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Executive SummaryExecutive SummaryExecutive SummaryExecutive Summary

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Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of Halal Slaughterhouse & Meat Complex,Tehsil Mirpur Sakhro, District Thatta, Sindh

October2013

The Project proponent Fauji Fertilizer Bin Qasim (FFBL)intends to build a Halal Slaughterhouse and MeatComplex in Tehsil Mirpur Sakhro, district Thatta,province Sindh. The project will encompass a modernstate-of-the-art halal meat slaughtering facility with theobjective of processing high quality meat, value addedproducts and by-products with special focus oninternational markets i.e. UAE, KSA, Qatar, Bahrain,Kuwait, Malaysia and Iran along with domestic market.The facility will be capable to process meat of cattle,sheep and goat.This EIA has been prepared to conform with therequirements of the Pakistan Environmental ProtectionAct 1997 (PEPA), the Pakistan Initial EnvironmentalExamination (IEE) and Environmental ImpactAssessment (EIA) Review Regulations 2000 and theguidelines provided in the Pakistan EnvironmentalAssessment Procedures, 1997. FFBL has involved SGS Pakistan (Private) Limited toundertake the required assessment. This report presentsthe EIA process and its findings, project alternatives,project impacts, and mitigation measures to beimplemented during the execution of the proposedactivities.Assessment MethodologyThis study has been conducted using standardenvironmental assessment methodology, in accordancewith national and international environmentalguidelines. The study evaluates the proposed projectaccording to the environmental assessmentrequirements of the Pakistan Initial EnvironmentalExamination (IEE) and Environmental ImpactAssessment (EIA) Review Regulations 2000. In addition,the environmental international guidelines such as theWorld Bank environmental guidelines, EquatorPrinciples, International Finance Corporation (IFC)guidelines and international best available practiceshave been consulted.Project LocationThe proposed project is located in district Thatta, taluqaMirpur Sakro and UC Dhabeji. FFBL existing fertilizerplant is approximately 7km away from the proposedproject location. The halal slaughterhouse and meatcomplex covers an area of about 20.45 Acres. A key mapshowing the location of the project area is shown inFigure ES 0.1.Purpose and Scope of the StudyThe purpose of this EIA is to evaluate the activities

associated with the proposed project according to thePakistan IEE and EIA Review Regulations 2000 andinternational environmental guidelines, such as those ofthe World Bank and IFC. Chapter 2 outlines theapplicable statutory environmental requirements andguidelines. The specific objectives of this EIA are to:� Assess the existing conditions in the project area and

develop a baseline of its current environmental andsocioeconomic conditions;

� Assess the proposed activities of the project toidentify their potential impact, evaluate these effects,and determine their significance;

� Propose appropriate mitigation and monitoringmeasures that can be incorporated into the project’sdesign to remove or reduce negative impact as faras possible, and to control and monitor any residualimpact (i.e. the effects that remain after mitigationmeasures are implemented);

� Prepare an EIA report for submittal to SindhEnvironmental Protection Agency (SEPA).

Environmental and Socio-Economical Baseline StudiesThe project area is defined as ‘the areas where the projectrelated activities to be carried, include the proposedproject site and surroundings and the areas that caninteract with various aspects of the project. Theenvironmental impact of any activity or process isassessed on the basis of a deviation from the baseline ornormal situation. Following are the main components ofthe baseline:� Physical Environment� Biological Environment� Socioeconomic EnvironmentThe baseline data on above components were collectedthrough desk-top surveys, literature review; fieldsurveys; existing information sources and data purchase.Meetings and data gathering from various organizationsincluding, but not limited to:� District Government � Union Council Dhabeji � Sindh Wildlife Department � Sindh Livestock and Fisheries Department

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Figure ES 0.1: Project Location

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� National Rural Support Program (NRSP)� IUCN Pakistan � WWF PakistanDESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

Physical Features, Topography, GeologyThe proposed project corridor mainly comprises ofdistrict Thatta Taluqa Mirpur Sakro and Union Council(UC) Dhabeji and moreover it is one kilometre awayfrom Malir district of Sindh province. The project sitelies close to Gagar Phatak along the N-5 NationalHighway towards Thatta district.The proposed project area can be divided into five zoneson the basis of topographical features i.e. ridge andrunnel upland in Sindh Kohistan, colluvial fans andplains of Gadap, plains of Moidan and Gadap, plainsand plateaus of Malir-Lyari interfluous, plains and hillsof the coastal belt and project site is forty meters abovesea level. The ridge and runnel upland in SindhKohistan is the sector of rugged topography in the northof Malir district that is spread over the width of anoffshoot branch of Kirthar range. The project area hasminor drainage risk which indicates the geologicalcharacteristic having rocky base altering layers ofconsolidated sandstones interventional by silt and claybelts. Soil Characteristics of Project AreaThe physical soil characteristics of project siteinvestigated by geotechnical study at 10 meter depthshowed that the soil was yellowish brown, very dense,silty fine to coarse grained with some gravels and siltyclay. Hydrology of Project AreaThere are plenty of surface water resources in the projectcorridor which is situated on the right bank of riverIndus in Thatta district, in the form of rivers, canals,streams and wetlands. Large amount of these waterresources are used for agricultural in Thatta district;whereas its viable volume is used for drinking purposes.Project corridor bordering Thatta in Right Bank OutfallDrain (RBOD) is out of magnificent deltaic regionsbecause the old branch of Indus which ran throughGharo Creek is silted up and now is only represented bythe Kalri canal. Gharo Creek is approximately 6.9kmfrom the project site. Approximately 15km within the project area fournatural flood drains exist i.e. Ghaggar Dhora, Lath WalaDhora,Jhulay wala nala and Dhabeji wala Dhora. LathWala Dhora flood drainage passes adjacent to theboundary wall of project site towards Arabian Sea. It wasfound during primary stakeholder consultation that“Lath Wala Dhora” remains dry in floods season. Thereis a rational number of ground water resources in the

form of wells and aquifers exist in Taluqa Mirpur Sakhrounion council Dhabeji in Thatta district. But the normaldepth of ground water in the project area isapproximately 80 -100ft. Climatology and MeteorologyThe climate of the project area can be broadly classifiedas arid, moderate, hot and humid climate typical ofsubtropical coastal areas under the influence ofmonsoons. The mild winter is restricted to theDecember-February period. The summer extends fromApril to September, which overlaps the short spells ofthe main rainy season during July-August. The weathertends to be very humid during May-June and Septemberand pleasant during the periods of July to August andNovember to March. Last five years metrological data ofthe project area was collected to evaluate the trend of theproject area climate. Natural DisastersThe area of Dhabeji District Thatta Tehsil Mirpur Sakhrucomes under ‘low’ seismicity zones, as per classificationof National Disaster Risk Management Department(NDRM). So the project area is under low seismicityzone. It was concluded from the primary stakeholderconsultation and past flood data review that the projectarea has never been affected from the flood hazards.Environmental Baseline MonitoringIn order to assess the baseline conditions of the projectarea, following environmental components weremonitored;1. Ambient air quality monitoring, 2. Noise monitoring, 3. Soil sampling and analysis, 4. Water sampling and analysis.Environmental baseline monitoring was conducted atdifferent locations of the project site. Ambient Air Quality: Project site lies in rural area ofDhabeji adjacent to N-5 National Highway towardsThatta district. There is no industrial pollution source inthe vicinity of project site as there are only rice godown(storage) and agriculture land in nearby areas. Vehicularemission and vehicular noise are the only major sourceof pollution at project site. Local community use woodas fuel for burning purpose. The overall ambient airquality result shows carbon monoxide (CO)concentration is high which is due to vehicularmovement of National Highway as well as Port Qasimindustrial area activities contribute in increase theconcentration of CO of the project area, while rest of allparameters are well within limits of NationalEnvironmental Quality Standards (NEQS).

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Noise: Elevated noise is viably absent in projectproximities due to acute absence of noise causingequipments in the project corridors. Generally,significant sources of noise emanation are triggered bytransportation, population and railway traffic which isassumed falling extremely short particularly in theproject proximities. Noise monitoring results trendindicates the lowest acoustic level 57dB and was highestrecorded 60.2dB. Pakistan EPA has regulated maximumpermissible limit at day time 50dB and in night hour is45dB. As such, the acoustic figure of noise monitored onhourly basis is not complying with NEQS defined limits.This increase in noise level is due to heavy vehicularmovement on nearby National Highway.Soil: Both soil samples SS-I and SS-II indicates the soil ofproject site is eco-friendly and is found free fromnoxious pollutants that can cause any damage to soilcover of the project corridor. Organic pollutantsincluding oil & grease, TPH and phenolic compoundswere mostly found at levels below reporting limit;whereas inorganic pollutants including cyanides &heavy metals were also registered at such low levels tocause any sort of environmental disturbance to soilenvironment of the project site.Water Quality: Chemical and physical analyses patterncarried out on 05 water samples indicating the mostwater samples were found brackish in character exceptSample-3(Dhabeji surface water) and are not complyingNEQS regulated guidelines on drinking water frompalatability context. Almost all water sources arecontaminated with suspended matter. Heavy metalcontaminants such as iron, manganese and zinc arepresent at such low level to cause any sort ofenvironmental damage to these water sources. Theelevated figure of BOD & COD in Sample-5 is indicatingcontamination of sufficient organic matter in the Seawater. Karachi Sea water is regarded final outfall ofhighly contaminated & un-treated wastewater drainswith the result that near shoreline is flooded with largedissolved & un-dissolved pollutants. As such itsBOD/COD figures are lingering at elevated levels ascompared to ground or surface stream water which isderived from municipality distribution outlets.Biological Environment of the Project Area

Project area falls under non protected area classificationcompared to other areas of Thatta Distict. There is noprotected area within 5 km radius of project boundary.Keenjhar and Haleji lakes are more than 80km far whileIndus delta (Gharo Creek) is approximately 6.9km awayfrom the project site. Faunal Diversity of the Project Area: The vegetation ofproject area is very scanty and consists of desolateshrubs, bushes and trees. The woody, thorny,under-shrubs are usually not above thirty centimetres inheight. Mesquite, an exotic species that is bushy inshape, has spread over large areas in the south-eastern

parts of the district. These plants are exceptions in theprevailing barren landscape. Salvadora oleoides,Prosopis Sanegal ,Acacia Arabica, Tamarix gallica,Calotropis procera and Azadiradita indica are commonspecies of the project area. Faunal Diversity of the Project Area: During field visit12 large and small mammals, 6 reptiles and amphibianand 32 bird species were observed (lists are provided inChapter 4). Most common species of birds are cattleegrets, ring dove, seed eaters such as pigeons, birds witha more varied diet such as white-eared bulbuls,sparrows, the brown-headed raven, shrikes, nightjars,woodpeckers, rollers, swallows, martins, wagtails, chats,robins, warblers, white-throats, flycatchers, sunbird,drongo, mynas, sparrows, and buntings are also found.06 species of reptiles were observed during biologicalbaseline field visit, a detail list is provided in Chapter 4. Socio-economic EnvironmentA detailed socioeconomic survey was carried out in andaround the project area. The purpose of the survey wasto enumerate, evaluate and assess the existing social,cultural and economic conditions and to determine thecommunity’s requirements. During field visit a total of11 villages comprising of approximately 6475 totalpopulation was surveyed. The population in the nearvillages of project site at union council Dhabeji in fivekilometer radius is scanty (less than 1000) except in twovillages i.e. Siddique Goth and Achar Salar Goth lyingin Gadap town. The major population consulted duringthe socioeconomic survey was mainly from these twoGoths. The majority of the population belongs toKalmati Baloch or Jokhio tribes. Another tribe reportedduring the field visit was Bhaway Baloch. These tribesspeak Sindhi, Balochi and understand urdu language.Average family size is around 4 to 8 members in variousvillages in the project area. Semi Pakka houses arecommon with maximum two rooms or minimum oneroom and open area inside the boundary wall of eachhouse. Outtak system is village tradition, mostly Outaak(Guest house) constructed near main entrance of thevillage where all male guest stay and are also used foropen discussion on daily routine. The women of the area are very hard working and morepractical than men. Generally the women responsibilitiesinclude cooking food, dish washing, washing of cloths,and sewing of cloths, making Rillihies and look aftertheir children. In addition to these activities, womenwere also seen working in the agriculture fields, busy inharvesting crops, picking of cotton and feeding andmilking of livestock. Most of the women in project areaare illiterate and have no authority to interfere indomestic decision making.Electricity supply system exists but only in three to fourvillages of the project area. People of the area usekerosene oil for laltain (a sort of lamp) in night hours forlighting purpose. It was noted that the water supply

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system is also available in few of villages in the area. Thepiped water provided in the area is unreliable and servefew villages only.The major source of income for the surrounding ofproject area is livestock and agriculture. The majorindustries are located in Port Qasim, Dhabaji and inGharoand people from the surrounding villages areworking as labour in these industries. A study on Thattareported that there are almost 05 sugar mills, 09 textileindustries, 01 cement factory and several rice and flourmills are operating in the Dhabaji and Gharo areas.The health facilities are minimal for the populationliving in the area. Most of the villages have no hospital,clinic and basic health unit, where as Siddique Goth hasonly one basic health unit. Mammu Goth has a hospitalnear village while Achar Salar Goth has health facility inthe village. The available health facilities in the area arejust enough to address common diseases. For theadvance treatment of any serious and complicateddisease, people used to visit the city centre especially inGharo and Gulshan–e-Hadeed for proper medicaltreatment. Although the project area is located in union councilDhabeji Taluka Mirpur sakhro adjacent to Karachi, butthe education facilities in the area are distressing. Mostof the villages have only primary schools. The numberof proper schools in the project area is negligible. Theliteracy rate reported is very low, i.e., average literacyrate is only11% in the surrounding villages of the projectarea. Focused group discussions revealed a high satisfactionof locals based on their past experience with FFBL. Themajority of participants expressed no serious complaintsregarding FFBL activities in the area and welcomed theidea of the proposed project. The community memberalso hoped that the new project will provide jobs forlocal community and FFBL will also provide health andeducation facilities as welfare work in the area. Project AlternativesA number of alternatives to the main technology /philosophy proposed for the project were considered. Itincludes a discussion of the alternatives, their criteria forselection, comparison and selection of the preferredoption that is most practicable within the definedeconomic, social, environmental and safety constraints.Project alternatives were evaluated taking intoconsideration the principles of sustainable developmentand other defined criteria. In particular it outlines thefollowing project options:i. The “No Project Option” ii. Alternative Site Option and iii. Technology option – for wastewater treatment.

All the above alternatives were analyzed and mostfeasible option was adopted.Stakeholder ConsultationPrimary stakeholders were consulted during informaland formal meetings held in the project area. Theconsultation process was carried out in the Sindhi andUrdu languages. During these meetings a simple,non-technical, description of the project was given, withan overview of the project’s likely human andenvironmental impact. This was followed by an opendiscussion allowing participants to voice their concernsand opinions. The community member hoped that thenew project will provide jobs for local community andFFBL will also provide health and education facilities aswelfare work in the area.Secondary stakeholder consultations were more formalas government officials, national and internationalNGOs were consulted during face-to-face meetings.Generally, all of the secondary stakeholders are in thefavour of the proposed project and they admit theproposed project should be executed but withappropriate mitigation measures to reduce theenvironmental and social impacts. The findings of thestakeholder consultations have been addressed invarious sections of the EIA, and the mitigation planshave been incorporated into the EMP.Potential Project Impact and MitigationThe EIA covers potential effects of the proposed projectactivities in the project area. Potential impacts on thephysical, biological, socio-economic and culturalenvironment that may arise from the construction andoperational activities and the mitigation measures thatwill be adopted to reduce or minimize the impact havebeen assessed and are summarised in Table ES 0.1. Theconstruction and operational activities will also havepositive impacts on the local communities.

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Table ES 0.1: Summary of Impacts and Mitigation Measures (Construction & Operational)

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Environmental Management Plan (EMP)For effective implementation and management ofmitigation measures, an Environmental ManagementPlan (EMP) has been prepared. The EMP provides adelivery mechanism to address potential impacts ofproject activities, to enhance project benefits and tointroduce standards of good practice in all projectactivities. The EMP has been prepared with the objectiveof:� Defining legislative requirements, guidelines and

best industry practices that apply to the project;� Defining mitigation/ monitoring plan required for

avoiding or minimizing potential impacts assessedby the EIA;

� Defining roles and responsibilities of the projectproponent and the contractor;

� Defining requirements for environmental monitoringand reporting;

� Defining the mechanism with which training will beprovided to the project personnel.

Environmental sensitivities and impacts, as well as theassociated mitigation plan for construction andoperation have been addressed in the EMP. FFBL willensure that the project staff will be adequately trainedin HSE sensitivities and operational managementprocedures, so that all levels of staff effectivelycontribute to impact prevention and mitigation at alltimes. An Environmental Management Plan providing:� A systematic approach to ensure that mitigation

strategies prepared in this EIA are implementedduring project activities.

� An appropriate monitoring plan is device toensuring strict adherence to the environmentalmitigation and control measures.

� A training program is device to providingawareness training on all potential environmentalissues of the project to all personnel at site.

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Table of ContentsTable of ContentsTable of ContentsTable of Contents

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ExECuTIvE SuMMAry1 InTrODuCTIOn 01 Of 051.1 PrOjECT TITlE AnD PrOjECT PrOPOnEnTS 01 Of 05 1.1.1PrOjECT TITlE 01 Of 05 1.1.2 PrOjECT PrOPOnEnT 01 Of 051.2 EIA COnSulTAnTS 01 Of 051.3 EIA rEquIrEMEnT 01 Of 051.4 EIA PrOCESS 01 Of 05 1.4.1 OvErvIEw Of EIA 01 Of 05 1.4.2 ObjECTIvE Of EIA 01 Of 05 1.4.3 SCOPE Of EIA 02 Of 05 1.4.4 SPATIAl SCOPE 02 Of 05 1.4.5 TEMPOrAl SCOPE 02 Of 051.5 EIA METHODOlOgy 02 Of 05 1.5.1 SCOPIng 02 Of 05 1.5.2 DATA COllECTIOn 02 Of 05 1.5.3 bASElInE 02 Of 05 1.5.4 EvAluATIOn Of AlTErnATIvES 03 Of 05 1.5.5 IMPACT ASSESSMEnT AnD MITIgATIOn 03 Of 051.6 OrgAnIzATIOn Of THE rEPOrT 04 Of 051.7 COnTACT DETAIlS 04 Of 052 lEgAl frAMEwOrk 01 Of 192.1 COnSTITuTIOnAl PrOvISIOn 01 Of 192.2 nATIOnAl POlICIES rElATED TO EnvIrOnMEnT 01 Of 19 2.2.1. nATIOnAl EnvIrOnMEnT POlICy, 2005 01 Of 19 2.2.2. nATIOnAl COnSErvATIOn STrATEgy 01 Of 19 2.2.3. nATIOnAl EnvIrOnMEnTAl ACTIOn PlAn-SuPPOrT PrOgArMME (nEAP-SP) 02 Of 19 2.2.4. POlICy & PrOCEDurES fOr THE fIlIng, rEvIEw AnD APPrOvAl Of EnvIrOnMEnTAl ASSESSMEnTS 02 Of 192.3 nATIOnAl EnvIrOnMEnTAl lEgISlATIOn 02 Of 19

