exercise 1 - food and agriculture organization€¦ · loubna 30 0 0 20 50 sahar 0 0 0 30 30 jamila...

• Assessing seed systems (planting materials) in traditional farming communities (Devra)

Exercise 1

• Use of harvested material and crop diversity (Muhabbat/Devra)

• The significance of social, spatial, and temporal dimensions in respect to diversity patterns (Paolo).

• Promoting intraspecific crop diversity in local seed systems to improve productivity and resilience on farm: A Portfolio Option Approach (Devra)

Chapter 11: Farm, Community, and Landscape: Genetic Diversity

and Selection Pressures at Different Social, Spatial, and Temporal

Scales

• What is the relative importance of the formal and informal seed

system?

• Where is the seed system vulnerable to environmental, social, or

economic change (buffering capacity, bottlenecks)

In 2001:

Nepal <3% rice

Burkina Faso <5% sorghum

Mexico <25% maize

Morocco <3% food legumes

<13% durum wheat

A very small percent of cultivated

area is planted with seeds

purchased new each year from

the formal certified seed system:

R. Vodouhe et al., 2014 unpublished data

Assessing the relative importance of different planting materials

(Baniya et al., 2000)

Characterizing seed sources

35.0%

30.0%

5.0%

10.0%

10.0%

10.0%

26.7%

6.7%

20.0%20.0%

6.7%

6.7%

13.3%Poor

Every year

Every 2 yrEvery 3 yr

Every 4 yr

Every 5 yr

> 5 yrNo change

Depends on landlord

Poor

Rich

Nepal seed replacement

Wealth

Gender

Ethnicity

Burkina Faso plot and storage management

Age

Yucatan maize diversity >50 yrs and Mayan

(Lope et al., 2000)

(Dossou et al., 2001)

Meta-populations – Rice seed networks in Nepal

Connectivity, Isolation, Meta-populations

Subedi et al., 2003

0

20

40

60

80

100

% d

e A

gri

cu

lto

res

Yuca Maíz Frijol Maní algodón Ají

No intercambia

Intercambio con la comunidad

Intercambio entre y con la comunidad

Isolation and seed source –Amazonian Peru

53

26OS

182

181

81115

48

OSOS

Madhese

Purchase

EklePurchase

Rato

anadi

Gift

Jeth

obu

dho

Gif

tPakhe

Gift

Gurdi

Purchase

EklePurchase

Man

sara

Pu

rchase

Dud

hean

adi

Gif

t

Kat

he

gu

rdi

Pu

rch

ase

173

172

Ekle, anadi

ExchangeMadhese

Exchange

47151

23

152

67

199

125

126

EkleGiftGurdi

Exchagne

Kat

he

gurd

i

Exch

ange

Mad

hes

e

Purc

has

e

Kathe gurdi

Exchange

Panhele

Exchange

K.

gu

rdi

Ex

chan

ge

Set

ogu

rdi

Ex

chan

ge

37110

389

144

Sano madhesePurchase

Man

suli

Ex

chan

ge

Madhese

Exchange

Man

am

uri

Ex

chan

ge

Rad

haE

xch

ange

156

157

158

159

90

RadhaExchangeMixed grainExchangeMadhese

Exchange

Radha

Exchange

Thulo madhese

Gift

Man

suli

Gif

t

Pak

heja

rnel

i

Pur

chas

e

78

8

206

207 OS

Pakhe jarneli

Exchange

Mansuli

Exchange

Naltumme

Gift

Nal

tum

me

Gift

MansuliG

ift

16

41

76

40

165

164

205

204

OS

OS

163

OS OS

111

167

Radha 9ExchangeRadha 9

Exchange

Radha 9Exchange

Rad

ha9

Excha

nge

RadhaExchange

Thulo

man

suli

Exch

ange

Radha 9Exchange

Radha

Exchan

ge

Radha

9

Gift

Exchange

Food grain

ExchangeFood grain

Exchange

Radha

9

Exchange

Rad

ha

9

Gif

t

Mad

heG

ift

Khumal 4

GiftSabitri

Gift

53

26OS

182

181

81115

48

OSOS

Madhese

Purchase

EklePurchase

Rato

anadi

Gift

Jeth

obu

dho

Gif

tPakhe

Gift

Gurdi

Purchase

EklePurchase

Man

sara

Pu

rchase

Dud

hean

adi

Gif

t

Kat

he

gu

rdi

Pu

rch

ase

173

172

Ekle, anadi

ExchangeMadhese

Exchange

47151

23

152

67

199

125

126

EkleGiftGurdi

Exchagne

Kat

he

gurd

i

Exch

ange

Mad

hes

e

Purc

has

e

Kathe gurdi

Exchange

Panhele

Exchange

K.

