exercise testing exercise physiology. aims of exercise testing gather objective data on: aerobic...
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Exercise testing
Exercise Physiology
Aims of exercise testing
Gather Objective Data on:
Aerobic abilityAbility to do exercise using high rate of oxygen consumption (VO2 max, VO2peak, etc.)
Aims of exercise testing
Gather Objective Data on:
Anaerobic ability
Ability to exercise at an intensity that exceeds maximal (peak) oxygen consumption (30-s peak PO, supramax. tests, etc.)
Aims of exercise testing
Gather Objective Data on:
Endurance
Ability to sustain submaximal aerobic exercise for an extended time (6- and 12-min walk, 1 mile walk, etc.)
Aims of exercise testing
Gather Objective Data on:
Strength
Ability to do unsustained work against a high resistance (MVC, peak torque, max. number repetitions, etc.)
Aims of exercise testing
Gather Objective Data on:
Flexibility
Ability to move joints through a prescribed range of motion (sit-and-reach distances, goniometry, etc.)
Aims of exercise testing
Gather Objective Data on:
Neuromuscular skills
Ability to do activities that require coordination and skill (gait analysis, balance, coordination, etc.)
Aims of exercise testing
Gather Objective Data on:
Functional performance
Ability to do specific physical activities of daily living (sit-and-stand scores, timed walk, etc.)
Exercise testing
Measurement of body reactions (eventually adaptation) of different body systems in
dependence on stress (exercise)
Measurement of efficiency to perform and repeat the best
achievement
Fitness assessment
Measured parameters Load – [W, W/kg] – age, gender, health statute, weight
Energy output – [kcal] – 1 km = 70-80 kcal {run, walk}
Time – [s., minute, hour] - duration
Speed – [m/s-1, km/hour]
Elevation – [˚, %]
Distance – [m, km]
Ideal exercise test 1. Easy designed
2. a] general – general performanceb] specific – specific performance
3. Safe
4. Valid – do we measure what we really want to?
5. Objective – no other impacts on result
6. Reliability and reproducibility
Justification of exercise testing
Why perform exercise testing? - INDICATION
Diagnosis
Intervention assessment (therapy, training)
Exercise programming and training
Research
Prognostic
Justification of exercise testing
Why do not perform exercise testing? - CONTRAINDICATION
ABSOULTE
RELATIVE
- Acute illness (heart stroke, fever), major hypertension (240/120), etc.
- After heart stroke, some defects of heart valves, etc.
Splitting of tests
According to applied load:
According to place
a) Maximal (incremental tests)
b) Sub-maximal (usually constant workload)
b) Supra-maximal (Wingate test)
a) Laboratory tests
b) Field tests
Laboratory × field tests
Laboratory tests
Disadvantages:
- Different movement stereotype (rower, canoeist on bicycle?)- worse achievement
- Transformation of results into field conditions
- Accurate determination of load
Advantages:
- Standard laboratory conditions
- Nervousness from new (unknown) conditions -worse achievement
Laboratory × field tests
Field tests
Disadvantages:
- Relatively inaccurate determination of power
- The problem of accurate measurement
- Known conditions – athletic stadium, ice ring, sport hall, etc.
Advantages:
- Identical movement stereotype
- Direct use in training
Maximal × submaximal tests
Maximal tests
- Direct assessment of maximal capacity of organism
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
- Dependence on will and motivation of proband
- Risk factor
- Restriction before competition
- Small changes of monitored parameters due to training in very high trained
Maximal × submaximal tests
Sub-maximal tests
- Safer
Advantages:
Disadvantages:
- Lower dependence on tested person (more comfortable)
- Bigger changes of monitored parameters due to training
- Restriction before competition
- Often based on estimation (presumption) of HRmax, etc. – worse accuracy
The type and sources of stress
1. Dynamic
2. Static
3. Other
- Individual movement (knee-bend, etc.)
- Steps (Step test)
- Ergometer – bicycle, treadmill, arm crank ergometer, ladder
- Dynamometer (handgrip, etc.)
- electric, pharmacological, cold, hypoxic, psychological, change of body position (laying – standing), deep breathing, cough, etc.
The conditions in exercise laboratory
1. Enviroment
2. Equipment
3. Safeness
- Calm (few persons)
- Air circulation (ACE)
- Temperature (18-22˚C), humidity 40-60%
- calibration, functionality
- Emergency (phone number)
- Presence of physician, defibrillator, drogs
The conditions in exercise laboratory
4. Tested person- Healthy
- Avoid drinking coffee, alcohol and smoking (at least 12 hours before)
- At least 2 hours after food intake
Bicycle ergometer × treadmillBicykle ergometer
- more in Europe ?
- mechanical efficiency 20 – 25%
-W (load) = resistance (mechanical, electromagnetical) + revolutions/min (50 – 70)
Advantages:
- space, noise, accuracy of set load
- easer and safer making
Disadvantages:
- calibration, engagement of smaller muscle mass, lack of familiarity
- lover oxygen consumption, lover HR , etc.
- taking of blood sample, measurement of blood pressure.
Bicycle ergometer × treadmillTreadmill
- more in USA, Canada ?
- mechanical efficiency no more than 15 %
-W (load) = speed (km/hour)+ elevation (%, °)
Advantages:
- natural movement, only one possibility for children
- engagement of most muscle mass
Disadvantages:
- space demands, noise
- risk of fall, problems of measurement of BP and blood sample
- achievement of “real” maximum (higher O2 consumption, HR)