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2.3.1. PAkISTAn EnvIrOnMEnTAl PrOTECTIOn ACT 1997 03 Of 19 2.3.2. PAkISTAn EnvIrOnMEnTAl PrOTECTIOn AgEnCy rEvIEw Of IEE AnD EIA rEgulATIOnS, 2000 03 Of 19 2.3.3. THE nATIOnAl EnvIrOnMEnTAl quAlITy STAnDArDS (nEqS) 03 Of 19 2.3.4. SInDH wIlDlIfE PrOTECTIOn OrDInAnCE, 1972 (SwPO) AnD AMEnDMEnTS 2001 09 Of 19 2.3.5. SElf-MOnITOrIng & rEPOrTIng rulES 09 Of 19 2.3.6. AnTIquITIES ACT 1975 AnD THE SInDH CulTurAl HErITAgE (PrESErvATIOn) ACT, 1994 09 Of 19 2.3.7. THE fOrEST ACT 1927 09 Of 19 2.3.8. lAnD ACquISITIOn ACT, 1894 09 Of 19 2.3.9. PAkISTAn PEnAl CODE (1860) 09 Of 19 2.3.10. PAkISTAn PrEvEnTIOn Of CruElTy TO AnIMAlS ACT, 1890 10 Of 19 2.3.11. SInDH rEgulATIOn AnD COnTrOl OrDInAnCE 10 Of 192.4 frAMEwOrk Of EnvIrOnMEnT AnD wIlDlIfE InSTITuTIOn In PAkISTAn 10 Of 192.5 nATIOnAl EnvIrOnMEnTAl guIDElInES 11 Of 19 2.5.1. THE PAkISTAn EnvIrOnMEnTAl ASSESSMEnT PrOCEDurES, 1997 11 Of 19 2.5.2. Sub-SECTOrAl EnvIrOnMEnTAl guIDElInES AnD CHECklISTS On DAIry fArMS AnD SlAugHTEr HOuSES 11 Of 19 2.5.3. guIDElInES fOr PublIC COnSulTATIOn 11 Of 192.6 InTErnATIOnAl guIDElInES 11 Of 19 2.6.1. wOrlD bAnk guIDElInES On EnvIrOnMEnT 11 Of 19 2.6.2. EquATOr PrInCIPlES 15 Of 19 2.6.3. IfC PErfOrMAnCE STAnDArDS 15 Of 19 2.6.4. IfC EnvIrOnMEnTAl, HEAlTH & SAfETy guIDElInES 16 Of 19 2.6.5. EnvIrOnMEnTAl, HEAlTH AnD SAfETy guIDElInES fOr MEAT PrOCESSIng 16 Of 192.7 InTErnATIOnAl COnvEnTIOnS & TrEATIES 16 Of 19 2.7.1. InTErnATIOnAl COnvEnTIOn On bIODIvErSITy 16 Of 19 2.7.2. THE COnvEnTIOn On COnSErvATIOn Of MIgrATOry SPECIES Of wIlD AnIMAlS, 1979 16 Of 19 2.7.3. THE COnvEnTIOn On wETlAnDS Of InTErnATIOnAl IMPOrTAnCE, rAMSAr 1971 16 Of 19 2.7.4. COnvEnTIOn On InTErnATIOnAl TrADE In EnDAngErED SPECIES Of wIlD fAunA AnD flOrA (CITES) 17 Of 19 2.7.5. InTErnATIOnAl unIOn fOr COnSErvATIOn Of nATurE AnD nATurAl rESOurCES (IuCn) rED lIST 17 Of 19

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2.8 InTErnATIOnAl AnD nATIOnAl EnvIrOnMEnT AnD COnSErvATIOn OrgAnIzATIOnS 17 Of 19 2.8.1. InTErnATIOnAl AnD nATIOnAl ngOS 17 Of 192.9 ffbl COrPOrATE rEquIrEMEnTS 18 Of 19 2.9.1. COrPOrATE HSE (HEAlTH, SAfETy, EnvIrOnMEnT) POlICy 18 Of 193 PrOjECT DESCrIPTIOn 01 Of 113.1 nEED ASSESSMEnT Of THE PrOjECT 01 Of 113.2 PrOjECT ObjECTIvE 01 Of 113.3 PrOjECT lOCATIOn 01 Of 11 3.3.1 ExISTIng ffbl fACIlITIES 01 Of 113.4 PrOjECT PHASES AnD SCHEDulE 03 Of 113.5 PrOPOSED PrOjECT DESCrIPTIOn 03 Of 11 3.5.1 DESIgn AnD lAyOuT Of AbATTOIr 05 Of 113.6 PrOCESS DESCrIPTIOn - OPErATIOnAl PHASE Of AbATTOIr 05 Of 11 3.6.1 unlOADIng rAMPS AnD rESTIng ArEA 05 Of 11 3.6.2 lAIrAgE 05 Of 11 3.6.3 SlAugHTErIng Of AnIMAlS 06 Of 11 3.6.4 DETEnTIOn 06 Of 11 3.6.5 CHIllIng 06 Of 11 3.6.6 frEEzIng 06 Of 11 3.6.7 CuTTIng AnD DEbOnIng 07 Of 11 3.6.8 PACkAgIng 07 Of 11 3.6.9 PrODuCTIOn Of AnIMAl by-PrODuCTS 07 Of 11 3.6.10 rEnDErIng PlAnT 07 Of 11 3.6.11 fInISHED PrODuCTS 07 Of 113.7 COnSTruCTIOn PHASE Of AbATTOIr 08 Of 11 3.7.1 rESOurCES COnSuMPTIOn AnD SuPPlIES 08 Of 11 3.7.2 wASTE DISCHArgE 08 Of 113.8 rESOurCES COnSuMPTIOn - OPErATIOnAl PHASE 08 Of 11 3.8.1 STAffIng 08 Of 11 3.8.2 wATEr COnSuMPTIOn 10 Of 11 3.8.3 ElECTrICITy COnSuMPTIOn 10 Of 113.9 wASTE DISCHArgES AnD by-PrODuCTS 10 Of 11 3.9.1 wASTEwATEr TrEATMEnT AnD DISPOSAl SySTEM 10 Of 11

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3.10 ODOur COnTrOl SySTEM 11 Of 113.11 InCInErATIOn Of DISEASED AnIMAlS AnD wASTE 11 Of 113.12 AnIMAl wElfArE AnD vETErInAry PrOvISIOnS 11 Of 11 3.12.1 vETErInAry PrOvISIOn 11 Of 113.13 HEAlTH, SAfETy AnD EnvIrOnMEnTAl MAnAgEMEnT STAnDArDS 11 Of 114 EnvIrOnMEnTAl & SOCIAl bASElInE 01 Of 394.1 PHySICAl EnvIrOnMEnT 01 Of 39 4.1.1 PHySICAl fEATurES, TOPOgrAPHy, gEOlOgy 01 Of 39 4.1.2 SOIl CHArACTErISTICS Of PrOjECT ArEA 05 Of 39 4.1.3 HyDrOlOgy Of PrOjECT ArEA 05 Of 39 4.1.4 ClIMATOlOgy AnD METEOrOlOgy 07 Of 39 4.1.5 nATurAl DISASTErS 12 Of 394.2 EnvIrOnMEnTAl bASElInE MOnITOrIng 14 Of 39 4.2.1 AMbIEnT AIr quAlITy 14 Of 39 4.2.2 nOISE MOnITOIrng 17 Of 39 4.2.3 SOIl quAlITy Of PrOjECT ArEA 17 Of 39 4.2.4 wATEr quAlITy MOnITOrIng Of PrOjECT ArEA 19 Of 394.3 bIOlOgICAl EnvIrOnMEnT 23 Of 39 4.3.1 bIOlOgICAl DIvErSITy Of PrOjECT ArEA 23 Of 39 4.3.2 flOrAl DIvErSITy Of THE PrOjECT ArEA 23 Of 39 4.3.3 fAunAl DIvErSITy Of THE DISTrICT 24 Of 394.4 SOCIO-ECOnOMIC AnD CulTurAl EnvIrOnMEnT 29 Of 39 4.4.1 SCOPE AnD METHODOlOgy 29 Of 39 4.4.2 gEOgrAPHy AnD HISTOrICAl IMPOrTAnCE Of THATTA DISTrICT 29 Of 39 4.4.3 PrOjECT SITE AnD ADMInISTrATIvESETuP 29 Of 39 4.4.4 DEMOgrAPHICS 30 Of 39 4.4.5 lIvElIHOOD Of PrOjECT ArEA 31 Of 39 4.4.6 SOCIOECOnOMIC PrOfIlE 33 Of 39 4.4.7 ArCHEOlOgICAl SITES Of THATTA DISTrICT 36 Of 39 4.4.8 PErCEPTIOn AbOuT THE PrOjECT 37 Of 39 4.4.9 bEnEfITS Of PrOPOSED PrOjECT On SOCIOECOnOMIC EnvIrOnMEnTAl Of THE ArEA 37 Of 395 PrOjECT AlTErnATIvES 01 Of 025.1 nO DEvElOPMEnT OPTIOn 01 Of 02

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5.2 AlTErnATIvE SITE OPTIOn - SITE SElECTIOn CrITErIA 01 Of 025.3 TECHnOlOgy AlTErnATIvES 02 Of 02 5.3.1 wASTE HAnDlIng 02 Of 02 5.3.2 wASTE wATEr TrEATMEnT PlAnT 02 Of 026 STAkEHOlDEr COnSulTATIOn 01 Of 066.1 ObjECTIvES Of STAkEHOlDEr COnSulTATIOn 01 Of 066.2 STAkEHOlDEr COnSulTATIOn PrOCESS 01 Of 06 6.2.1 IDEnTIfICATIOn Of STAkEHOlDErS 01 Of 06 6.2.2 ClASSIfICATIOn Of STAkEHOlDErS 01 Of 06 6.2.3 METHODOlOgy fOr COnSulTATIOn 01 Of 066.3 STAkEHOlDErS COnSulTED 02 Of 066.4 COnSulTATIOn fInDIngS 02 Of 06 6.4.1 PrIMAry STAkEHOlDErS 02 Of 06 6.4.2 SECOnDAry STAkEHOlDErS 03 Of 067 IMPACT PrEDICTIOn, EvAluATIOn AnD MITIgATIOn MEASurES 01 Of 237.1 IDEnTIfICATIOn Of POTEnTIAl IMPACTS 01 Of 237.2 IMPACT ClASSIfICATIOn 01 Of 237.3 IMPACT SCOPIng CrITErIA 01 Of 237.4 IMPACT ASSESSMEnT METHODOlOgy 02 Of 237.5 IMPACTS ASSOCIATED wITH COnSTruCTIOn ACTIvITIES 03 Of 237.6 DISCuSSIOn On kEy EnvIrOnMEnTAl ASPECTS, MITIgATIOn MEASurES AnD rESIDuAl IMPACTS 07 Of 23 7.6.1. PrOTECTED ArEAS 07 Of 23 7.6.2. gEOMOrPHOlOgy AnD SOIlS 07 Of 23 7.6.2.1 POTEnTIAl IMPACTS 07 Of 23 7.6.2.2 ASSESSMEnT Of POTEnTIAl IMPACTS 07 Of 23 7.6.2.3 MITIgATIOn MEASurES 07 Of 23 7.6.2.4 rESIDuAl IMPACT 08 Of 23 7.6.3. wATEr rESOurCES 08 Of 23 7.6.3.1 POTEnTIAl IMPACTS 08 Of 23 7.6.3.2 ASSESSMEnT Of POTEnTIAl IMPACTS 08 Of 23 7.6.3.3 MITIgATIOn MEASurES 08 Of 23 7.6.3.4 rESIDuAl IMPACT 08 Of 23 7.6.4. AMbIEnT AIr quAlITy 08 Of 23

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7.6.4.1 POTEnTIAl IMPACTS 08 Of 23 7.6.4.2 ASSESSMEnT Of POTEnTIAl IMPACTS 08 Of 23 7.6.4.3 MITIgATIOn MEASurES 09 Of 23 7.6.4.4 rESIDuAl IMPACT 09 Of 23 7.6.5. gHg EMISSIOnS 09 Of 23 7.6.6. OzOnE DEPlETIOn 09 Of 23 7.6.7. nOISE POlluTIOn 09 Of 23 7.6.7.1 POTEnTIAl IMPACTS 09 Of 23 7.6.7.2 ASSESSMEnT Of POTEnTIAl IMPACTS 09 Of 23 7.6.7.3 MITIgATIOn MEASurES 10 Of 23 7.6.7.4 rESIDuAl IMPACT 10 Of 23 7.6.8. wASTE DISCHArgES 10 Of 23 7.6.8.1 POTEnTIAl IMPACTS 10 Of 23 7.6.8.2 ASSESSMEnT Of POTEnTIAl IMPACTS 11 Of 23 7.6.8.3 MITIgATIOn MEASurES 11 Of 23 7.6.9. TrAffIC 11 Of 23 7.6.9.1 POTEnTIAl IMPACTS 11 Of 23 7.6.9.2 ASSESSMEnT Of POTEnTIAl IMPACTS 12 Of 23 7.6.9.3 MITIgATIOn MEASurES 12 Of 23 7.6.9.4 rESIDuAl IMPACT 12 Of 23 7.6.10. wIlDlIfE AnD HAbITAT 12 Of 23 7.6.10.1 POTEnTIAl IMPACTS 12 Of 23 7.6.10.2 ASSESSMEnT Of POTEnTIAl IMPACTS 12 Of 23 7.6.10.3 MITIgATIOn MEASurES 12 Of 23 7.6.10.4 rESIDuAl IMPACT 13 Of 23 7.6.11. SOCIO-ECOnOMIC IMPACT 13 Of 23 7.6.2.1 POTEnTIAl IMPACTS 13 Of 23 7.6.2.2 ASSESSMEnT Of POTEnTIAl IMPACTS 13 Of 23 7.6.2.3 MITIgATIOn MEASurES 14 Of 237.7 IMPACTS ASSOCIATED wITH OPErATIOn ACTIvITIES 14 Of 23 7.7.1. TrAnSPOrTATIOn Of lIvE AnIMAlS – AnIMAl wElfArE 15 Of 23 7.7.2. SOlID wASTE AnD by-PrODuCTS MAnAgEMEnT 15 Of 23 7.7.2.1 POTEnTIAl ISSuES 15 Of 23 7.7.2.2 ASSESSMEnT Of POTEnTIAl IMPACTS 16 Of 23

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7.7.2.3 MITIgATIOn MEASurES 16 Of 23 7.7.2.4 rESIDuAl IMPACT 17 Of 23 7.7.3. wASTEwATEr 17 Of 23 7.7.3.1 POTEnTIAl ISSuES 17 Of 23 7.7.3.2 ASSESSMEnT Of POTEnTIAl IMPACTS 18 Of 23 7.7.3.3 MITIgATIOn MEASurES 18 Of 23 7.7.3.4 rESIDuAl IMPACT 18 Of 23 7.7.4. AIr EMISSIOnS 18 Of 23 7.7.4.1 POTEnTIAl IMPACTS 18 Of 23 7.7.4.2 ASSESSMEnT Of POTEnTIAl IMPACTS 19 Of 23 7.7.4.3 MITIgATIOn MEASurES 19 Of 23 7.7.4.4 rESIDuAl IMPACT 20 Of 23 7.7.5. nOISE 20 Of 23 7.7.5.1 POTEnTIAl ISSuES 20 Of 23 7.7.5.2 ASSESSMEnT Of POTEnTIAl IMPACTS 20 Of 23 7.7.5.3 MITIgATIOn MEASurES 20 Of 23 7.7.5.4 rESIDuAl IMPACT 20 Of 23 7.7.6. TrAffIC 20 Of 23 7.7.7. rESOurCE COnSuMPTIOn 21 Of 23 7.7.8. AbnOrMAl EvEnTS 21 Of 23 7.7.9. OCCuPATIOnAl HEAlTH AnD SAfETy 21 Of 23 7.7.10. SOCIOECOnOMIC IMPACTS 22 Of 238 EnvIrOnMEnTAl MAnAgEMEnT PlAn (EMP) 01 Of 158.1 PurPOSE AnD ObjECTIvES Of THE EMP 01 Of 158.2 COMPOnEnTS Of THE EMP 01 Of 158.3 lEgISlATIOn AnD guIDElInES 01 Of 158.4 OrgAnIzATIOnAl STruCTurE AnD rESPOnSIbIlITIES 01 Of 158.5 rOlES AnD rESPOnSIbIlITIES 02 Of 15 8.5.1 gEnErAl 02 Of 15 8.5.2 PlAnnIng AnD DESIgn Of THE OPErATIOn 02 Of 15 8.5.3 IMPlEMEnTATIOn Of THE OPErATIOn 02 Of 158.6 EnvIrOnMEnTAl MAnAgEMEnT AnD MOnITOrIng PlAn 03 Of 158.7 EnvIrOnMEnTAl MOnITOrIng AnD rEPOrTIng 12 Of 15 8.7.1 COMPlIAnCE MOnITOrIng 12 Of 15

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8.7.2 EffECTS MOnITOrIng 12 Of 158.8 COMMunICATIOn AnD DOCuMEnTATIOn 13 Of 15 8.8.1 MEETIngS AnD rEPOrTS 13 Of 15 8.8.2 SOCIAl COMPlAInTS rEgISTEr 13 Of 15 8.8.3 CHAngE rECOrD rEgISTEr 13 Of 15 8.8.4 PHOTOgrAPHIC rECOrD 13 Of 15 8.8.5 AuDIT rEPOrTS 13 Of 158.9 EnvIrOnMEnTAl TrAInIng 13 Of 15 8.9.1 ObjECTIvES Of THE TrAInIng PrOgrAMME 13 Of 15 8.9.2 rOlES AnD rESPOnSIbIlITIES 13 Of 15 8.9.3 TrAInIng lOg 14 Of 15 8.9.4 TrAInIng nEEDS ASSESSMEnT 14 Of 15 8.9.5 TrAInIng MATErIAl 14 Of 158.10 CHAngE MAnAgEMEnT PlAn 15 Of 15 8.10.1 CHAngES TO THE EMP 15 Of 15 8.10.2 CHAngES TO THE OPErATIOn 15 Of 159. COnCluSIOn 01 Of 0110. rEfErEnCE 01 Of 01AnnExurESAnnEx-I: PrOjECT TEAM AnnEx-II: wASTEwATEr TrEATMEnT PlAnT DESCrIPTIOn AnnEx-III: SurvEyED vIllAgES PrOfIlE Of PrOjECT ArEAAnnEx-Iv: lIST Of PEOPlE MET DurIng STAkEHOlDEr COnSulTATIOn

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Chapter 01Chapter 01Chapter 01Chapter 01

Introduction

Chapter 01 01


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This chapter includes the data relevant to the undertakingof the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) anddetails of the project title and project proponent, EIAConsultants, the project rationale and the approachtaken to the EIA study. 1.1 Project tItle and ProjectProPonents1.1.1 PROJECT TITLE

The proposed project to which this EnvironmentalImpact Assessment relates is entitled as “HalalSlaughterhouse and Meat Complex”, in Thatta District,Sindh Province. A key map showing the location of theproject area is shown in Figure 1.1.1.1.2 PROJECT PROPONENT

The proponent for the proposed project is “FaujiFertilizer Bin Qasim (FFBL)”. The project proponentrefers to the organization which will invest and beresponsible for the project initiation and safe operation.FFBL core business is fertilizer production. TheCompany started out in 1993 as Fauji FertilizerCompany (FFC), a joint venture of Fauji Foundation,Fauji Fertilizer and Jordan Phosphate Mines Company(JPMC). It planned to produce, for the first time inPakistan, 1,670 metric tons per day of Granulated Ureaand 1,350 metric tons of Di-Ammonia phosphate (DAP).In 2003, after JPMC sold its shares, it was renamed asFauji Fertilizer Bin Qasim Limited (FFBL). The majorshare-holders are FFC (51%) and Fauji Foundation(17%). It is a listed company with authorized and paidup capital of Rs. 11,000 million and Rs. 9,341 million,respectively. FFBL plant site is a modern Granular Ureaand Di-Ammonia Phosphate (DAP) fertilizermanufacturing complex, built at a cost of US$ 468million and located on 350 acres in the Eastern Zone ofBin Qasim, Karachi. In line with FFBL’s Corporate Strategic Goal “creatingnew opportunities for business growth anddiversification”, FFBL has been evaluating variousoptions for investment in diversified businesses. One ofthe core interest areas for FFBL is meat processingbusiness for export and domestic usage.FFBL conducted detailed feasibility study (DFS) througha consortium of local & foreign consultants. On theoutcome of the feasibility study, FFBL Management hasapproved investment in meat processing business for

export & domestic usage.The Project will encompass a modern state-of-the-arthalal meat slaughtering facility with the objective ofprocessing high quality meat, value added products andby-products with special focus on international marketsi.e. UAE, KSA, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Malaysia andIran along with domestic market. The facility will becapable to process meat of cattle, sheep and goat.1.2 eIa consultants The EIA study was carried out by team of SGS Pakistancomprising of environmentalist, sociologist, environmentalchemist, geologist, and hydrologist, ecologist and sectorexperts with diversified experience on local andinternational assignments. The detail of the project teamdeputed on this assignment is given in Annex-I.1.3 eIa requIrement The EIA has been prepared to conform with therequirements of the Pakistan Environmental ProtectionAct 1997 (PEPA), the Pakistan Initial EnvironmentalExamination and Environmental Impact AssessmentReview Regulations 2000 and the guidelines providedin the Pakistan Environmental Assessment Procedures,1997.1.4 eIa Process1.4.1 OVERVIEW OF EIA

EIA is a systematic process to identify, predict andevaluate the environmental impacts of proposed actionsand projects. The process is applied prior to majordecisions and commitments being made. Whereverappropriate, social, cultural and health effects areconsidered as an integral part of EIA. Particular attentionis given to practical implementation of EIA to preventand mitigate significant adverse effects of proposedundertakings.1.4.2 OBJECTIVE OF EIA

The overall objective of the EIA is as follows:� Identifying possible environmental impacts; � Screening of impacts to identify more significant

impacts; � Evaluating those impacts;

01 - IntroductIon

Chapter 01

� Discussing appropriate mitigating methods; � Finding out alternatives; 1.4.3 SCOPE OF EIA

This EIA covers the construction and operation of meatabattoir production facility at Deh Kohistan, TehsilMirpur Sakhro, District Thatta. The scope of the EIAincludes: � Construction of the proposed project infrastructure� Relevant off site activities � Operation of the meat processing facility1.4.4 SPATIAL SCOPE

Impacts will be assessed within the area of influence ofthe project defined as:� Immediate Area of Influence: at immediate foot

print of the proposed project locations.� Direct Area of Influence: within the proposed project

site boundary and 5 km radius of surrounding area. 1.4.5 TEMPORAL SCOPE

The assessment of impacts in terms of duration is asfollows: � Effects on environmental and socioeconomic

receptors and resources are assessed for the entireconstruction activity.