gu

rdi

Ex

chan

ge

Set

ogu

rdi

Ex

chan

ge

37110

389

144

Sano madhesePurchase

Man

suli

Ex

chan

ge

Madhese

Exchange

Man

am

uri

Ex

chan

ge

Rad

haE

xch

ange

156

157

158

159

90

RadhaExchangeMixed grainExchangeMadhese

Exchange

Radha

Exchange

Thulo madhese

Gift

Man

suli

Gif

t

Pak

heja

rnel

i

Pur

chas

e

78

8

206

207 OS

Pakhe jarneli

Exchange

Mansuli

Exchange

Naltumme

Gift

Nal

tum

me

Gift

MansuliG

ift

16

41

76

40

165

164

205

204

OS

OS

163

OS OS

111

167

Radha 9ExchangeRadha 9

Exchange

Radha 9Exchange

Rad

ha9

Excha

nge

RadhaExchange

Thulo

man

suli

Exch

ange

Radha 9Exchange

Radha

Exchan

ge

Radha

9

Gift

Exchange

Food grain

ExchangeFood grain

Exchange

Radha

9

Exchange

Rad

ha

9

Gif

t

Mad

heG

ift

Khumal 4

GiftSabitri

Gift

Collado et al., 2005

• All species were harvest materials for rootstock except almond

Use of wild species as sources for planting materials

58 nurseries -- 1,500,000 saplings annually

Seed sources

72 demonstration plots in farmers’ orchards supplying

430 local varieties

Seed systems – Ortzagh, Morocco: Good year

Ain

Kchir

- R’bai laghlide :50%

- S’bai Labiade :50%

11%

97%- T’lati laghlid : 21%

- R’bai laghlide : 53%

- Moutouassate : 4%

- S’bai Labiade : 22%

3%

- T’lati laghlid : 50%

- R’bai laghlide: 50%



- Moutouassate : 28%

- S’dassi : 12%


Boubiad

84%

16%

14%






100%







- S’dassi : 1%


Jbel

Maiden

10%

0%

0%

81%

- R’bai laghlid : 10%


- S’dassi : 35%


100%




- S’dassi : 9%


Khons

Madna

0%



94%




- S’dassi : 2%


6%

4%




- S’dassi : 9%


96%



- S’dassi : 33%

Saf

100%


0%

100%

- L’fift R’bai : 3%



- Moutouassate :13%

- S’dassi : 1%


Ksibat




- S’dassi : 1 %


18%

Zdharouf

65%

- T’lati : 18%



- Moutouassate : 9%

- S’dassi : 9%


0%- T’lati : 33%



100%

0%

Sidi

Senoun

23%





- variété améliorée :5%




Local market

and exchange

Sadiki et al. 2003

Seed systems – Ortzagh, Morocco: Bad year

Local market

Exchange

50%

0%



- Moutouassate : 0%


50%

Ain

Kchir



- Moutouassate : 8%


Boubiad

64%




- S’dassi : 10%


36%

0%




- S’dassi : 10%


11%




- S’dassi : 2%




Jbel

Maiden

0%89%

48%

Saf

52%




- S’dassi : 0%


0%



- S’dassi : 19%

69%

31%




- Moutouassate :13%

- S’dassi : 0%


Ksibat

0%

100%

Zdharouf0%

0%

- T’lati: 22%

- T’lati laghlid: 29%


- Moutouassate : 7%

- S’dassi : 7%


73%

0%

27%

Sidi

Senoun


- R’bai laghlide 78%



- variété améliorée :0%


- R’bai laghlide 7%



100%

0%

0%

Khons




- S’dassi : 9%





- Moutouassate :13%

- S’dassi : 2%


Madna

0%

74%26%




- S’dassi : 0%





- S’dassi : 9%


Sadiki et al. 2003

Relating seed sources to diversity on farm

Practices to determine which seeds will be planted the following year

• Seeds selected from particular plots are field areas

• Seeds selected from particular plants or a part of a plant

• Growth Stage for selecting plants for seeds

• Post harvest methods for selecting seeds

Date of

sowing

Cycle Seed

quality

V1 June, 10/01 90 Good

V2 June, 10/01 120 Good

V3 July, 01/01 90 Bad

V4 July, 01/01 110 Bad

Millet seed production at Tougouri

Spatial isolation of field cultivated for millet seed production

Millet seed production at Pobe-mengao

Balma et al., 2003

How do management practices affect seed production?Position of fields for seed production

Post harvest methods to select planting materials

What post harvest methods do you use to select seeds/planting materials? (List of responses on methods come from FGD)

No seed treatment

Treat seeds with pesticides

Treat seeds with other products (not pesticides)

No Seeds preparation for storage

Specific Seeds preparation for storage practices (list practice)

No specific seeds container

Specific seed container (list type of container)

No preparation of storage facilities

Type of preparation of storage facilities

No specific location for seed storage

Specific storage location (list location)

Location type

Selecting high quality seed

What criteria do you use to choose high-quality seed? (Example of possible criteria from FGD)

Select seeds (General selection)

Select seed with normal color (includes: Uniform color, standard color for the crop, no discouloration)

Select big seeds (includes: Large, big ears, large grain, clean corm)

Choice of uniform seed (includes: Uniformity of variety)

Planting only healthy seed (includes:No tunnels for sword maiden, no hole, no spots, clean budding seed)

Farmer

Neighbor

(kg)

Market

(kg)

Seed

company

(kg)

Self

(kg)

Total

(kg)

Loubna 30 0 0 20 50

Sahar 0 0 0 30 30

Jamila 0 0 30 10 40

Ghita 0 0 200 0 200

Houssan 20 30 0 50 100

Brahim 25 0 0 0 25

Farmer Neighbor Market

Seed

Company Self Total

Loubna 0.6 0 0 0.4 1.0

Sahar 0 0 0 1.0 1.0

Jamila 0 0 0.75 0.25 1.0

Ghita 0 0 1.0 0 1.0

Houssan 0.2 0.3 0 0.5 1.0

Brahim 1.0 0 0 0 1.0

Total 0.30 0.05 0.29 0.36 1.0

Proportion

Assessing seed flows – understanding local systems to support access and availability to variety diversity

Exercize

exercise 1 - food and agriculture organization€¦ · loubna 30 0 0 20 50 sahar 0 0 0 30 30 jamila...

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