, w/ additional 5 min warmup & cooldown30min of treadmill walking/running at 60-70% of VO2 max

30min of aerobic exercise class at 60-80% of age-predicted MHR60 to 120min of cycling at 50-55% of VO2 max, w/ additional 3min warmupBE

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EXERCISEPROTOCOL

TIME COURSE POST-EXERCISE CESSATION20

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ANATOMICAL SITES40

min60

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120min . . . 24

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120 min

24 hrs

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90 min

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120 min70 min120 min

20 min40 min

48 hrs

90 min

24 hrs3 hrs