� Effects on environmental and socioeconomicreceptors and resources are assessed for theoperation activity.

1.5 eIa methodologyThe EIA project passes through series of stages prior toreport preparation. The EIA process and the approachfollowed for the proposed project is defined below:1.5.1 SCOPING

Scoping is an early stage of the process and is designedto ensure that the environmental studies provide all therelevant information on:� the impacts of the project, in particular focusing on

the most important impacts;� the alternatives to the project;� other environmental sensitivities to be addressed at

early stage.The EIA process started with the scoping. The purposeof scoping was to identify:

� the important issues to be considered in an EIA;� the appropriate time and space boundaries of the

EIA study;� the information necessary for decision-making;� the significant effects and factors to be studied in

detail. The scoping was followed by data collection describesin subsequent section. 1.5.2 DATA COLLECTION

Following literature reviews and data collection wascarried out for EIA:� A generic description of the proposed project and its

related activities was collected from FFBL.� Legislative review of the applicable laws,

regulations, guidelines and standards from variousorganizations and literature search.

� Baseline of the area’s environmental andsocio-economic settings was collected throughliterature search and field surveys.

� Primary and secondary stakeholder consultation.1.5.3 BASELINE

The environment impact is measured through a changein the environment, resulting from a designated actionor activity. In order to identify such a change, it isessential to have as complete as practicable understandingof the nature of the existing environment, prior to itsinteraction with the proposed activity. This translatesinto the need to characterize the existing baselineenvironmental condition, including establishingprevailing conditions for a range of environmentalmedia, notably air, water, soil and groundwater, floraand fauna and the human environment.This was achieved through a detailed review of allsecondary resources (i.e. existing documentation andliterature); and the undertaking of project specificbaseline studies and surveys to collect supplementarydata in the following areas:� Terrestrial ecology;� Geology; � Flora and fauna;� Water quality characteristics;� Soil quality; � Traffic;� Ambient air quality;

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Chapter 01

� Noise conditions; � Socio-economic conditions; � Archaeology.Both the existing secondary sources and literaturestudies were conducted and integrated into one coherentdescription of baseline characteristics.1.5.4 EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVES

To establish an environmentally sound preferred optionfor achieving the objectives of the proposed project,project site and technology alternatives were studied incollaboration with the project proponent. Technologyselection was made taking in to considerationenvironmentally, economically and socially suitable aswell as technically feasible options.

1.5.5 IMPACT ASSESSMENT ANDMITIGATION

The information collected in the previous phases wasused to assess the potential environmental impacts ofthe proposed project activities. The impact assessmentapproach is provided in Table 1-1. Detailed methodologyis included in Chapter 7 of the report. Mitigationmeasures were evaluated to reduce the impacts ofproject activities on environment. The issues studiedduring impact assessment include potential impacts on:� Physical environment of the area � Biological environment of the area� Socio-economic environment of the area

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TABLE 1 1: IMPACT ASSESSMENT APPROACH

Chapter 01

1.6 organIzatIon of therePortThis report has been structured in the following manner:Chapter 2 (Legal Framework) gives an overview ofpolicy and legislation along with internationalguidelines relevant to EIA. Chapter 3 (Project Description) provides the descriptionof the proposed project, its layout plan and associatedactivities, raw material details and utility requirement. Chapter 4 (Description of Baseline Environment)provides a description of the micro-environment andmacro-environment of the proposed project site. Thischapter describes the physical, ecological andsocioeconomic resources land of project area andsurroundings. Chapter 5 (Project Alternatives) this chapter providessite and technology options assessed for the project.Chapter 6 (Stakeholder Consultation) describes theconsultation process of primary and secondarystakeholders consulted for this project to note theirconcerns for this project. Chapter 7 (Impact Prediction and Evaluation) describesthe potential environmental and social impacts ofproposed project on the different features of the micro

and macro-environment using the matrix method and itexplains the mitigation measures proposed for theproject in order to minimize the impacts to acceptablelimits.Chapter 8 (Environmental Management Plan) itdescribes implementation of mitigation measures for theproposed project activities and monitoring ofenvironmental parameters against likely environmentalimpacts. Chapter 9 (Conclusion) summarizes the report andpresents its conclusions. The last Chapter is followed by the references and seriesof Annexes that provide supporting information.1.7 contact detaIls - ProjectProPonentMr. Syed Irfan ShahHead (Meat Abattoir Project) Fauji Fertilizer Bin Qasim (FFBL).Eastern Zone, Bin Qasim, Karachi-75020, Pakistan Tel (PABX):92 21 34724500-529Tel (Direct):92 21 34724583Fax: 92-21-34724530-531Mobile: 0308-5551461Mail: [email protected]

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05Chap t e r 0 1


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Figure 1 1: Project Location


Legal Framework

Chapter 02 01


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This chapter provides an overview of the environmentalPolicies, legislation, and guidelines that may haverelevance to the proposed project. These include nationalenvironmental Policy, legislation and guidelines; andinternational conventions and guidelines. FFBL will berequired to adhere to the relevant requirements of thePolicies and legislation during the construction andoperation of the proposed activities; which has also beenincorporated in the mitigation measures and the EMPprovided in the EIA.2.1 ConstitutionaL ProvisionAccording to the Constitution of Pakistan, the legislativepowers lie with the federal parliament and the legislativeassemblies of the four provinces of Pakistan. The FourthSchedule of the constitution provides two lists of issues.One list, the Federal Legislative List, includes issues onwhich only the federal government has legislativepowers. The second list, the Concurrent Legislative Listincludes issues on which both the federal and theprovincial governments have legislative powers. If aparticular legislation passed by a provincial assemblycomes into conflict with a law enacted by the nationalassembly, then according to the constitution, the federallegislation will prevail over the provincial legislation tothe extent of the inconsistency. The subject of‘environmental pollution and ecology’ is included in theconcurrent list of the constitution. Thus, allowing boththe federal and provincial governments to enact laws onthe subject. To date, only the federal government hasenacted laws on environment, and the provincialenvironmental institutions derive their power fromfederal law. Article 9 of the constitution defines the rightto life as a fundamental right in these words “No personshall be deprived of life or liberty save in accordancewith law”.2.2 nationaL PoLiCies reLatedto environment2.2.1. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT POLICY,

2005

The National Environmental Policy (NEP) wasapproved by the Pakistan Environmental ProtectionCouncil (PEPC) in its 10th meeting on 27th December,2004 under the chairmanship of the Prime Minister ofPakistan and thereafter approved by the Cabinet on 29thJune 2005. NEP is the primary policy of Government ofPakistan that addresses the environmental issues of thecountry. The broad Goal of NEP is, “To protect, conserve

and restore Pakistan’s environment in order to improvethe quality of life of the citizens through sustainabledevelopment”. The NEP identifies the following set ofsectoral and cross-sectoral guidelines to achieve its Goalof sustainable development.Sectoral Guidelines:Water and sanitation, Air quality and noise, Wastemanagement, Forestry, Biodiversity and Protected areas,Climate change and Ozone depletion, Energy efficiencyand renewable, agriculture and livestock, and Multilateralenvironmental agreements.Cross Sectoral Guidelines:Poverty, Population, Gender, Health, Trade andenvironment, Environment and local governance andNatural disaster management.The NEP suggests the following policy instruments toovercome the environmental problems throughout thecountry:� Integration of environment into development

planning,� Legislation and regulatory framework,� Capacity development,� Economic and market based instrument,� Public awareness and education, and � Public private civil society partnership.NEP is a policy document and does not apply toprojects. However, FFBL should ensure that the projectshould not add to the aggravation of the environmentalissues identified in NEP and mitigation measures shouldbe adopted to minimise or avoid any contribution of theproject in these areas.2.2.2. NATIONAL CONSERVATION

STRATEGY

Before the approval of National Environmental Policy(NEP) the National Conservation Strategy (NCS) wasconsidered as the Government’s primary policydocument on national environmental issues. TheStrategy approved by the Federal Cabinet in March 1992and was also recognized by International FinancialInstitutions, principally the World Bank At the momentthis strategy just exists as a national conservationprogram. The NCS identifies 14 core areas including

02 - LegaL Framework

Chapter 02

conservation of biodiversity; pollution prevention andabatement; soil and water conservation; and preservationof cultural heritage, and recommends immediate attentionto these core areas in order to preserve the country’senvironment.NCS does not directly apply to projects. However, FFBLshould ensure that the project should not add to theaggravation of the 14 core environmental issuesidentified in the NCS and mitigation measures shouldbe adopted to minimise or avoid any contribution of theproject in these areas.2.2.3. NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL

ACTION PLAN�SUPPORTPROGARMME (NEAP�SP)

The Government of Pakistan and United NationsDevelopment Programme (UNDP) have jointly initiatedan umbrella support programme called the “NationalEnvironmental Action Plan-Support Programme(NEAP-SP)” signed in October 2001 and implementedin 2002. The development objective supported byNEAP-SP is environmental sustainability and povertyreduction in the context of economic growth.2.2.4. POLICY & PROCEDURES FOR THE

FILING, REVIEW AND APPROVALOF ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS

The Policy & Procedures for the Filing, Review andApproval of Environmental Assessments, prepared bythe PEPA under the powers conferred upon it by thePakistan Environmental Protection Act, provide the

necessary details on the preparation, submission, andreview of the initial environmental examination (IEE)and the environmental impact assessment (EIA). Itprovides schedules of proposals that require either aninitial environmental examination (IEE) or anenvironmental impact assessment (EIA).2.3 nationaL environmentaLLegisLationThe definition of environmental law can be derived fromthe legal definition of ‘environment’. In Section 2(x) ofthe Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 (PEPA1997) environment is defined to include air, water, landand layers of the atmosphere; living organisms andinorganic matter; the ecosystem and ecologicalrelationships; buildings, structures, roads, facilities andworks; social and economic conditions affectingcommunity life; and the interrelationship between theseelements. From this definition, an environmental lawcan be considered to include all laws that are designedto, or that directly or indirectly affect, the managementof natural resources including the control of pollution ofthese natural resources. By this definition, environmental laws include a) lawsthat have been specifically enacted to protect theenvironment such as the PEPA 1997, and b) laws relatingto subject such as forest, water resources, wildlife, land,agriculture, health, and town planning. Table 2.1 showskey environment, health and safety related legislativepowers of federal and provincial government, enforcingagencies and pertinent laws.

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TABLE 2 1: RELEVANT ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND THEIR APPLICABILITY

Chapter 02

2.3.1. PAKISTAN ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION ACT 1997

The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 (PEPA)is the basic legislative tool empowering the governmentto frame regulations for the protection of the environment.The PEPA is broadly applicable to air, water, soil, marineand noise pollution. Penalties have been prescribed forthose contravening the provisions of the Act. The powersof the federal and provincial Environmental ProtectionAgencies (EPAs) were also considerably enhanced underthis legislation and they have been given the power toconduct inquiries into possible breaches of environmentallaw either of their own accord, or upon the registrationof a complaint.Under section 12 of PEPA, no project involving constructionactivities or any change in the environment can be takenunless an IEE or EIA as required is conducted anda report submitted to the federal or provincial EPA. 2.3.2. PAKISTAN ENVIRONMENTAL

PROTECTION AGENCY REVIEW OFIEE AND EIA REGULATIONS, 2000

The Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Reviewof IEE and EIA Regulations, 2000 (the ‘Regulations’),prepared by the Pak-EPA under the powers conferredupon it by the PEPA, provide the necessary details onthe preparation, submission, and review of the initialenvironmental examination (IEE) and the environmentalimpact assessment (EIA).The Regulation classifies projects on the basis ofexpected degree of adverse environmental impacts andlists them in two separate schedules. Schedule I listsprojects that may not have significant environmentalimpacts and therefore require an IEE. Urbandevelopment projects are included in Schedule I.Schedule II lists projects of potentially significantenvironmental impacts requiring preparation of an EIA.

The Regulations also require that all projects located inenvironmentally sensitive areas require preparation ofan EIA. As the proposed project falls under the categorydefined in schedule II (as per IEE/EIA Regulations, 2000)so EIA study is conducted for this project.2.3.3. THE NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL

QUALITY STANDARDS (NEQS)

The NEQS promulgated under the PEPA 1997 specifystandards for industrial and municipal effluents,gaseous emissions, vehicular emissions, and noise levels.The PEPA 1997 empowers the EPA’s to impose pollutioncharges in case of non-compliance to the NEQS. On November 26th 2010, the SRO 1062(1)/2010 wasissued which defines the standards for drinking waterair and noise. The tables of various standards arereproduced here.During the construction and post development phase ofthe project, NEQS will apply to all type of effluents andemissions. NEQS for municipal and industrial effluents,motor vehicle exhaust and noise and selected gaseouspollutants from industrial source are provided fromTable 2-2 to 2-7 below.

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Chapter 02 04


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TABLE 2�2: NEQS FOR MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS a

Chapter 02 05


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TABLE 2�3: NEQS FOR DRINKING WATER, 2010

Chapter 02 06


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TABLE 2�4: NEQS FOR AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

Chapter 02 07


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TABLE 2�5: NEQS FOR MOTOR VEHICLE EXHAUST AND NOISE

TABLE 2�6: NEQS FOR NOISE

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TABLE 2�7: NEQS FOR SELECTED GASEOUS POLLUTANTS FROM INDUSTRIAL SOURCES

Chapter 02

Chapter 02

2.3.4. SINDH WILDLIFE PROTECTIONORDINANCE, 1972 (SWPO) ANDAMENDMENTS 2001

This ordinance provides for the preservation, protection,and conservation of wildlife by the formation andmanagement of protected areas and prohibition ofhunting of wildlife species declared protected under theordinance. The ordinance also specifies three broad classificationsof the protected areas: national parks, wildlife sanctuariesand game reserves. Activities such as hunting and breakingof land for mining are prohibited in national parks, asare removing vegetation or polluting water flowingthrough the park. Wildlife sanctuaries are areas thathave been set-aside as undisturbed breeding groundsand cultivation and grazing is prohibited in thedemarcated areas. Nobody is allowed to reside in awildlife sanctuary and entrance for the general public isby special dispensation. However, these restrictions maybe relaxed for scientific purposes or for betterment of therespective area on the discretion of the governingauthority in exceptional circumstances. Game reservesare designated as areas where hunting or shooting is notallowed except under special permits.2.3.5. SELF�MONITORING & REPORTING

RULES (SMART)

Pakistan Environmental Protection Council constitutedan Environmental Standards Committee in 1996 todevise realistic modalities for NEQS enforcement andsimplified monitoring procedures with the consultationof representatives of industrial interest groups,non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and otherstakeholders. Their efforts succeeded in the bringing upof “Self-Monitoring and Reporting System for Industry”.As per the rules set by this system, industries have tomonitor effluents and emissions in compliance with theNEQS and report it to provincial or federal EPAs. Thissystem classifies industry into three categories A, B andC each corresponding to a specified reporting frequency.Monitoring frequency for the proposed HalalSlaughterhouse & Meat Complex project will befinalized in consultation with SEPA as the reference ofslaughterhouse projects is missing in these categories. 2.3.6. ANTIQUITIES ACT 1975 AND THE

SINDH CULTURAL HERITAGE(PRESERVATION) ACT, 1994

The protection of cultural resources in Pakistan isensured by the Antiquities Act of 1975. Antiquities havebeen defined in the Act as ancient products of humanactivity, historical sites, or sites of anthropological orcultural interest, national monuments etc. The act isdesigned to protect antiquities from destruction, theft,

negligence, unlawful excavation, trade and export. Thelaw prohibits new construction in the proximity of aprotected antiquity and empowers the Government ofPakistan to prohibit excavation in any area, which maycontain articles of archaeological significance. The Sindh Cultural Heritage (Preservation) Act, 1994 isthe provincial law for the protection of cultural heritage.Its objectives are similar to those of the Antiquity Act,1975. No antiquity protected under these two laws wasidentified in the vicinity of the proposed project duringfieldwork for the EIA. Furthermore, the project site isunlikely to contain any buried antiquity. However, theproject staff will be instructed before ground preparationand earthworks to report any archaeological artifact orwhat may appear to be an archaeological relic to theproject management. In case of such a discovery,appropriate action will be taken.2.3.7. THE FOREST ACT 1927

This act is applicable to all regions of Pakistan. Itincludes procedures for constituting and managingvarious types of forests, such as reserved forests andprotected forests. The act empowers the provincialforest departments to declare any forest area as reservedor protected. The act empowers the provincial forestdepartments to prohibit the clearing of forests forcultivation, grazing, hunting, removing forest produce;quarrying and felling, lopping and topping of trees,branches in reserved and protected forests. It alsodefines the duties of forest related public servants, andpenalties for any infringement of the rules. The project area is located outside of the any protectedforest therefore the project will not contravene with anyprovisions of this Act.2.3.8. LAND ACQUISITION ACT, 1894

The Land Acquisition act (LAA) of 1894 amended fromtime to time has been the policy governing landacquisition, resettlement and compensation in thecountry. The LAA is the most commonly used law foracquisition of land and other properties for developmentprojects. It comprises of 55 sections pertaining to areanotifications and surveys, acquisition, compensation andappointment awards and disputes resolution, penaltiesand exemptions. In the proposed project there is no suchkind of land acquisition or resettlement of proposedproject affected persons. 2.3.9. PAKISTAN PENAL CODE (1860)

The Pakistan Penal Code (1860) authorizes fines,imprisonment or both for voluntary corruption orfouling of public spring or reservoirs so as to make themless fit for ordinary use.

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Chapter 02

The Pakistan Penal Code (PPC) 1860 deals specificallywith the pollution of water in Chapter XIV on publichealth and safety. Here, “fouling” or “corrupting” thewater of a public spring or reservoir is listed as anoffence, punishable with up to three months in prisonand/or a fine of 500 rupees (Section 277). This provisionis limited in scope, since it applies only to reservoirs andpublic springs, and the terms “fouling” and“corrupting” are not defined. But provisions of PEPA1997 (Sections 6 and 7) and the NEQS (Appendix I) maybe applied to facilitate enforcement of Section 277. Othersections of this chapter may be interpreted to include theprotection of water resources, including Section 268 onpublic nuisance, Section 269 on negligence likely tospread infectious disease, and Section 284 on negligentconduct with respect to the possession and handling ofpoisonous substances.Similarly, Chapter XVII on offences against propertycontains certain provisions that may be interpreted toinclude the protection of water resources. Sections425–440 deal with “mischief”, defined as damage toproperty resulting in destruction or loss of utility.Section 430 provides specifically for mischief caused toirrigation works, while Section 431 deals with damageto roads, bridges, rivers or channels. Meanwhile,Chapter XXIII, Section 511 on attempted offences couldalso be interpreted to include offences related to the“fouling” or “corrupting” of water.Under Section 278 of the PPC, the punishment for“making [the] atmosphere noxious to health” is amaximum fine of 500 rupees. In addition, certainsections of Chapter XIV on public health and safetyconcerning “public nuisance” may be interpreted toinclude air and noise pollution from vehicles, as well asemissions (Sections 268, 278, 290 and 291).2.3.10. PAKISTAN PREVENTION OF

CRUELTY TO ANIMALS ACT, 1890

The Pakistan Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1890states that "If any person overdrives, beats, or otherwisetreats any animal so as to subject it to unnecessary painor suffering, he shall be punished, in the case of a firstoffence, with fine or with imprisonment for a termwhich may extend to one month and, in the case ofsecond or subsequent offence committed within threeyears of the previous offence, with fine, or withimprisonment for a term which may extend to threemonths, or with both."A portion of the Act titled, "Penalty for killing animalswith unnecessary cruelty anywhere", states, "If anyperson kills any animal in an unnecessarily cruelmanner, he shall be punished with fine which mayextend to two hundred rupees, or with imprisonmentfor a term which may extend to six months, or withboth."

2.3.11. SINDH REGULATION ANDCONTROL ORDINANCE

An ordinance is to provide for the regulation and controlof the use of plots and construction of buildings in theprovince of Sindh. According to this ordinance:� No plot shall be used for any other purpose other

than the purpose for which it was except with theapproval of the authority.

2.4 Framework oFenvironment and wiLdLiFeinstitution in PakistanThe Federal Ministry of Environment was the maingovernment organization responsible for the protectionof environment and resource conservation. It is headedby a federal minister. The Ministry works with PEPC,and the Federal and Provincial EPAs formed under thePEPA 1997. The roles, responsibilities and authorities ofPEPC and the EPA’s are defined in the PEPA 1997.However, after 18th constitutional amendment, the saidministry has been devolved into provinces and federalministry is working under the umbrella of Ministry ofClimate Change.Now, Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency is anattached department of the Ministry of Climate Changeand responsible to implement the Pakistan EnvironmentalProtection Act 1997, in the country, an Act to provide forthe protection, conservation, rehabilitation andimprovement of environment, for the prevention andcontrol of pollution, and promotion of sustainabledevelopment. Pakistan Environmental ProtectionAgency also provides all kind of technical assistance tothe Ministry of Climate Change. The PEPC has been formed by the Federal Government.Its members include the Prime Minister of Pakistan, asthe Chairperson; the Minister for Environment as thevice-Chairperson; Governors of the Provinces; Ministersin charge of the subject of environment in the Provinces;Secretary to the Federal Government in-charge of theMinistry of Environment; Director General Federal EPA;heads of other federal and provincial departments;environmentalists and community representativesincluding scientists. The functions and powers of theCouncil include formulation of national environmentalPolicy, enforcement of PEPA 1997, approval of theNEQS, incorporation of environmental considerationsin to national development plans and policies andprovide guidelines for the protection and conservationof biodiversity in general and for the conservation ofrenewable and non-renewable resources.The Federal government has also formed the FederalEPA, which is headed by a Director General and has

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wide-ranging functions given in PEPA 1997. Theseinclude the preparation and co-ordination of nationalenvironmental policy for approval by the PEPC,administering and implementing the PEPA 1997 andpreparation, revision or establishment of NEQS. TheProvincial Environmental Protection Agencies areformed by the respective Provincial Governments. ADirector General who exercises powers delegated to himby the Provincial Government heads each ProvincialEPA. IEE’s and EIA’s are submitted to provincial EPA’sfor approval.The National Council for Conservation of Wildlife(NCCW) is responsible for formulation of nationalwildlife policies, co-ordination with provincial wildlifedepartment on the implementation of these policies andco-ordination with international organisations onmatters related to international treaties/conventions. TheNCCW works under the Ministry of Climate Change,and is headed by the Inspector General Forests. NCCWcomprises of an advisory council, which is chaired bythe Minister of Climate Change and includesrepresentatives from all Provinces, AJK and NorthernAreas, NGOs, members of civil society and other federalministries. A small NCCW secretariat is based inIslamabad handles the day-to-day affairs and theimplementation of policies and recommendations of theadvisory council. At provincial level almost eachprovince has a wildlife department and a wildlifeprotection act.2.5 nationaL environmentaLguideLines2.5.1. THE PAKISTAN ENVIRONMENTAL

ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES, 1997

The Pakistan Environmental Protection Agencyprepared the Pakistan Environmental AssessmentProcedures in 1997. They are based on much of theexisting work done by international donor agencies andNon Governmental Organisations (NGO’s). Thepackage of regulations prepared by PEPA includes:� Policy and Procedures for Filing, Review and

Approval of Environmental Assessments;� Guidelines for the Preparation and Review of

Environmental Reports;� Guidelines for Public Consultation;� Guidelines for Sensitive and Critical Areas; and� Sectoral Guidelines for various type of projects.

2.5.2. SUB�SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTALGUIDELINES AND CHECKLISTS ONDAIRY FARMS AND SLAUGHTERHOUSES

IUCN Pakistan was asked to develop Sub-sectoralEnvironmental Assessment Guidelines for smallinitiatives in different sectors by the BalochistanEnvironmental Protection Agency (BEPA). Theguidelines were meant to address projects that do notqualify for an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)or an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA),according to the screening guidelines (Schedules A, Band C) of the IEE/ EIA rules of the Pakistan EnvironmentalProtection Act of 1997 (PEPA»97). The BalochistanEnvironmental Protection Agency (BEPA) and relevantline departments use these guidelines to make smallerinitiatives in the region, more environment-friendly.These guidelines are also concerned for the subjectproject, although the guidelines are for BalochistanEnvironmental Protection Agency (BEPA) but relevantto the proposed project and will be useful.2.5.3. GUIDELINES FOR PUBLIC

CONSULTATION

These guidelines are a part of a package of regulationsand guidelines. It provides assistance throughout theenvironmental assessment of project by involving thepublic which can lead to better and more acceptabledecision-making. 2.6 internationaL guideLines2.6.1. WORLD BANK GUIDELINES ON

ENVIRONMENT

The principal World Bank publications that containenvironmental guidelines are listed below.� Environmental Assessment-Operational Policy 4.01.

Washington, DC, USA. World Bank 1999.� Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Volume I:

Policies, Procedures, and Cross-Sectoral Issues.World Bank Technical Paper Number 139,Environment Department, the World Bank, 1991,

� Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines forMeat Processing, International Finance Corporation(IFC) World Bank Group, April, 30, 2007.

� Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Volume III:Guidelines for Environmental Assessment of Energyand Industry Projects. World Bank Technical PaperNo. 154, Environment Department, the World Bank,1991.

� Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) guidelines,International Finance Corporation (IFC) World Bank

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Group, 2008.The first two publications provide general guidelines forconducting EIAs, and address EIA practitioners as wellas project designers. While the Sourcebook in particularhas been designed with Bank projects in mind, and isespecially relevant for the impact assessment oflarge-scale infrastructure projects, it contains a wealth ofuseful information, for environmentalists and projectproponents.The Sourcebook identifies a number of areas of concern,which should be addressed during impact assessment.It sets out guidelines for the determination of impacts,provides a checklist of tools to identify possiblebiodiversity issues and suggests possible mitigationmeasures. Possible development project impacts ondifferent areas such as wild lands, wetlands and forestsare also identified and mitigation measures suggested. The EHS guidelines are technical reference documentswith general and industry-specific examples of GoodInternational Industry Practice (GIIP).These guidelines contain the performance levels andmeasures that are generally considered to be achievablein new facilities by existing technology at reasonablecosts. Application of the EHS Guidelines to existingfacilities may involve the establishment of site-specifictargets, based on environmental assessments and/orenvironmental audits as appropriate, with an appropriate timetable for achieving them.The guidelines provide a brief description of the following:Industry Specific Impacts & Mitigation Management:This section provides a summary of the most significantEHS issues associated which occur during theoperational phase, along with recommendations fortheir management. The section also highlights theenvironmental issues related with proposed projectoperations including the following:� Air emissions;� Energy efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions;� Water consumption; � Effluents;� Solid wastes;� NoiseLastly the section highlights the issues related tocommunity safety and health with particular attentionon:� Water consumption;� Traffic safety.

The issues not discussed in this guideline have beenprovided in the General EHS guidelines published bythe IFC.Performance Indicators and MonitoringThis section provides the performance indicators ofvarious parameters both from an environmental as wellas occupational health and safety perspective. Themonitoring requirements of various parameters duringplant operation phase are also provided in this section.Environmental Performance Indicators andMonitoring:The environmental performance indicators provide theeffluent and air emissions guideline values of variousparameters during meat processing operations. Effluentguidelines are provided in Table 2-8 and WHO drinkingwater guidelines are provided in Table 2-9. Effluentguidelines are applicable for direct discharges of treatedeffluents to surface waters.Furthermore emissions should not result in pollutantconcentrations that reach or exceed relevant ambientquality guidelines and standards by applying nationallegislated standards (i.e. NEQS), or in their absence, thecurrent WHO Air Quality Guidelines, or otherinternationally recognised sources. The WHO ambientair quality guidelines are provided in Table 2-10. Occupational Health and Safety Guidelines:Occupational health and safety performance should beevaluated against internationally published exposureguidelines, of which examples include the ThresholdLimit Value (TLV) occupational exposure guidelinesand Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs) published byAmerican Conference of Governmental IndustrialHygienists (ACGIH), the Pocket Guide to ChemicalHazards published by the United States NationalInstitute for Occupational Health and Safety (NIOSH),Permissible Exposure Limits (PELs) published by theOccupational Safety and Health Administration of theUnited States (OSHA), Indicative OccupationalExposure Limit Values published by European Unionmember states, or other similar sources.The working environment should be monitored foroccupational hazards relevant to the specific project.Monitoring should be designed and implemented byaccredited professionals as part of an occupationalhealth and safety monitoring program. Facilities shouldalso maintain a record of occupational accidents anddiseases and dangerous occurrences and accidents.

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TABLE 2 8: IFC/WORLD BANK EFFLUENT LEVELS FOR MEAT PROCESSING

TABLE 2 9: WHO DRINKING WATER GUIDELINES

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TABLE 2 10: WORLD BANK AMBIENT AIR QUALITY GUIDELINES

Chapter 02

2.6.2. EQUATOR PRINCIPLES

Project finance is often used to fund the developmentand construction of major infrastructure and industrialprojects. The Equator Principles (EPs) are adoptedvoluntarily by financial institutions and are appliedwhere total project capital costs exceed US$10 million. EPs are a credit risk management framework fordetermining, assessing and managing environmentaland social risk in project finance transactions The EPsare primarily intended to provide a minimum standardfor due diligence to support responsible riskdecision-making.The EPs, based on the International Finance CorporationPerformance Standards on social and environmentalsustainability and on the World Bank GroupEnvironmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines (EHSGuidelines), are intended to serve as a common baselineand framework for the implementation by eachadopting institution of its own internal social andenvironmental policies, procedures and standardsrelated to its project financing activities.There are major nine (9) principles which have beendefined in the Equator Principles given as follow:� Principle -1: Review and Categorization� Principle-2: Social and Environmental Assessment� Principle-3: Applicable Social and Environmental

Standards� Principle-4: Action Plan and Management System� Principle-5: Consultation and Disclosure� Princple-6: Grievance Mechanism� Principle-7: Independent Review� Principle-8: Covenants� Principle-9: Independent Monitoring and Reporting� Principle 10: Reporting and Transparency

2.6.3. IFC PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

International Finance Corporation (IFC), a member ofthe World Bank Group, is the largest global developmentinstitution focused on the private sector in developingcountries. IFC's Sustainability Framework applies to allinvestments and advisory clients whose projects gothrough IFC's credit review process.IFC's Performance Standards define clients' roles andresponsibilities for managing their projects and therequirements for receiving and retaining IFC support.The standards include requirements to discloseinformation. The Performance Standards may also beapplied by other financial institutions electing to applythem to projects in emerging markets.The eight Performance Standards establish standardsthat the client is to meet throughout the life of aninvestment by IFC or other relevant financial Institution.� Performance Standard-1: Social and Environmental

Assessment and Management System;(Underscoresthe importance of identifying E&S risks andimpacts, and managing E&S performancethroughout the life of a project)

� Performance Standard-2: Labour and WorkingConditions ;( Recognizes that the pursuit ofeconomic growth through employment creation andincome generation should be balanced withprotection of basic rights for workers.)

� Performance Standard-3: Pollution Prevention andAbatement ;( Recognizes that increased industrialactivity and urbanization often generate higherlevels of air, water and land pollution, and that thereare efficiency opportunities)

� Performance Standard-4: Community Health, Safetyand Security;( Recognizes that projects can bringbenefits to communities, but can also increasepotential exposure to risks and impacts fromincidents, structural failures, and hazardousmaterials.)

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TABLE 2 11: WORLD BANK NOISE LEVEL GUIDELINES

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� Performance Standard-5: Land Acquisition andInvoluntary Resettlement;(Applies to physical oreconomic displacement resulting from landtransactions such as expropriation or negotiatedsettlements).

� Performance Standard-6: Biodiversity Conservationand Sustainable Natural Resource Management;(Promotes the protection of biodiversity and thesustainable management and use of naturalresources)

� Performance Standard-7: Indigenous People;(Aimsto ensure that the development process fosters fullrespect for Indigenous Peoples)

� Performance Standard-8: Cultural Heritage.(Aims toprotect cultural heritage from adverse impacts ofproject activities and support its preservation)

2.6.4. IFC ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH &SAFETY GUIDELINES

IFC has also developed Environmental, Health, andSafety (EHS) Guidelines. These guidelines are technicalreference documents with general and industry specificexamples of Good International Industry Practice (GIIP). The EHS Guidelines are required to adhere by IFCclients under Performance Standard 3 on PollutionPrevention and Abatement. 2.6.5. ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH AND

SAFETY GUIDELINES FOR MEATPROCESSING

The Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS)Guidelines are technical reference documents withgeneral and industry specific examples of GoodInternational Industry Practice (GIIP) 1. When one ormore members of the World Bank Group are involvedin a project, these EHS Guidelines are applied asrequired by their respective policies and standards.These industry sector EHS guidelines are designed to beused together with the General EHS Guidelinesdocument, which provides guidance to users oncommon EHS issues potentially applicable to allindustry sectors. When host country regulations differfrom the levels and measures presented in the EHSGuidelines, projects are expected to achieve whicheveris more stringent. If less stringent levels or measuresthan those provided in these EHS Guidelines areappropriate, in view of specific project circumstances, afull and detailed justification for any proposedalternatives is needed as part of the site-specificenvironmental assessment. The EHS Guidelines forMeat Processing include information relevant to meatprocessing, focusing on bovine and porcine slaughteringand processing from reception of the animals until thecarcasses are ready for sale or further processing.

2.7 internationaLConventions & treaties2.7.1. INTERNATIONAL CONVENTION

ON BIODIVERSITY

The International Convention on Biodiversity wasadopted during the Earth Summit of 1992 at Rio deJaneiro. The Convention requires parties to developnational plans for the conservation and sustainable useof biodiversity, and to integrate these plans into nationaldevelopment programmes and policies. Parties are alsorequired to identify components of biodiversity that areimportant for conservation, and to develop systems tomonitor the use of such components with a view topromote their sustainable use.2.7.2. THE CONVENTION ON

CONSERVATION OF MIGRATORYSPECIES OF WILD ANIMALS, 1979

The Convention on the Conservation of MigratorySpecies of Wild Animals (CMS), 1979, requires countriesto take action to avoid endangering migratory species.The term "migratory species" refers to the species of wildanimals, a significant proportion of whose memberscyclically and predictably cross one or more nationaljurisdictional boundaries. The parties are also requiredto promote or co-operate with other countries in mattersof research on migratory species.The Convention contains two appendices. Appendix Icontain the list of migratory species that are endangeredaccording to the best scientific evidence available. Forthese species, the member states to the Convention arerequired endeavour to:� Conserve and restore their habitats;� Prohibit their hunting, fishing, capturing, harassing

and deliberate killing;� Remove obstacles and minimize activities that

seriously hinder their migration;� Control other factors that might endanger them,

including control of introduced exotic species.Appendix II lists the migratory species, or groups ofspecies, that have an unfavourable conservation statusas well as those that would benefit significantly from theinternational co-operation that could be achievedthrough intergovernmental agreements.2.7.3. THE CONVENTION ON

WETLANDS OF INTERNATIONALIMPORTANCE, RAMSAR 1971

Pakistan is a signatory to the said Convention. Theprincipal obligations of contracting parties to the

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Convention are:� To designate wetlands for the List of Wetlands of

International Importance.� To formulate and implement planning so as to

promote wise use of wetlands, to carry out an EIAbefore transformations of wetlands, and to makenational wetland inventories.

� To establish nature reserves on wetlands andprovide adequately for their wardening andthrough management to increase waterfowlpopulations on appropriate wetlands.

� To train personnel competent in wetland research,management and wardening.

� To promote conservation of wetlands by combiningfar-sighted national policies with coordinatedinternational action, to consult with other contractingparties about implementing obligations arising fromthe Convention, especially about shared wetlandsand water system.

� To promote wetland conservation concerns withdevelopment aid agencies.

� To encourage research and exchange of data.So far 19 sites in Pakistan have been declared aswetlands of International Importance or Ramsar Sites.None of these wetlands is located within or in closevicinity of the project area.2.7.4. CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL

TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIESOF WILD FAUNA AND FLORA(CITES)

This convention came into effect on 03 March 1973 inWashington. In all 130 countries are signatory to thisconvention with Pakistan signing the convention in 1976.The convention requires the signatories to impose strictregulation (including penalization, confiscation of thespecimen etc.) regarding trade of all species threatenedwith extinction or that may become so, in order not toendanger further their survival.The Convention contains three appendices. Appendix Iinclude all species threatened with extinction which areor may be affected by trade. The Convention requiresthat trade in these species should be subject to strictregulation. Appendix II include species that are notnecessarily threatened presently but may become sounless trade in specimens of these species is subject tostrict regulation. Appendix III includes species whichany contracting party identifies as subject to regulationsin trade and requires other parties to cooperate in thismatter.

2.7.5. INTERNATIONAL UNION FORCONSERVATION OF NATURE ANDNATURAL RESOURCES (IUCN) REDLIST

The red list is published by IUCN and includes thosespecies that are under potential threat of extinction.These species have been categorized as:� Endangered: species that are sent to be facing a very

high risk of extinction in the wild in the near future,reduction of 50% or more either in the last 10 yearsor over the last three generations, survive only insmall numbers, or have very small populations.

� Vulnerable in Decline: species that are seen to befacing a risk of extinction in the wild, havingapparent reductions of 20% or more in the last 10years or three generations.

� Vulnerable: species that are seen to be facing a highrisk of extinction in the wild, but not necessarilyexperiencing recent reductions in population size.

� Lower Risk: species that are seen to be facing a riskof extinction that is lesser in extent that for any ofthe above categories.

� Data Deficient: species that may be at risk ofextinction in the wild but at the present time thereis insufficient information available to make a firmdecision about its status.

2.8 internationaL andnationaL environmentand Conservationorganizations2.8.1. INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL

NGOS

International environmental and conservationorganisations such as IUCN and the World Wide Fundfor nature (WWF) have been active in Pakistan for sometime. Both these organisations have worked closely withgovernment and act in an advisory role with regard tothe formulation of environmental and conservationPolicies. Since the convening of the Rio Summit, anumber of national environmental NGO’s have alsobeen formed, and have been engaged in advocacy, andin some cases, research. Most prominent nationalenvironmental NGO’s, such as the SustainableDevelopment Policy Institute (SDPI), Strengthening,Participatory Organization (SPO), Shehri, andShirkatgah are members of the Pakistan NationalCommittee (PNC) of IUCN.As mentioned earlier, environmental NGO’s have beenparticularly active in advocacy, as proponents of s

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ustainable development approaches. Much of thegovernment's environmental and conservation policyhas been formulated in consultation with leadingNGO’s, who have also been involved in drafting newlegislation on conservation. 2.9 FFbL CorPoratereQuirements2.9.1. CORPORATE HSE (HEALTH,

SAFETY, ENVIRONMENT) POLICY

FFBL undertakes that Health, Safety and Environment(HSE) is a management responsibility and is committedto give priority to health and safety of all its employeesand of other personnel effected by and involved in itsactivities. More emphasis is on the recognition andelimination of risk rather than looking for someone toblame. FFBL also confers its overriding commitmenttowards minimizing impact of its activities on thenatural environment. FFBL Integrated ManagementSystem (IMS) Policy is below in Figure 2-1.

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Chapter 02 19


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FIGURE 2 1: FFBL IMS POLICY


Project Description

Chapter 03 01


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This chapter provides the description of the proposedproject of Halal Slaughterhouse & Meat Complexcomponents and requirements.3.1 neeD Assessment of theProjectPakistan has not been able to exploit its large livestockpopulation to become a major player in the internationalhalal meat trade, as meat slaughtered in the traditionalabattoirs fails to meet international standards.Considering potential and massive opportunities forPakistan, to tap into and network with internationaldistributors, to cater to the demand for ‘Halal’ meatglobally, FFBL conducted detailed feasibility study(DFS) through a consortium of local & foreignconsultants. On the outcome of the DFS, FFBLManagement has approved investment in meatprocessing business for export & domestic usage.The project will encompass a modern state-of-the-arthalal meat slaughtering facility with the objective ofprocessing high quality meat, value added products andby-products with special focus on international marketsi.e. United Arab Emirates (UAE), Kingdom of SaudiArabia (KSA), Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Malaysia and Iranalong with domestic market. The facility will be capableto process meat of Cattle, Sheep and Goat.3.2 Project objectiveThe objective of the proposed project is the constructionof modern halal abattoir and to producing internationalstandard products and by-products for export anddomestic market. Further, plant will have latest packingfacility required to export the product as perinternational standards. The proposed project willprovide the following advantages:� The project will provide additional income and

gainful employment to the nearby villagers andanimal producers.

� It will help to provide required backward andforward linkage with the farmer-producers tobenefit them from production of better qualityanimals and enable them to establish direct marketingof animals to the abattoir instead of the presentsystem of depending on middle-men/commissionagents.

� It will help to produce a clean and quality meat forboth domestic and export consumers.

� It will help to utilize the slaughter wastes forprocessing into quality by-products, with a valueaddition, thereby avoiding environmental pollutionand improving the economic returns from theslaughtered animals. In addition, Bio Gas plant isalso being considered, which will help in reducingthe projects carbon foot print and producingenvironment friendly fertilizer.

� It will help to encourage development of theancillary industries around the abattoir based onutilization of slaughter house wastes such as offal(casings/surgical sutures/pet foods), bones (bonemeal), blood (blood meal), tertiary animal byproducts (like gelatin, gums used by thepharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industry), meatmeal/ hoof and horn meal etc (animal feed industry),processed hide/pelt (leather industry), gut-contents(manure for agricultural crops or for Bio Gas Plantfor energy) etc.

� It will help to increase Pakistan’s export potentialthrough meat and value added “quality” meatproducts.

� The proposed project will itself process and producefood-products with ‘value addition ‘such as chilledmeat (full carcasses and meat cuts) for domestic andexport markets, frozen meat, boneless, bonelessmeat cuts, and others.

3.3 Project LocAtionThe proposed project is located in district Thatta, taluqaMirpur Sakro and UC Dhabeji. The project site lies nearmain N-5, National Highway towards Thatta district.Malir district also comes within the 5km radius of studyarea.FFBL existing fertilizer plant is approximately 7km awayfrom the proposed project location. The halal slaughterhouse and meat complex covers an area of about 20.45Acres. A description of salient features of proposedproject site is given in Table 3-1.3.3.1 EXISTING FFBL FACILITIES

Fauji Fertilizer Bin Qasim Limited (FFBL)’s fertilizerplant is approximately 7km away from the proposedproject location towards North on N-5 NationalHighway. Fertilizer Plant is a modern Granular Ureaand Di-Ammonium Phosphate (DAP) fertilizersmanufacturing complex which has following facilities;

03 - Project DescriPtion

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TABLE 3 1: DESCRIPTION OF SALIENT FEATURES OF PROPOSED PROJECT SITE

Chapter 03

1. Power Generation Capacity: 44 megawatt (02 GEGas turbines of 22 MW each)

2. Bulk Water Storage Capacity: 70 KT3. Phosphoric Acid Storage Capacity: 45 KT 4. Accommodation facility5. Training facility6. Clinical facility.3.4 Project PhAses AnDscheDuLe The proposed project activities can be broadly dividedinto following four phases:1. Design phase2. Construction Phase3. Commissioning Phase4. Operation phaseThe project is expected to take approximately 20 monthsto two years to design, engineer, construct and commissionto full operation.

The proposed project of halal slaughterhouse and meatcomplex, FFBL has a plan to commence its constructionby the end of 2013, and the commissioning is anticipatedto take place in the start of 2015.3.5 ProPoseD ProjectDescriPtion Modern halal abattoir is designed with the objective ofproducing international standard products andby-products for export and domestic market. Further,plant will have latest packing facility required to exportthe product as per international standards. The generalslaughtering process is described in Figure 3-1 below.The meat abattoir facility will have a capacity of 100 tons/day, in which cattle, goat and sheep would beslaughtered. Plant is configured on net meat 100tons/day on 08 hours basis, with 85% Beef and 15%Mutton. Slaughtering capacity of the abattoir istabulated from Table 3-2 to Table 3-4 below. The facility also have a cattle and sheep casing andrendering unit, and wastewater treatment plant(WWTP). Further to the facility, other associatedfacilities like one day lairage facility, and an additional20acres facility for the reception of live stock is alsoincluded in the proposed project.

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FIGURE 3 1: GENERAL SLAUGHTERING PROCESS

Chapter 03 04


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TABLE 3 2: TOTAL SLAUGHTERING CAPACITY

TABLE 3 3: FINAL PRODUCTS

TABLE 3 4: BY�PRODUCTS

Chapter 03

3.5.1 DESIGN AND LAYOUT OF ABATTOIR

The design of construction and layout of the modernabattoir includes the following steps:� Unloading ramp for transferring animals brought by

trucks and transferring them to the resting area.� Holding Pens - Lairages� Ante-mortem examination and certification of animals.� The slaughtering and handling of dressed carcasses

and edible organs will be done in the slaughteringhall having rails in dressing lines (double line forcattle (on ground floor) and single line for sheep &goats (on first floor).

� The edible parts will be transferred to another halland handled for further processing or sent tochilling section for further disposal. The animalby-products (hide/pelt processing, rendering forblood/meat and bone meal) will be done in separatepremises.

� The slaughter hall will have following facilities:� Holding/ Restraining of animals;� Manual cutting of juglar veins, carotid artery,

esophagus, trachea, bleeding and collection ofblood;

� Hoisting animals on moving aerial rails;� Skinning and Dressing–cutting and removing

skin;� Removing hind and fore-legs and skull;� Evisceration- removing guts, internal organs etc;� Post mortem inspection and certification;� Transferring dressed carcasses for a thorough

wash;� Fast cooling of all slaughtered carcasses to

reduce temperature to 4ºC;� Deboning and piecing room;� Blast freezers for deboned finished product with

or without bone;� Examination, labelling and certification, transport

and dispatch;� Transferring hide/pelt for processing;� Transferring other raw materials for further

processing as blood, meat and bone meal etc.� Processing hall will have facilities for further

processing of carcass – meat cutting, packing,labeling, preservation and cold storage and dispatchsection.

� The rendering unit will have facilities for conversionof raw animal waste (legs, head, lungs, trimmingsand other inedible waste matter from slaughteredanimal) into blood/bone meal and tallow.

� Other items required for proper functioning of theabattoir are: a) Water storage tanks and pipe line, b) Amenities and office, Laboratory,c) Storage room, d) Chilling rooms, blast freezers, cold storages, e) Utilities and services area,f) Emergency Slaughtering Unitg) Incinerator for diseased animals and waste

material,h) Fencing,i) Internal Roads, gates and security; and j) Effluent treatment plant, etc.

3.6 Process DescriPtion -oPerAtionAL PhAse ofAbAttoir Following is the description of abattoir facilities andmain steps of the proposed project process: Process flowdiagram of proposed project is shown in Figure 3-2.3.6.1 UNLOADING RAMPS AND RESTING

AREA

The purchased animals are offloaded from the vehiclesthrough the unloading ramps and are placed in a restingarea which is properly enclosed and has feed/waterfacility. Unloading ramp for unloading animals fromtrucks has been provided at the entrance.3.6.2 LAIRAGE

The lairage area will be covered, providing protectionagainst adverse weather conditions for cattle, sheep andgoats waiting for slaughtering. It will be constructed ofsuitable material so as to facilitate easy and thoroughcleaning. Facilities shall also provide for theante-mortem inspection to take place and detentionfacilities of animals that requires further inspection andevaluation. The floors and passage ways will be properlysloped to ensure the satisfactory drainage. The floor willalso be surfaced to ensure that the animals have a safe

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foothold. There will be a facility for washing anddisinfecting for all types of cattle transport vehicles.These facilities and equipment will be maintained ingood working order.Separate lairages will be constructed for cattle and sheep/ goat. Capacity of lairage area for cattle and sheep / goatwill be 800 and 1300 animals, respectively. Reducing thestress of animals being led to slaughter may helpslaughterhouse operators improve efficiency.Accordingly, curved cattle chutes will be provided forthe cattle to reach slaughtering hall. Curved cattle chutesare more efficient for handling cattle because they takeadvantage of the natural behavior of cattle. Cattle movethrough curved races more easily because they have anatural tendency to go back to where they came from.In case of sheep and goats, conveyor system will beprovided.3.6.3 SLAUGHTERING OF ANIMALS

This process involves Halal slaughtering of animals,dressing and evisceration, chilling and expedition. Thehide/pelt will be given a primary treatment of commonsalt and stored for sale. The slaughter house wastes likehead, feet, and inedible internal organs will be convertedto meat / bone meal by rendering. Animal fat recoveredduring rendering will be collected separately for sale.The design assumes procedures for slaughter the smalland large animals in a two separate lines. The generalprocedures are described below:a) Catle Line:Animals will be lead from their pens up to the halalslaughtering box, which will turn and rotate 180 º inorder the slaughter according to Halal rite. Then theanimal is hoisted up to the bleeding track by means of ahoist chain or a continuous elevator. In this area it isperformed the cutting of front legs, horns and udders.Once the animal is bled, it is transferred up to thedressing track. It is at this stage when the operative is tocut the rear legs and prepare the animal for the so-calledpre-dehiding / decorticating.It is at this moment when dressing tasks are performedi.e. pre-dehiding / decorticating, skinning, cutting ofhead, oesophagus binding, cutting of brisket bone, offalremoval, carcass splitting, etc. After the veterinaryinspection post, sorting and weighing of carcasses, theseare led to the cold storage room in which they willremain until they are expedited. The whole process isperformed under a non-stop basis by means of mechanicalor manual processes.b) Sheep / Goat Line:Sheep slaughtering is performed making operativesachieve higher yield with minimal effort. The first stageof the slaughtering line starts when sheep are drivenfrom their pens up to the slaughtering area with amechanical restrainer. Once the slaughtering itself is

performed, sheep are tied by one of their rear legs andhooked up to a raising device until they reach thebleeding track. After bleeding, the animals aretransferred to the dressing conveyor track. The feet arethen removed, the skin opened up along the breastboneand the hide partially flayed. After this, it is the time fordehiding and cutting the heads. Flaying can then becompleted and the hide removed. The paunch can thenbe removed to the inspection buggy and the red offal(including lungs) placed on hooks or the inspection tablefor inspection. After the inspection, carcasses are alignedfor their transport and chilling / freezing.3.6.4 DETENTION

Any carcass, requiring further detailed inspection isdiverted to the detention/ quarantine room, if foundokay it is brought to the main line or otherwise deliveredto the condemned carcass room on the ground floorthrough the chute. All other organs are delivered to theirrespective areas on the ground floor through the chutes.The carcasses passed for consumption are washed andstamped with abattoir seal. The carcasses are deliveredfrom the delivery dock.3.6.5 CHILLING

To prevent or even to reduce the deterioration process,particularly microorganism development, carcasseschilling have to be carried out quickly at the end of theslaughter process and the chilled state has to be main-tained until the meat is processed for consumption.Chilling can be defined as the fundamental operation inapplying cold to meat to reduce its temperature quickly.This is done in a cold chamber with intensive air draughtor movement. Rapid cooling of the meat surface not onlyslows and nearly stops the development of surfacemicro-organisms but also discoloration of the surfaceowing to hemoglobin oxidation. Chillers will have acooling capacity of (0-4ºC air temperature). The processis developed in two stages: the first one called “fastcooling”, and the next is "maduration" where airtemperature will be 0ºC and 0-4ºC, respectively, but thisprocess is only for sheep/goat carcass. In case of cattlecarcass, chilling is provided at 0-4ºC continuously.Evaporators with specifications from 1.5 mts/s to 3 mts/srange will be installed. Relative humidity would be alsokept very high (90-95%) to minimize looses. Thetemperature to achieve at the core meat would be 7-10ºC in a first step and then 0-4ºC at the end of the process,which will be usually performed in a second chillercalled “maduration”, where air temperature still keep at0-4ºC.3.6.6 FREEZING

Freezing is usually limited to meat to be used as bufferstock, frequently intended for export or for storage witha view to later processing. When the preservation period

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Chapter 03

is longer than that acceptable for chilled meat, freezingmust be used to minimize any physical, biochemical andmicrobiological changes affecting quality in storage.During freezing most of the water content of the meat,about 80 percent solidifies into pure ice crystals,accompanied by a separation of dissolved solids. Aproduct can be considered frozen when its centre has atemperature of -12°C or less. To reach this temperaturethe product passes through the temperature range ofmaximum crystallization (from -1° to - 5°C). The speedof freezing is a very important factor as frozen meatquality depends mainly on the size of the ice crystalformed: the lower the speed of freezing the larger thesize of the crystals. Slow freezing facilitates theseparation of solution and the migration of water out ofthe muscle cells which is subsequently frozen, formingrather large crystals. Quick freezing (blast freezing)conversely produces many small ice crystals, mainlyformed within the muscle cells, and reduces watermigration and separation of solution. It is obvious thatthe latter technology will preserve the meat closer to itsoriginal quality and, particularly during thawing,moisture loss will generally be lower. Freezers will havefreezing capacity to achieve -40ºC as a roomtemperature, in order to get -18 ºC in the core meat assoon as possible, having time to take all meat out andready for next slaughtering day. Once the product isfrozen, this will be stocked in cold storages rooms at anair temperature of - 20 ºC.3.6.7 CUTTING AND DEBONING

Carcasses are led into the cutting room hanging on pulllines / rails (beef). At this stage they are cut into piecesdepending on their final use. Along the main track (inwhich carcasses remain hanging upside down), there areother workplaces in which it is performed the cutting ofribs, backbone, loins and shoulder blade etc. In each ofthe cutting lines there are a number of operatives whoperform the different cuts and separate the meat piecesfor their commercialization.3.6.8 PACKAGING

The slaughtered animals will be hung as dressedcarcasses or cut and packed in pieces, as per marketdemand in stockinet / cotton shroud/vacuum packagingand dispatched in insulated / refrigerated vans. Thedressed carcasses will be wrapped in stockinet / cottonshroud bags. The portioned meat is proposed to bepacked in polyethylene plastic bags which are suitablysealed and have the required information printed onthem and they will be bar-coded.3.6.9 PRODUCTION OF ANIMAL BY�

PRODUCTS

The major by-products from animal wastes from theslaughterhouse will be as under:

1. Cattle and sheeps casings or small guts.2. Cattle white offals: omasum, abomassum3. Meat, bone and blood meal and tallow will be

produced by dry rendering of animal- wastesreceived from the slaughter hall.

4. Primary processing (salting) of raw skins receivedfrom the slaughter hall.

3.6.10 RENDERING PLANT

FFBL intend to operate a rendering plant and thepurpose of the rendering facility is to process animalby-products (i.e. the inedible parts of the animals afterthe good meat is removed from the animal for sale).These by-products will be converted into two separateproducts in itself in the form of tallow oil and meat andbone meal. Product will be processed on site withoutdelay as quick turnover of product contributes to thequality of product produced. Blood will be sent torendering plant for further processes. Whole blood fromslaughterhouses contains 16 to 18 percent total proteinsolids and is processed and dried to recover protein asblood meal. The blood meal is a valuable ingredient inanimal feed because it has a high Lysine content. 3.6.11 FINISHED PRODUCTS

1. Chilled Meat: It is assumed that the average liveweight of an animal be it sheep or goat would be20kg and 250kg for cattle. In actual practice,depending upon specific demand of the domestic orinternational market, it could be more or less.Dressed weight is assumed to be about 45-55 percentof the live weight and for this report it is consideredto be 10-11kg per small animal and 105-110kg perlarge animal. For this report, it is assumed that 100percent of the meat with bones would be chilled forexport. The chilled meat carcass will be transportedin a hanging condition in refrigerated vans from theplant to the city. The chilled carcasses required forexports will be wrapped in stockinet / cotton shroud.

2. Hide/Pelts: It is necessary to use efficient methods ofremoving hide/pelts from the slaughtered animal sothat there are minimum cuts and blemishes on thehide/pelt, failing which the monetary value of thehide/pelt is considerably reduced. The hide/pelt issemi processed by washing and placing it in thebrine tank containing common salt (about 0.25 – 1kgper skin). Thereafter, it is dried by keeping ithanging on the rails.

3. Animal Fat: During rendering process, a smallquantity of animal fat will be available from theanimals. The fat will be drained from the cookedmeat and bone meal. It will then store in 200kg tinsfor storage and further transportation.

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4. Future products having value addition: Productslike Sausage/Salami/Hamburger/ Patties and petfoods with value addition can be considered withadditional machinery and equipment.

5. Blood: Blood is a valuable source of protein.Alternatively it will be processed to make bloodmeal.

6. Meat and Bone Meal: Inedible waste materials formthe slaughtered animals will be converted into amixed meat and bone meal by the process ofdry-rendering, which involves cooking of the rawwet-waste under steam pressure in a double jacketedsteam cooker, followed by cooling the dry material,to the required particle size by using hammer mill.The product will be stored in gunny bags. The bagswill be suitably sealed giving name of the company,date of manufacture and composition of product.The bags will be stored in room temperature untilthey are sold.

3.7 construction PhAse ofAbAttoirFFBL plans to start the construction activity for theproposed project by the end of 2013 and expects tocomplete it at the start of 2015.Typical activities that are conducted during the civilconstruction are listed below:

� Construction camp setup and mobilization ofcontractors

� Excavation for foundations� Laying of foundations� Masonry work� Concrete work� Asphalt work (pavement, roads, etc.)� Finishing (plastering, painting, etc.)

The equipment will be brought to site by road and willbe erected on site and commissioned. Typical activitiesthat are conducted during slaughterhouse erection arelisted below:

� Placement of the steam generating boilers, dieseloperated electrical generators and coldstorage/freezing unit on the foundations;

� Laying of pipes;� Welding, joining, etc.� Electrical installation (cabling, switchgears etc.)� Painting

3.7.1 RESOURCES CONSUMPTION ANDSUPPLIES

StaffingIt is expected that around 150~200 skilled and unskilledpersonnel will be required during construction activitiesof the project. Local people will also be hired duringproject activities.Water & Electricity SourcingWater required during construction period will beobtained from Karachi Water Supply Authority. Potablewater collected for the proposed project will meet NEQSfor drinking water and WHO guidelines.Electricity from Karachi Electric Supply Company(KESC) will be the primary source during the constructionphase and generators will be used as backup. Othersupplies required during the construction phase includeoffice and camp supplies.Construction Material SourcingDuring the construction, a large amount of constructionmaterial will be required. This will include steel, cement,sand, and aggregates for building, road and pavementconstruction. Construction material may be obtainedfrom the Thatta district if material of requiredspecifications is available. Alternatively, the constructionmaterial will be obtained from Karachi or any otherplace where available.3.7.2 WASTE DISCHARGE

Gaseous EmissionsThe primary source of gaseous emissions duringconstruction activities will be diesel-engine drivengenerator exhaust and the transportation vehicles. Otheremission sources include construction machinery,vehicle exhaust emissions, and dust emissions fromexcavation and other field activities.Waste DisposalWaste material will be disposed off as per FFBL wastemanagement plan.3.8 resources consumPtion -oPerAtionAL PhAse 3.8.1 STAFFING

It is expected that around 300~400 personnel includinghigher management, middle management, lowermanagement, export / admin / HR / Supply Chain /finance, skilled and unskilled staff will be appointedduring operational phase of the project. Local peoplewill also be hired during project activities.

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Figure 3 2: Process Flow Diagram

Chapter 03

3.8.2 WATER CONSUMPTION

Water for the operational phase of the project would beprocured through pipeline from Karachi Water SupplyAuthority. Approximately 1300 cubic meters per day ofraw water will be required during operation phase. Main water usage will be for watering and washinglivestock, cleaning vehicles, dehairing and rindtreatment, rinsing carcasses and by-products, andcleaning and disinfecting equipment and process areas.3.8.3 ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION

Electricity from Karachi Electric Supply Company(KESC) will be the primary source to run the slaughterhouse and approximately 3.3MW will be required foroperational phase of the project. Generators will be usedas backup. 3.9 Waste Discharges anD

By-proDucts The slaughter process is described in Section 3.7,resulting in the generation of wastes, wastewater, airemissions and high levels of resource consumption.Waste products from the slaughtering process can oftenbe utilised as a by-product. Wastes include manure fromthe lairage pens, contents of the animal’s stomachs,inedible by-products such as hair and bones, fatrecovered via fat separators and non recoverablematerials that require disposal. By-products mix withtheir quantities are depicted in Table 3-5 above anddiscussed in detail in Section 3.7.10. FFBL plans tomaximise the use of these by-products in the followingmanner:

� Blood will be processed to make blood meal.� Animal Fat will be processed and stored in

200kg tins for storage and further transportation.� Inedible waste materials form the slaughtered

animals will be processed and converted into amixed meat and bone meal. The product will bestored in gunny bags. The bags will be suitablysealed giving name of the company, date ofmanufacture and composition of product. Thebags will be stored in room temperature untilthey are sold.

� Manure will be transported to concrete silos forlater application to agricultural land as fertiliserand bio gas generation.

3.9.1 WASTEWATER TREATMENT ANDDISPOSAL SYSTEM

Process water from a slaughterhouse typically has a highcontent of organic material and consequently a highbiochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemicaloxygen demand (COD) due to the presence of blood,

tallow, and mucosa. It may also have a high nitrogencontent, pathogens and phosphorus from the blood andcontain detergents from cleaning operations. Volumesof effluent also tend to be high because of the need toclean animals, daily replacement of water in the scaldingtank and wash down of equipment and flooring on adaily basis. The slaughterhouse will use moderntechnology and design, in line with good internationalpractice to reduce effluent volumes and reduce the BODand COD of the wastewater actually reaching the watertreatment plant. The site will have Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP)with a designed capacity up to 1300m3/day duringseven working days per week. This design is performedby assuming a possible increase in the daily yield of theslaughterhouse. The biological sector of the WWTP willrun 24hours per day, while the equipments designed toremove solids (screenings) and fats (DAF Unit) will onlywork about 16-20hours/day, as a buffer tank at the inputof the plant will be installed. All waste process water produced in the plant will betreated to meet the discharge limits prescribed inNational Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS)enlisted in Chapter 2 of the EIA report. A non-exhaustivelist of treatment stages includes:� Course Screening: To remove organic solids.

Removed organic solids will be transfer to in-ediblerendering plant.

� Balance Tank Storage (Aerated): Storage so thatplant waste water may be processed over twentyfour hours/seven days per week. Thereby reducingnecessary processing capacity.

� Dissolved Air Flotation: To remove majority ofsuspended solids. Removed suspended solids willbe sent to in-edible rendering plant.

� Biological Treatment: Water flow free of solidsenters the biological reactor in which the process ofoxidative biotic degradation will be performed

� Monitoring: Regular sampling and monitoring willbe carried out to ensure the compliance with NEQSpermitted limits.

The treated wastewater will be discharged to the naturaldrain and then to the sea. Separate systems will be inplace for surface run-off water and sanitary wastewater.Modular Water Treatment Plant

The wastewater treatment plant design is based onsequential batch biological reactor. According to latestand most modern techniques for waste water treatment,the batch biological reactors are the only systems capableto achieve good quality output with no use of chemicals.The main advantages of this design are as following:

� Minimal surface area required.� Installation of only the strictly necessary single

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Chapter 03

modules.� Easy to use and operate. Lowest energyconsumption and maintenance.� Highest treatment capacity and contaminantselimination.� Highest capacity to cope with an increase ofloads or different flows and loads.� Minimal production of sludge.� No consumption of chemical products.

The description of wastewater treatment plant isprovided in Annex–II of the report. 3.10 oDour control system To control the odour from slaughterhouse an odourcontrol system is designed based on international bestpractices. The process of odour treatment system isbriefly described below:The odour treatment system will consist of one main airextraction duct to which all the equipment in theproduction area will be vented. The air extraction ductbegins in the intake area where all the foul odours aresucked in to the duct by the negative pressure, which ismaintained in the building. The entire primary odoursources e.g. sterilizers and presses will be extracted tothe main duct. Steam from the cooker / dryer will be thestrongest potential source of odour and this will be ledseparately to an external air-cooled condenser. The mainextraction fan, which will draw all the potentiallyodorous air through the duct, will be located adjacent tothe bio-filters. The extracted air will first pass through awater scrubber tank / humidifier which will consist ofrows of jet nozzles which will give greater contactsurface area compared to a conventional system. Thescrubbed air stream will then be split between twobio-filters. The walls and slats of the bio-filters willconsist of reinforced concrete to ensure no leak can occurof untreated gases. Wood chips will be used as amedium as they do not become compacted and thereforeenhance treatment efficiency. An automated sprinklingsystem will be installed on both bio-filters, which willensure optimum moisture levels are maintained. Thebio-filters will have open tops through which treated airwill be diffused to the atmosphere.3.11 incineration of DiseaseD

animals anD WasteIncinerator will be installed for final disposal of diseasedanimals or diseased parts of animals. The design ofincinerator is not finalized yet but most preferable it willbe rotary type incinerator with capacity of incinerationof 450kg per day with heating power of >500.000 Kcal/h.Consideration for the rotary incinerator is due to thehigh water content of the meat material, which willguarantee a complete homogenization of the raw

material and will fulfil the environmental safetyparameters prescribed in this EIA report. 3.12 animal Welfare anD

Veterinary proVisionsThe livestock will be transported from different part ofcountry particularly from Punjab and Sindh provincesusing a fleet of vehicles designed for the transport of liveanimals. When transporting live animals strict animalwelfare standards apply as per IFC, FAO and EUstandards for animal welfare. Mainly animal welfareguidelines and standards specifies vehiclesrequirements, space per animal, veterinary provisions,access to food and water, loading and unloadingrequirements, ventilation and temperature, rest periodsduring long journeys etc. Animal welfare is discussedin detail in Chapter 7 of this report.3.12.1 VETERINARY PROVISION

Veterinary provisions will be made according to lawsand regulations of Pakistan in relation to IFC, FAO andEU standards for animal welfare. Veterinary provisionswill be provided in accordance to the PakistanPrevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1890 mainly withlaws associated to livestock markets, livestock nutritionand livestock allied laws. No injure, sick or recumbentanimal will be transported to the slaughterhouse. Everyanimal will have to clear the mandatory fitnessinspection and veterinary inspector will confirm itsfitness before transportation.3.13 health, safety anD

enVironmentalmanagement stanDarDs

The construction and operational phase of the projectwill have to meet the requirements of health, safety andenvironmental standards and IMS Policy of FFBL. FFBLstandards highlight commitment on prioritizing healthand safety of all its employees, contractors and visitorsinvolved in its activities and confer overridingcommitment towards minimizing impact of its activitieson the natural environment. Moreover followingprocedures will also be followed during all phases ofproject activities.1. Safety Unit Management2. FFBL Safety Rules3. Plant Safety Committees4. Work Permit Procedure5. Personal Protective Equipment6. Safe Driving Procedure7. Incident Investigation Procedure8. Emergency Response Procedure9. Hazards Identification & Risk Control Procedure.

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Environmental & Social Baseline

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This chapter defines the prevailing environmental andsocio-economic settings of the project area andsurroundings. The project area in this document isdefined as the area where the project related activities tobe carried out which include the proposed project siteand surroundings and the area that can interact with theproject’s positive and negative externalities in the longrun. The environmental impact of any activity or processwill be assessed on the basis of a deviation from thebaseline or normal situation. Followings are the maincomponents of the baseline discussed in this section.� Physical Environment� Biological Environment� Socio-economic EnvironmentThe description provided in this section is based onfollowings:

� Desk-top surveys and literature review.� Field surveys: Baseline data gathered from field

activities.� Meetings and data collection from the proponent.� Existing information sources and data purchase

such as metrological data of project area. � Government released publications such as

Provincial census reports.� Meetings and data gathering from various

organisations including:� District Government, � Union Council Dhabeji � Sindh Wildlife Department � Sindh Livestock and Fisheries Department� National Rural Support Program (NRSP)� IUCN Pakistan � WWF Pakistan4.1 PhySical EnvironmEnt4.1.1 PHYSICAL FEATURES, TOPOGRAPHY,

GEOLOGY

The proposed project corridor mainly comprises of

district Thatta Taluqa Mirpur Sakro and Union Council(UC) Dhabeji and moreover it is one kilometre awayfrom Malir district of Sindh province. Thatta district hasdiversity in physical and biological environment includingridges or hilly plain areas and costal belt. The projectarea is bounded on the north by Dadu district, on thesouth is vast area of Thatta district and then Arabian Seawhile the south side lies close to the Karachi city. Thetotal area of the Thatta district is 17,355 square kilometerswhereas the population of the district is around 1.20Million. District Thatta is administratively managed by9 Talukas, 55 Union Councils, 75 Tappas and 656 Dehs.River Indus passes through Thatta by dividing thedistrict in such a way that five Talukas viz: Thatta,Mirpur Sakro, Ghorabari, Ketibunder & Kharochan areon the left bank and four Talukas are on the right Bankof the River Indus.The project site lies in Thatta Distrct of Sindh close toGagar Phatak along the N5 National Highway roadtowards Thatta district and 7km away from existingFauji Fertilizer Plant Bin Qasim Karachi. Figure 4-1shows the study area location map. Project area can be divided into five zones on the basisof topographical features i.e. ridge and runnel upland inSindh Kohistan, colluvial fans and plains of Gadap,plains of Moidan and Gadap, plains and plateaus ofMalir-Lyari interfluous, plains and hills of the coastalbelt and project site is forty meters above sea level. Theridge and runnel upland in Sindh Kohistan is the sectorof rugged topography in the north of Malir district thatis spread over the width of an offshoot branch of Kirtharrange. These distal hill forks out of the kirthar rangeseparating Dadu district. The project area has minor drainage risk which indicatesthe geological characteristic having rocky base alteringlayers of consolidated sandstones interventional by siltand clay belts. Figure 4-2 shows the physicalenvironmental map of the project site.The terrain rise gradually north word from Arabian Seaculminating in low, flat-topped parallel hills. Subparallel ridges interrupted by wide interrupting plainscharacterized as a marine denudation plains, sand dunesand marines terraces prominent feature of the projectarea. Topographical map of the project area is shown inFigure 4-3.

04 - EnvironmEntal & Social BaSElinE

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Figure 4 1: Project Location Map

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Figure 4 2: Physical Features of the Project Area

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Figure 4 3: Topographical Map of the Project Area

Chapter 04

4.1.2 SOIL CHARACTERISTICS OFPROJECT AREA

The physical soil characteristics of project siteinvestigated by geotechnical study at 10 meter depthshowed that the soil was yellowish brown, very dense,silty fine to coarse grained with some gravels & siltyclay. Detail of physical soil characteristics are given inFigure 4-4 while chemical analysis results are shown inTable 4-1.Pictorial over-view of the physical environmental ofproject area is presented in Figure 4-10.4.1.3 HYDROLOGY OF PROJECT AREA

Surface WaterThere are plenty of surface water resources in the projectcorridor which is situated on the right bank of riverIndus in Thatta district, in the form of rivers, canals,streams and wetlands. Detail of these resources is givenas under:� River Indus� Clusters of Tributary canals emerging from river

Sind at Jamshoro & Kotri Barrage on RB� Haleji Lake (Wildlife Sanctuary)� Kinjhar Lake (Wildlife Sanctuary)� Sonehri Lake, Thatta� Kinjhar Lake resourced branched canals� Aghimani Lake� Raeen Lake � Muyo Akil Shah Lake � Dhand Yimani � Makarvari Lake Large amount of these water resources are used foragricultural in Thatta district; whereas its viable volumeis used for drinking purposes. Two branches areemerging from Kinjhar Lake serve as significant waterresource for Karachi city. In addition to this someirrigation canals even supplying surface water to remoteareas like Badin and Tharparkar districts respectivelythrough Jamshoro Barrage on left bank of river Indus.Monsoon Nais (Water Courses)In addition to Indus River, the project eastern & northernboundaries have numerous water courses (channels)which drain the northern hills during monsoon seasonand are referred to as Nais .There exists violent waterinflow torrents following monsoon precipitation but itquickly dry up when the rainy season ceases. Most

important among them is Nai-Baran which originatefrom Kirthar range of heights ; it travels a long distanceby covering Thano Bulakhan and lakhi range ofmountains falls into the River Indus 6km from south ofKotri. The scenery where this torrent has cut a passagethrough hills is very striking. Its total length is about145km. The other important monsoon water courses(Nais) in the project corridor are Gagar and Ranpathani.Project corridor bordering Thatta in Right Bank OutfallDrain (RBOD) is out of magnificent deltaic regionsbecause the old branch of Indus which ran throughGharo Creek is silted up and now is only represented bythe Kalri canal. Another branch of the river Indus ismore recently extinct and become the Baghar canal.Ground Water ResourcesThere is a rational number of ground water resources inthe form of wells and aquifers exist in Taluqa MirpurSakhro union council dhabeji in Thatta district. In Thattadistrict gound water reosurces distributed all overTalukas/Tehsils/Towns located on right bank of riverIndus. In Talukas which are located in proximities ofriver Indus, the unconfined sub-surface resourced wateris sweet in character; whereas salinity of water increasesin the areas situated in proximities of Indian Ocean inthe southern boundaries.The groundwater composition of various Talukas,Towns and Cities of project corridor in RBOD of Thattadistrict is depicted in below Table 4-2.Irrigation and DrainageThatta district command area is irrigated from Koteribarrage by pinyari and K.B feeder canal. These canalsare not dealt under institutional reform. IrrigationDepartment Government of Sindh manages these canalsdirectly. Being the tail of the tail, these canals and theirdistributaries never get adequate water for irrigation.The infrastructure of these canals is in a debilitatedshape. Approximately 15km within the project area fournatural flood drains exist i.e. Ghaggar Dhora, Lath WalaDhora,Jhulay wala nala and Dhabeji wala Dhora. LathWala Dhora flood drainage passes adjacent to boundarywall of project site towards Arabian Sea. It was foundduring primary stakeholder consultation that “LathWala Dhora” remains dry in floods season. So there isno chance of floods or any natural hazard due to rain.

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FIGURE 4 4: LITHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF PROJECT AREA SOIL

Chapter 04

4.1.4 CLIMATOLOGY AND METEOROLOGY

The climate of the project area can be broadly classifiedas arid, moderate, hot and humid climate typical ofsubtropical coastal areas under the influence ofmonsoons. The mild winter is restricted to theDecember-February period. The summer extends fromApril to September, which overlaps the short spells ofthe main rainy season during July-August. The weathertends to be very humid during May-June and Septemberand pleasant during the periods of July to August andNovember to March.The coastal area of the Indus delta is largely influencedby the subtropical monsoon regime. The strongsouthwest monsoon period prevails from May toSeptember while the weak northeast monsoon period isrestricted to the period between December to January.The period between the two monsoons is considered tobe transitional or calm period with winds of variablespeed and direction. The weather during the inter-monsoonperiods is uncertain and short spells of dust storms, dryweather, or a humid cool breeze may prevail for shortdurations.Observatory record of the Pakistan MeteorologicalDepartment (PMD) at Karachi International Airport hasbeen used as a data source for the following metrologicalparameter.� Mean Monthly Maximum Temperature� Mean Monthly Minimum Temperature� Mean Monthly Precipitation � Mean Wind Velocity at 1200 UTC

� Mean Wind Direction at 1200 UTC� Mean Relative Humidity at 1200 UTC Climatic Zones and RainfallThe climate in the macro-environment of the project areais hot and arid and project corridor falls under hotsummer & mild winters. Around project area climate isgenerally hot and relatively humid especially in thesummers (April to October) when the prevailing windis from the south west. The winters are short and mildfrom December to mid-February. The annual rain fall in the macro-environment areavaries from minimum 65.9 mm in 2004 till maximum of465.6 mm rainfall experienced during the year 2007.Themean monthly rain fall data recorded at Karachi Air PortMetrological Station (the nearest metrological station) ofPakistan Metrological Department is summarized inTable 4-2 whereas Annual Rainfall data is presented inFigure 4-5.TemperatureTemperature trend in the project corridor was minimumregistered at 10.1°C in Jan, 2008 and it was highest found37.7°C in the month of April, 2007. The annual meanmaximum temperature has generally ranged between32°C and 33°C, while the annual mean minimumtemperature has increased from 21.0°C to 22.5 °C. Latestdata for maximum and minimum temperature for theyear 2003 to 2012 is presented in Table 4-3 and Table4-4 and Figure 4-6 and Figure 4-7 respectively.

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TABLE 4 1: CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GROUND WATER IN DISTRICT THATTAIN RBOD

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TABLE 4 2: MONTHLY RAINFALL DATA FROM 2003 – 2012 (MM)

FIGURE 4 5: ANNUAL RAIN FALL DURING 2003� 2012 (MM)

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TABLE 4 3: MEAN MONTHLY MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE (˚C)

FIGURE 4 6: ANNUAL MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE (2003�2012) 0C

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TABLE 4 4: MEAN MONTHLY MINIMUM TEMPERATURE (˚C)

FIGURE 4 7: ANNUAL MINIMUM TEMPERATURE (2003�2012) 0C

Chapter 04

Relative HumidityHumidity mainly caused by solar exposed surfacewaters including wetlands & Oceans, is one of the majorcauses of green houses effect in addition to chemical,biological & thermal induced gases in the troposphereicair ecosystem. The relative humidity typically rangesfrom 26% (dry) to 76 % (humid) during the years from2003 to 2012. It was registered at elevated levels duringthe months May through August ranging at 60-80%generally. Average of Annual mean monthly Relativehumidity was minimum found 48% & highest wasrecorded at 51%. Ten years pattern of relative humidityis summarized in the Table 4-5 and Figure 4-8

WindsWinds & Rainfall both have pronounced impacts on air,soil and aquatic system of environment and is responsibleto alter it on significant intensity depending on its severitylevels.Mean monthly Wind speed trend in the macro environmentof project corridor was lowest registered at 1.0 knot inNovember, 2004 and it was highest recorded 12.6 knotin the month of May, 2008 during afternoon hours;whereas its Annual figure was lowest recorded 4.3 knotsin 2007 and it was highest monitored 7.9 knots in 2008.Table 4-6 and Figure 4-9 provides wind speed trait from2003 to 2012.

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TABLE 4 5: MEAN MONTHLY RELATIVE HUMIDITY AT 12:00 UTC (%) (2003 � 2012)

FIGURE 4 8: ANNUAL RELATIVE HUMIDITY AT 12:00 UTC (%)

Chapter 04

Wind DirectionMean monthly wind direction trend during 2003 to 2012is presented in Table 4-7. The trend shows that it wasmostly directed South-Western all the year except it wasaltered North-Eastern during the months of December& January. 4.1.5 NATURAL DISASTERS

Pakistan is situated within a hazard-prone region and isexposed to a variety of natural disasters such as floods,cyclones, earthquakes, landslides and droughts. Rapidpopulation growth, uncontrolled development andunmanaged expansion of infrastructure are the mostcommon factors that result in more people beingvulnerable to natural hazards than ever before (Cardona

et al. 2003). The burden of natural disasters in Pakistancan be underlined by the fact that they have beenresponsible for the deaths of 6037 people in the periodfrom 1993 to 2002, with a further 8.9 million people werealso affected (World Disasters Report 2003). More than80,000 people died and 3.5 million lost their homes in asingle event: the earthquake of 8 October 2005 andfloods in 2010.

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TABLE 4 6: MEAN MONTHLY WIND SPEED AT 12:00 UTC (KNOTS)

FIGURE 4 9: ANNUAL WIND SPEED (KNOTS)

Chapter 04

1. EarthquakeThe distribution of seismic zones and historical recordsof earthquake events measured and analyzed by theGeological Survey of Pakistan (GSP) were used toidentify those districts most prone to earthquakes.Figure shows distributions for various categories ofearthquake affected districts, where a‘ high’ classificationrefers to those districts located in high seismicity zones(between 8.0 and 5.9 on the Richter magnitude scale) thatare frequently affected by medium and low intensityearthquakes, ‘medium’ refers to districts situated in themedium seismicity zone (between 5.0 and 3.9 on theRichter magnitude scale) that are occasionally affectedby low intensity earthquakes, ‘low’ refers to districts inlow seismicity zones (between 3.0 and 1.0 on the Richtermagnitude scale) that are rarely affected by earthquakes,and ‘not affected’ (less than 1.0 on the Richter magnitudescale) refers to those districts that are neither in a seismiczone nor affected by earthquakes. The area of DhabejiDistrict Thatta Tehsil Mirpur Sakhru comes under ‘low’seismicity zones, so the project area is under lowseismicity zone.

2. CyclonesCyclones cause significant damage in the coastal areasof Sindh and Baluchistan provinces. The low-lyingcoastal belt allows storms to travel several hundredkilometers inland and along the way destroy crops,agricultural productivity by creating water-logging andsettlements. Fourteen cyclones have been recordedbetween 1971 and 2001. A 1999 cyclone in the Thatta andBadin districts of Sindh province destroyed 73 settle-ments, killed 168 people, impacted 0.6 million people,and killed 11 thousand cattle. The number of cyclonicevents and their intensities measured by the PakistanMeteorological Department (PMD), along with relatedinformation from various reports by the WorldMeteorological Organization (WMO) and the UnitedNations Organization UNO, were utilized to rank thedistricts that are prone to cyclones as having high,medium or low cyclone potential (Figure b). During interviews with local community they said inour area there is no flood, cyclones hazards occurred inpast as compared to other area of Thatta Districts ofSindh province.

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TABLE 4 7: MEAN MONTHLY WIND DIRECTION AT 12:00 UTC (KNOTS)(2003 – 2012)

Chapter 04

3. FloodsData from three different sources have been combinedby means of GIS: (1) a flood distribution map forPakistan from the WMO, (2) the most flood pronedistricts, as investigated by the PMD, (3) those districtsthat are most likely to be affected, as indicated by theFederal Flood Commission of Pakistan. These were usedto derive flood hazard rankings for the individualdistricts of Pakistan as shown in Figure d. Districtslocated along rivers and commonly affected by seasonalor flash floods are ranked highly, while those that areless flood hazards. Data from three different sourceshave been combined by means of GIS: (1) a flooddistribution map for Pakistan from the WMO, (2) themost flood prone districts, as investigated by the PMD,(3) those districts that are most commonly affected areascribed a medium rank. Those districts rarely affectedby floods are ascribed a low rank and those neveraffected by floods are described as ‘not affected’. It was concluded from the primary stakeholderconsultation and past flood data review that the projectarea has never been affected from the flood hazards.

4. TsunamisThe coastal areas of Sindh might experience the effectsof Tsunamis as the coast line of Pakistan had this naturalhazard in the recent past. An earthquake of magnitude8.3 generated a destructive tsunami wave in theNorthern Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean on 28thNovember, 1945, producing 12m to15m high sea wavesthat killed at least 4,000 people in Pasni and adjoiningareas. The tsunami hit as far as Mumbai in India.Karachi, about 450km from the epicentre, experienced2m high sea waves which affected harbour facilities.Hence, the occurrence of another tsunami in the futurecannot be ruled out. Table 4-8 gives details of historicalnatural disaster of Thatta District.4.2 environmental baSelinemonitoringIn order to assess the baseline conditions of the projectarea, following environmental components were

monitored;l. Ambient air quality monitoring, 2. Noise monitoring, 3. Soil sampling and analysis 4. Water sampling and analysisEnvironmental baseline monitoring was conducted atdifferent locations. The details of the sampling/ monitoringlocations along with discussions on result are givensubsequent sections. Pictorial over-view of environmentalmonitoring carried out in the project area is presentedin Figure 4-11.4.2.1 AMBIENT AIR QUALITY

Project site lies in rural area of Dhabeji adjacent to N-5National Highway towards Thatta district and 07kmaway from Fauji Fertilizer Bin Qasim plant site area.There is no industrial pollution source in the vicinity ofproject site as there are only storage rice godown andagriculture land in nearby areas. Vehicular emission andvehicular noise are the only major source of pollution atproject site. Local community use wood as fuel forburning purpose.The air quality in the area is generally good, withnegligible sources of pollution like emissions fromvehicular traffic which cause smoke and dust emissionswith localized effect.Criteria and most suspected monitoring parametersincluding SO2, NOx, NO & CO, were monitored atproject site to determine the magnitude of thesepollutant gases at project macro-environment i.e.Dhabeji at Thatta district and general impacts of abovementioned major air pollutants on environment andhuman health are discussed here. Ambient air qualitywas monitored at one point for continuously 08 hours. Air monitoring pattern conducted on the project site oneight hour monitoring referred above indicates the COfigure was recorded 13.03mg/m3. Nitrogen oxide (NO)was found at 9.35µg/m3, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) was0.13µg/m3 and sulphur dioxide was maximum recorded1.45µg/m3 respectively. The results of ambient airmonitoring are presented in below Table 4-9. The overallambient air quality result shows carbon monoxideconcentration is high which is due to vehicularmovement of National Highway as well as Port Qasimindustrial area activities contribute in increase theconcentration of CO of the project area, while rest of allparameters are well within limits of NEQS.

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TABLE 4 8: HISTORY OF NATURAL DISASTER IN THATTA DISTRICT

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FIGURE 4 10: PICTORIAL PROFILE OF PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE PROJECT AREA

Small Hills in Project Area Topographical Feature of Project Site

Railway Track in Project Area Agriculture Field

Barren Area of Project Area Lath Wala Dhora

Chapter 04

4.2.2 NOISE MONITOIRNG

In the absence of any reliable and established noise data,noise level monitoring was conducted at the samelocations where ambient air quality was measured(project site and adjoining area) for continuously 08hours at project site adjacent to N-5 National Highway.As per NEQS defined guidelines, the noisemeasurements were made at a height of 1.5 metersabove the ground, and the LAeq was monitored atrespective location. Noise measurements were carriedout using a CIRRUS CR-831 Class-I Integrating SoundLevel Meter, fitted with A, and C filter networks inaccordance with IEC61672 (2002) as well as IEC 60651 &IEC 60804 for compliance with virtually all Noisemeasurement regulations. The sound level meter wascalibrated before measurement using CIRRUS CR-515Acoustic Calibrator and in addition to this CR-831 isfactory calibrated to ensure overall measurements arecorrected and within the tolerance required by thestandard. Elevated noise is viably absent in Project proximities dueto acute absence of noise causing equipments in theproject corridors. Generally, significant sources of noiseemanation are triggered by transportation, populationand railway traffic which is assumed falling extremelyshort particularly in the project proximities. Noisemonitoring results are presented in below Table 4-10.Noise monitoring trend conducted at project siteindicates the lowest acoustic level 57.0dB and washighest recorded 60.2dB. Pakistan EPA has regulatedmaximum permissible limit at day time 50dB and innight hour is 45dB. As such, the acoustic figure of noisemonitored on hourly basis is not complying with NEQSdefined limits. This increase in noise level is due toheavy vehicular movement on National Highway.

4.2.3 SOIL QUALITY OF PROJECT AREA

Soil Quality monitoring of project site was conducted inaccordance with standard conditions, procedures andprotocols at two separated locations within the projectcorridor. Total 2 soil monitoring sites referred to as SS-Iand SS-II, were carefully selected in a way that wouldrepresent average soil quality character of all theperiphery of the project facility; these soil samples werecollected from 12inchs depth from soil cover. Thechemical characteristics of the project area soil arepresented in below Table 4-11.

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TABLE 4 9: AMBIENT AIR QUALITY RESULTS OF PROJECT AREA

TABLE 4 10: NOISE MONITORINGRESULTS (8 HOUR) OF PROJECT AREA

Chapter 04

Soil constitutes a vital environmental matrix and it isalways significant part of baseline environmental studiesrelating to IEE/EIA/ESA. Physically, soil is composed offundamental mineral induced particles referred to asClay, Silt, Silica and Gravel respectively; whereaschemically it is composed essentially of Air, Water,Mineral Matter and Some organic matter. Diversitydistributions of fundamental particles in soil determinethe soil character. Soil is highly amenable to contaminationof various types and degrees caused primarily byanthropogenic activities; whereas Natural derivedcontaminations are from rare to none.Total 19 Criteria and most suspected monitoringparameters including PH, OM,EC,SAR ,Ca, Mg, Na, Oil& Grease, CN and pollutant heavy metals including As,B, Cd, Cr, , Fe, Se , Hg and Pb were monitored todetermine the magnitude of these pollutants at projectsite , are discussed below.� pH indicates acidic or alkaline character of soil. Soils

below pH 6.7 are acidic and soils above pH 7.3 arealkaline. A pH near 7.0 is considered neutral. Mostcrops grow best if the soil pH is between 6.0 and 7.5.Lime is most commonly used to raise soil pH levels.

pH figures of 2 samples were found at 8.95 & 9.02respectively, indicating both samples are alkaline innature.

� Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) expresses theproportion of exchangeable sodium (Na+) toexchangeable calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium(Mg2+) ions. Soils with SAR values at 13 or higherare considered sodic. Crop growth on sodic soils isvery poor. Excess sodium causes soil particles torepel each other, preventing the formation of soilaggregates. This results in a very tight soil structurewith poor water infiltration and surface crusting.SAR figures were registered at 1.11 & 1.0, indicatingit is well below than critical level of 13.

� Organic Matter constitutes that portion of the soilmade up of dead and decayed plant and animalparts. Organic matter provides nutrients for plantgrowth while improving the physical condition ortilth of the soil .Organic Matter regarded most fertilepart of soil consisting about 80-90% Nitrogen, wasfound at 2.40 & 2.16 mg/kg in both soil samplesrespectively.

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TABLE 4 11: CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTIC OF PROJECT AREA SOIL

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� Electrical Conductivity determines extent of totalsoluble salts in soil and must not surpass2000µS/cm, was recorded 352 & 294µS/cm in the 2soil samples.

� Oil & Grease is the total Oil & Grease contents[Hydrocarbons & Non-Hydrocarbons (polar organiccompounds)] obtained by extraction of n-hexane.These includes polar and non-polar hydrocarbonswhich all having boiling points greater than 850C.These are also referred to as hexane extractedmaterials or HEM; these were recorded belowreporting limit in both the samples collected fromproject site.

� Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) is that partof hydrocarbon which is non-polar in nature and isnot adsorbed by Silica Gel while extraction isconducted after silica gel treatment of hexaneextracted materials. So the term SGT-HEM indicatesthe extracted material is obtained by furthertreatment of HEM with silica gel followed byextraction with n-hexane , these were found belowreporting limit of 5mg/kg in the 2 samples.

� Cyanide is used in many chemical and refiningprocesses. Effluent from electroplating and metalcleaning operations, coke ovens, steel manufacturing,etc. can end up in lakes, ponds or soil ecosystem,was recorded below reporting limit in the 2 soilsamples.

� Phenol is usually found in a water body if pinecleaners and phenolic sanitizers are used and thenwashed into the drain system and might finallytransport it to soil environment , was registeredbelow reporting limit at 0.05mg/kg in the 2 samplesrespectively.

� Sodium, Calcium & Magnesium are alkali andalkaline earth metals widely distributed on earthcrust, were recorded at quite elevated levelsdepicted as under:Na 2000 1800Ca 244000 240000Mg 2087 1887

These are not human induced contaminants but aredeveloped naturally might likely due to adjoiningcoastal vicinity. Metals are widely distributed on earthplanet, its large presence is not regarded hazardous tohuman but might not be favourable for soil ecosystemin terms of productivity and fertility.� Heavy Metals including As, B, Cd, Cr, Fe, Se, Hg

and Pb are regarded significant pollutants to soilecosystem, were registered in reasonable concentrationranges except Fe to cause any disregard to soil

environment of Project corridor.ConclusionBoth soil samples SS-I and SS-II indicates the soil ofproject site is eco-friendly and is found free fromnoxious pollutants that can cause any damage to soilcover of the project corridor. Organic pollutantsincluding Oil & Grease, TPH and Phenolic compoundswere mostly found at levels below reporting limit;whereas inorganic pollutants including Cyanides &Heavy metals were also registered at such low levels tocause any sort of environmental disturbance to soilenvironment of the project site.4.2.4 Water Quality monitoringof ProjeCt area Five water samples were collected under standardprocedures & protocols adapted by APHA/USEPA, fromadjoining sites of the project area. The objective of thestudy was to assess drinking quality of water and todetermine criteria water pollutants induced from naturalor anthropogenic sources. Five sampling points wereidentified to cover study objectives, sampling points aredepicted below:l. Sample-1:Ground Water-I from Mosque2. Sample -2:Ground Water from Hotel Juma Khan3. Sample-3: Surface Water/Municipality water Dhabeji4. Sample-4:Ground Water Sample-II5. Sample-5: Sea WaterTotal 13 criteria (physical & chemical) tests wereconducted on 5 aforementioned samples to determinethe magnitude of natural borne & anthropogenic bornecomponents in the aquatic systems. Brief discussion oneach of 13 parameters is given below. The water qualityresults are presented in below Table 4-12.� pH: pH determines the acidic or basic character of

water system and is a vital parameter on which lifeof many terrestrial depends, from micro to macroand even soil matrix of environment which growsdiverse food for all terrestrial communitiesincluding human. pH monitoring pattern on 5samples indicates it was minimum & maximumrecorded 7.49 & 8.11 at Sample -3 (Dhabeji surfacewater) & Sample-1 respectively; whereas figures ofthree other samples are lingering between thesefigures.

� Electrical Conductivity: Electrical conductivitydetermines total soluble salt content, be it is water,wastewater, soil or any other aquatic matrix inwhich dissolved ions are responsible to determineit. The highest and lowest recorded EC is 61400 &1027µS/cm in Sample-5 (Sea water) and Sample-3

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respectively. � TDS: Total dissolved salts in water make up the TDS

which essentially consisting of major anions & majorcations in association with such minor portion ofanions & cations which are present in trace or minorlevels. TDS indicates total ionic contents which aresoluble in water and are estimated by multiplyingE. Conductivity by a factor ranges from 0.55 till 0.70.TDS figure highest and lowest recorded 44852mg/lin Sample-5 in sea water and 564 in Sample-3respectively. Typical sea water composition rangesfrom 35,000 to 45,000 mg/l depending on samplingterritory of sea water.

� Alkalinity / Hardness: Large scale distribution ofalkaline earth metals mainly Calcium & Magnesiumcauses to develop alkalinity & hardness in anyaquatic system , induced mainly from lime stone ,Calcite & Dolomite minerals which forming themajor part of minerals on earth crust and aresimultaneously interfacing with water & CO2 in theair eco-system , below and above the lithosphereicsurface.

Bi-carbonate alkalinity which is the major part ofalkaline character is induced to aquatic system throughbelow depicted well known environmental reaction:CaCO3 + CO2 + H2 O Ca(HCO3)2Whereas Carbonate & Hydroxide alkalinities are rarelyencountered in eco-friendly water system, thesealkalinities develop at pH figures lingering at or above8.30. Hardness, too, develops due to aforementionedreaction referred to as carbonate & non-carbonatehardness.Cumulative Analyses trend on 5 samples indicate thatlowest & highest alkalinities were registered 113mg/l inSample-3 and 323mg/l in Sample-1; whereas minimum& maximum hardness figures were found 198mg/l inSample-3(Dhabeji surface water) and 4285mg/l inSample-5 (Sea Water).� Chloride: Chloride is regarded among major

anionic components and is major part of any aquaticsystem. Chloride mainly induced from naturalderived Sodium chloride as major component butits concentration is restricted for drinkingapplications. Low to moderate concentrations ofboth chloride ions add palatability to water. In fact,it is desirable for this reason. Chloride can also posespecial problems in the conditioning of water.Analyses pattern on 5 samples indicate that highestand lowest Chloride was found 22,756 mg/l inSample-5 and 160mg/l in Sample-3 respectively.

� Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD): BOD measuresthe amount of oxygen utilized by organisms in the

biochemical oxidation of organic matter in a watersample in a specified time (usually 5 days), and at aspecified temperature. BOD measurements are usedas a measure of the organic strength of the waterrecorded lowest 23 in Sample-3 and was foundhighest 1320mg/l in Sample-5 of Sea water.

� Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD): COD measuresthe amount of oxygen utilized by chemicals(oxidants) in the chemical oxidation of organicmatter in a water sample under specified reactionconditions. Usually acidified dichromate is used anddigested at 1500°C for 2 hours to oxidize the organicmatter to determine extent of oxygen consumed.The recorded COD with maximum and minimumvalues of 3040mg/l and 53mg/l in Sample-5 andSample-3 respectively.

� Total Suspended Solids (TSS) and Oil & Grease:TSS & Oil-Greases are regarded significant pollutantto any aquatic system. The recorded figure ofoil-grease with maximum value of 1.25mg/l atSample-1 (ground water of mosque) and 01mg/l inSample-5 of sea water, while remain belowreporting limits of 01mg/l in rest of 3 samples. Therecorded highest and lowest value of TSS is 16.5mg/l and 07mg/l in Sample-5 and Sample-3respectively.

� Iron, Manganese, Zinc: Heavy metals including Fe,Mn & Zn are also regarded significant pollutants inwater environment. The recorded heavy metals inall 5 samples are considerable low. Recorded ironvalue is 0.019mg/l and 0.034 mg/l in two samples;whereas manganese remained below reporting limitof 0.005mg/l in all samples; and zinc is detected at0.084mg/l in Sample-1.

ConclusionChemical and physical analyses pattern carried out on 5samples indicating the most water samples were foundbrackish in character except Sample-3(Dhabeji surfacewater) and are not complying NEQS regulatedguidelines on drinking water from palatability context.Almost all water sources are contaminated withsuspended matter. Heavy metal contaminants such asiron, manganese and zinc are present at such low levelto cause any sort of environmental damage to thesewater sources. The elevated figure of BOD & COD inSample-5 is indicating contamination of sufficientorganic matter in the Sea water. Karachi Sea water isregarded final outfall of highly contaminated &un-treated wastewater drains with the result that nearshoreline is flooded with large dissolved & un-dissolvedpollutants . As such its BOD/COD figures are lingeringat elevated levels as compared to ground or surfacestream water which is derived from Municipalitydistribution outlets.

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Table 4 12: Water Analysis Results

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FIGURE 4 11: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AT PROJECT AREA

Ambient Air Monitoring at Project Site Topographical Survey of Project Site

Ground Water Sampling from Nearby Community Sea Water Sample Collection

Chapter 04

4.3 biological environmentIn this section, the baseline environmental conditionspertaining to biological environment are described.These conditions have subsequently been used toidentify the potential impacts on the biologicalenvironment that are likely to arise from the projectactivities.4.3.1 BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY OF

PROJECT AREA

Project area falls under non protected area classificationcompared to other areas of Thatta Distict. There is noprotected area within 5 km radius of project boundary.Keenjhar and Haleji lakes are more than 80km far whileIndus delta (Gharo Creek) is approximately 6.9km awayfrom project site. Thatta district has variety of features which range fromcoastal swamps to fresh water marches & lakes and fromriver islands to active costal delta. North western part ofThatta distict consists of hilly tracks known as Kohistanpart which comes under protected areas due to famousSindh Ibex, Urial and the landing of Huboura bustard.Kheenjar and Haleji are two famous lakes of Thattadistricts Kheejar Lake is a reservoir for feeding canals inThatta sub division.

4.3.2 FLORAL DIVERSITY OF THEPROJECT AREA

Biological diversity of project area, specifically flora ofthe microenvironment is significantly governed by thetype of soil i.e. sandy, clay alkaline with amount ofmoisture available due to metrological conditions;because both soil and weather conditions are regardeddirect function of foliage growth and propagation. The vegetation of project area is very scanty and consistsof desolate shrubs, bushes and trees. The woody, thorny,under-shrubs are usually not above thirty centimetres inheight. Mesquite, an exotic species that is bushy inshape, has spread over large areas in the south-easternparts of the district. These plants are exceptions in theprevailing barren landscape. Salvadoraoleoides,Prosopis Sanegal ,Acacia Arabica, Tamarixgallica ,Calotropis procera and Azadiradita indica arecommon species of project area. Photograph of projectfloral species seen during field survey is shown in Figure4-13.The micro environment mainly comprise of agricultureland, fallow land and marshy area. As per publishedliterature/report a total of 27 vegetation species havebeen identified within study area. Table 4-13 shows thefloral species list of project area.

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TABLE 4 13: COMMON FLORAL SPECIES OF PROJECT AREA

Chapter 04

4.3.3 FAUNAL DIVERSITY OF THE DISTRICT

Project area has variety of ecosystem including smallhilly, plain and agriculture fields and coastal site (GharoCreek) 6.9km away from project site. The ecologist andwildlife expert have been covered all 5km radius area ofproject site to observed and monitor faunal existence inthe project area Project site falls in non project area andHakeji and Kheenjhar lake more than 80km away fromproject area . During field visit 12 large and smallmammals, 6 reptiles and amphibian and 32 bird specieswere observed. List of faunal species are presented inTable 4-14, 4-15 and 4-16. Photograph of project faunaand flora species seen during field survey is shown inFigure 4-12 and 4-13.The microenvironment of the project site has viablenumber of faunal species which do survive in thedistricts. Different kinds of fauna found in the projectarea during primary data collection activity reptiles,small mammals and bird species are found in the projectarea.As discussed earlier, the project site falls in plain, hillyarea therefore diversify nature of the area, is blessedwith beautiful species of birds and animals .However,the massive social changes in the project area have notaffected only the culture of the people but also thephysical environment of the area. Due to over grazing,land use for agriculture purposes, over consumption ofnatural resources and industrialization contributes indiminished many species of wildlife. Even today anumber of animals found in the project site whichincludes foxes, reptiles (snakes, lizards, etc.), jackals,palm squirrel, mangoose and Indian lizard monitor are

found in project area. During field visit many of bird species were observed inproject area. Most common species of birds are cattleegrets, ring dove, seed eaters such as pigeons , birds witha more varied diet such as white-eared bulbuls,sparrows, the brown-headed raven, shrikes, pigeons,nightjars, woodpeckers, rollers, swallows, martins,wagtails, chats, robins, warblers, white-throats, flycatchers, sunbird, drongo, mynas, sparrows, andbuntings are also found.Some bird species, such as house sparrows, silver bells,white-eared bulbuls, buntings, common babblers, whitethroated and brown headed raven, profit fromcultivation. Trees of Kandi, Kikar and Ber attractfruit-seed eating birds such as the white-eared bulbul,lesser white-throats, house sparrows and others. Theyalso provide nesting sites for many bird species.Variety of reptiles species where observed duringbiological baseline field visit. These included 6 specieswere observed in project area.

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TABLE 4 14: LIST OF MAMMALS OF PROJECT AREA

TABLE 4 15: LIST OF REPTILES

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TABLE 4 16: LIST OF BIRDS OF PROJECT AREA

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FIGURE 4 12: PHOTOGRAPHS OF FAUNA OF THE PROJECT AREA

Reptile climb on plant branch Bird species found at project area

Borrows in side plant canopy Borrows in sand dunes

Palm Squirrel Rose ringed parakeet

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FIGURE 4 13: PHOTOGRAPHS OF FLORA OF THE PROJECT AREA

Acacia nilotica Calotropis procera

Neem tress adjacent project site Prosopis juliflora

Invasive species of project site Ziziphus mauritiana

Chapter 04

4.4 Socio-economic anDcultural environment4.4.1 SCOPE AND METHODOLOGY

A team comprising environmental assessment specialist,cultural anthropologist and gender specialist carried outthe study of socio economic and cultural environmentof the project area. The approach and methodologyduring data collection was a combination of qualitativeand quantitative data gathering techniques. The datacollection addresses the primary requirements of anEnvironmental Impact Assessment (EIA), incorporatingthe Pakistan Environmental Assessment Procedures1997. A participatory rural assessment was combinedwith the extensive qualitative data collection ofsocio-economic and cultural data through shortstructured questionnaires and focus group interviewswith communities including men, women and key maleinformants in the eleven key villages in the project area.The relevant and accurate information was obtainedthrough professionally competent surveyors. Therequired information collected efficiently in terms oftime and villages covered by rapid cycles of interactionwith team members, communities and village elders.The specific tools used for collection of data include i.e.direct observation, short questionnaire, focus groupsand semi-structured interviews. Surveyed villagesprofile is given in Annex-III. The socioeconomic settingof project area is shown in Figure 4-16, while pictorialoverview of project socioeconomic environmental ispresented in Figure 4-17.4.4.2 GEOGRAPHY AND HISTORICAL

IMPORTANCE OF THATTA DISTRICT

District Thatta has vast cultural background with itsglorious history. The monuments, buildings, mosques,graveyards speak eloquently of its glorious past. Itsmajor monuments are listed among the World HeritageSites. Thatta remained capital of Sindh from the 14thcentury under the rule of Summa Rulers. Since 1592, itwas governed by Mughal emperors of Delhi then in 1739it fell to Nadir Shah’s forces who came from Persia, sincethen it was the end of its glorious years.Thatta is known to be the burial place of 125,000 saints;it was also a place of great learning where eminentscholars from Khurasan, Qandhar, Heart etc. wereproduced. Thatta is also famous for being known asDoor of Islam to subcontinent which symbolizes thefamous entry of Mohammad Bin Qasim to the region. The District lies at 23.42° to 25.26° North and 67.05° to68.46° east. It is bounded on the north by DistrictJamshoro, on the East Tando Muhammad Khan andBadin District on the South (Run of Kachh) and ArabianSea while Karachi District lies in the west of the district.North western area of district is hilly tract, known as

Kohistan, which is the extension of the Kirthar Range.Southern and Western parts of the District are sandy andsea affected while the southern portion adjoining theRan of Kachh is also desert like area with scatteredhabitation while the extreme tract is Kharo tract(Saline-Alkaline Tract). District Thatta occasionallyexperience the slow and fast kind of riverine flood inmonsoon.4.4.3 PROJECT SITE AND ADMINISTRATIVE

SETUP

The total area of the district is 17,355 square kilometerswhereas the population of the district is around 1.20Million. District Thatta is administratively managed by9 Talukas, 55 Union Councils, 75 Tappas and 656 Dehs.The geographical area of coastal talukas is as follows: � Keti bander - 721 km2� Kharochan -576 km2� Ghora bari -1132 km2� Mirpur sakro - 2937 km2� Shah bander - 3322 km2� Jati - 3524 km2Total geographical area of coastal talukas of Thattadistict is up to 12,212km2. Project location lies in TalukaMirepur Sakhro, union council Dhabeji adjacent toNational Highway N-5 and is approximately 60 km fromKarachi city. Project area falls in arid area and coastalbelt (Gharo creek) lies 6.5km away from project site.Project site is bounded by railway track (Malir Distict)on one side while other side of the proposed site isadjacent to National Highway.Socioeconomic baseline study was conducted in themonth of July and August, 2013. Stakeholders approachedfor the consultation include Union council administration,leaders of project surrounding area and representativesfrom hospital and schools etc within 5kilometer radiusof the project site. Field visit also covered eleven villagesin the vicinity of the project area in order to obtainsocioeconomic conditions of the people residing in thosevillages.List of visited villages is as following1. Allah Dino Baloch2. Punnoh Balock3. Jummat Kalmati 4. Siddique Goth5. Amin Muhammad 6. M Qasim Goth

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7. Mir Muhammad Pajejo Goth8. Achar Salar Goth9. Mammu Goth10. Gul Hassan 11. Abdullah Goth 4.4.4 DEMOGRAPHICS

PopulationDuring field visit total of 11 villages were surveyed withtotal population of 6475. The population in the nearvillages of project site at union council Dhabeji in fivekilometer radius is scanty (less than 1000) except in twovillages i.e. Siddique Goth and Achar Salar Goth lyingin Gadap town. The major population consulted duringthe socioeconomic survey was mainly from these twoGoths. The majority of the population belongs toKalmati Baloch or Jokhio tribes. Another tribe reportedduring the field visit was Bhaway Baloch. Total populationof the communities within 5km radious of project areais presented in Table 4-17 and graphically presented inFigure 4-14.

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TABLE 4 17: POPULATION OF THECOMMUNITIES AROUND PROJECT AREA

FIGURE 4 14: GRAPH SHOWING POPULATION OF THE NEARBY COMMUNITIES

Chapter 04

HouseholdsThe total number of households living in the surroundingof project site at union council Dhabeji Taluqa MirpurSakro is around 1196. Around 600 households are inAchar Salar Goth while 200 in Siddique Goth. MirMuhammad Palejo Goth has minimum number ofhouseholds. These households are not permanent andare temporarily residing in the Goth for agriculturepurposes. Average family size is around 4 to 8 membersin various villages in the project area. Table 4-18 showsthe numbers of household in Project Area

RitualsMajor Caste/tribes in the project area are Jokhia andKalmati baloch. These tribes speak Sindhi, Balochi andunderstand urdu language. Marriages in most familiesare arranged by parents preferably in their own caste.Now a day the betrothal ceremony (formal engagementof boys and a girl) mostly at the time of birth orchildhood is not common.At the birth of first boy and during marriage andcircumcision ceremonies, playing of drums and Shehnaiis universal. The ritual of wedding / marriageceremonies usually lasts for two to three days. People ofproject area have much respect and belief for saints.They usually visit shrines at the time of trouble,misfortune and pay for birth of sons, and when theirwishes come true. Depending on which sect one belongsto is determined by the fact that whether or not they visitthe shrines or how much they revere the saints. Thesocioeconomic setting of project area is shown in Figure4-16, while pictorial overview of project socioeconomicenvironmental is presented in Figure 4-17.

4.4.5 LIVELIHOOD OF PROJECT AREA

House InfrastructureThatta district is divided into two section one is coastaland second one is non-coastal arid area which connectswith Mahal Kohistan, many times affected by flood andother natural hazards due to which their living patternis different as compared to other areas of Sindh Housingpattern of Thatta Distict is pacca 1.4 %, Semi-pacca 1.7%,Kacha 77.8% and Jhopera 19.1%. In project area SemiPakka houses are common. During the field visit fewPakka houses are seen in Jumman Kalmati, Achar SalarGoth and Mammu Goth. Maximum two rooms orminimum one room with open area inside the boundarywall of each house. Outtak system is village tradition,mostly Outaak (Guest house) constructed near mainentrance of village where all male guest stay and are alsoused for open discussion on daily routine. Energy SourceElectricity supply system exists but only in three to fourvillages of the project area. People of project area usekerosene oil for laltain (a sort of lamp) in night hours forlighting purpose. Following table shows the availabilityof electricity and fuel type details in the villages visitedduring the survey. Table 4-19 Shows the availability ofelectricity/fuel in project area. Majority of project areaused wood as a fuel due to non availability of Sui gas inthe project area. Sui gas and electricity is available onlyin Achar Salaar and Mammu, approximately 1.5kmaway from the project site. Drinking WaterIn Thatta district people access drinking water in avariety of ways. It was noted that the water supplysystem is also available in the project area. The pipedwater provided in the project area is unreliable and servein few villages of project area. Table 4-20 shows thewater supply system in project area.

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TABLE 4 18: NUMBER OF HOUSEHOLDS

Damaged water supply line at project area

Chapter 04

The above table shows that the hand pumps are thepredominant source of drinking water in coastal areasof Thatta district. Dug wells provide water in 11%villages while ponds & lakes are available in almost 28%villages. During kharif season the nearby canal / distributesbecome a main source of drinking water for 71%villages. About 7% communities dwelling in creeks andcloser to creeks also buy water tankers for drinking purpose.Water supply pumping station was found in Dhabeji cityfor supply of safe drinking water in the project area.Only the inhabitants of Siddique and Achar Salar Gothresponded that they have access to piped water whilerest of the population is either purchasing water fromtankers or using wells for drinking water and irrigationpurpose In project area community people also stealsweet water by damaging water supply line for washingand bathing purpose. The water tankers cost them Rs.1500 per month. Achar Salar Goth and Mammu Gothalthough have access to piped water but as the supply

is insufficient the residents are using well water inaddition. Table 4-21 shows the water supply system ofvillages around the project area.

Source of Income GenerationMajor source of income generation in Thatta District isagriculture, livestock & poultry farms. People own smallbusiness (Shops, Hotel and rent a car service) and are

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TABLE 4 19: ELECTRICITY AND FUEL

TABLE 4 20: WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

TABLE 4 21: DRINKING WATER SUPPLY

Chapter 04

employees in Government and private sector. Few of thepeople also avail labor work in industrial units.AgricultureThe cropping pattern is of two types in Thatta district.In one system, rice and sugarcane are main crops ofKharif while wheat and sugarcane are in Rabi season .Inanother faming system, rice and vegetables are maincrops of Kharif and wheat and vegetables are sown inRabi. Cropping intensity of coastal area is low (less than70%) due to degradation of land and unavailability ofirrigation water. The main crops grown in Thatta districtduring Rabi are wheat, barlay, gram while oil seeds, rice,sugarcane maize, millet and jawar in Kharif. Before thedeterioration of land and subsurface water aquifer, thedate palm flourished in Jhampir, coconut trees in KetiBandar, Mirpur Sakhro and banana was grown inThatta.

The crop yield is the ultimate measure in agricultureimprovement of the project area. The key problem forlow yield in coastal areas include shortage of irrigationwater, water logging, salinity, lack of marketing andstorage facilities.Livestock and Poultry FarmingLivestock plays an important role in the economy of acountry. Livestock sector contributed approximately53.2% of the agriculture, value added 11.4% to thenational GDP during 2009 -10. Sindh share in milk andmeat production has been increasing due to growingdemand. Livestock has served to provide supplementincome especially in rural areas. Contribution of Sindhin other livestock products including meat, wool, hides,skin hair, and bones is more than 25 percent, as indicatedfrom Sindh’s share of livestock population in Pakistan.Cattle population during last decade (1996- 2006)increased with 28% variation in 2006 over 1996;Buffaloes increased by 30.71% Sheep by 60.96%, goats29.15% and camels increased 23.93%. Table 4-22 showsthe comparison of livestock and poultry population ofThatta District on 1996 and 2006 and graphically

presented in Figure 4-15.

The major source of income for the surrounding ofproject area is livestock and agriculture. The majorindustries are located in Port Qasim, Dhabaji and inGharo. A study on Thatta reported that there are almost05 sugar mills, 09 textile industries, 01 cement factoryand several rice and flour mills are operating in theDhabaji and Gharo areas. People from the surroundingvillages are working as labour in nearby industries atPort Qasim, Gharo and Dhabeji.Female ResponsibilitiesThe women of project area are very hard working andmore practical than men. They play a major role andcounterpart to carryout households and field activitieswith their men. Generally the women remain very busyand responsibilities include cooking food, dish washing,washing of cloths, and sewing of cloths, making Rillihiesand look after their children. In addition to theseactivities, women were also seen working in theagriculture fields, busy in harvesting crops, picking ofcotton and feeding and milking of livestock .Most of thewomen in project area are illiterate and have noauthority to interfere in domestic decision making, theyusually sleep early and wake-up early in the morning tocarry out routine activities.4.4.6 SOCIOECONOMIC PROFILE

HealthThe health facilities in Thatta Distirct are scant. Threeout of six coastal Talukas don’t have any Rural HealthCentre or any veterinary dispensary. The BHUs and

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View of Coton Crops in the Project Area

TABLE 4 22: LIVESTOCK POPULATIONIN THATTA DISTRICT DURING LAST

DECADE (1996�2006)

Chapter 04

dispensaries are also in small number. There is dearth ofqualified doctors. It is estimated that there is onedispensary with one dispenser for about 5,000 people inthe Thatta district Talukas. Table 4-23 shows the healthfacilities in Taluka Mirpur Sakro Thatta Distict.

The health facilities are minimal for the populationliving in the area. Most of the villages have no hospital,clinic and basic health unit, where as Siddique Goth hasonly one basic health unit. Mammu Goth has a hospitalnear village while Achar Salar Goth has health facility inthe village. There is a lack of any proper health facilitywith all the basic requirements available for the peopleof the project area. The available health facilities in thearea are just enough to address common diseases. Forthe advance treatment of any serious and complicateddisease, people used to visit the city centre especially inGharo and Gulshan–e-Hadeed for proper medicaltreatment. The most common diseases in the project areaare Malaria and Fever. Only in Siddique Goth the peoplewere also found infected with T. B. along with Malariaand Fever. Table 4-24 Shows health facility in projectarea.

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FIGURE 4 15: GRAPH SHOWING LIVESTOCK POPULATION OF LAST DECADE INTHATTA DISTRICT

TABLE 4 23: HEALTH FACILITIES OFTALUKA MIRPUR SAKRO

Chapter 04

Although the project area is located in union councilDhabeji Taluka Mirpur sakhro adjacent to Karachi, butthe education facilities in the area are distressing. Mostof the villages have only primary schools. The GothJummat Kalmati, Mir Muhammad Pajejio Goth andMammu Goth don’t have any school at all. Only AcharSalar Goth has one high and one private school in thevillage. The number of proper schools in the project areais negligible. Even these schools are not functioningproperly. The problems of irregularity and absenteeismof teachers and lack of quality of education werereported during the survey. There is one private schoolin the area, but this school is also seen as providingsubstandard education. The literacy rate reported is verylow, i.e., average literacy rate is only11% in the projectarea, while maximum in Amin Muhammad Goth (15%)and minimum in Allah Dino Baloch and Punnoh BalockGoths (4% each ). Table 4-27 shows the education facilityaround the project area.

EducationThe literacy rate of Thatta distirct was reported to be22.14 percent in 1998. The male literacy rate was aboutthree times high at 31.58 percent when compared to 11.4percent for females. The ratio in urban area was muchhigher at about 46 percent compared to only about 19percent in rural areas .There is wide gap between maleand females with respect to education in rural areaswhere literacy rate for males is 28 percent compared toonly about 8 percent for the females . Of the totaleducated person, 35 percent have passed primary, 13percent are middle and only 13.32 percent have donematriculation. Table 4-25 and Table 4-26 shows the de-tail for number of schools and students enrolled in Mir-pur Sakro.

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TABLE 4 24: HEALTH FACILITIESIN VILLAGES OF PROJECT AREA

TABLE 4 25: NUMBER OF SCHOOLS IN TALUKA MIRPHUR SAKRO

TABLE 4 26: NUMBER OF STUDENTS ENROLMENT IN TALUKA MIRPUR SAKHRU

TABLE 4 27: LITERACY ANDEDUCATION FACILITY IN PROJECT AREA

Chapter 04

Accessibility and MobilityDuring field visit, 11 villages were visited; the majortowns of the project area are Dhabeji, Ghareebabd andGharo. Dhabeji is also the Union Council head quarter.All the targeted villages have links with Dhabeji andGhareeabad. People residing in nearby villages regularlyvisit these areas for shopping, business and otherpurpose. All mobile cellular services are available inproject area and rest of the district. Project area liesadjacent to National Highway so there is no problem forpublic transport in order to travel towards Karachi,Hyderabad and other area of Thatta distinct. Metalroads are available in nearby villages for easy access toNational Highway.Non Government Organization (NGOs)The expanding advocacy role of NGOs has beenrecognized by the State. As intermediaries, NGOs haveestablished channels of communication and cooperationbetween communities on one hand and government,development institution & funding agencies on theother. The NGOs operating in the few villages of thetarget area is National Rular Support Program (NRSP),Aga Khan Foundation and Hands. These NGOs workfor social welfare of local community. Major Needs of the PeopleThe socio-economic status of the people living in thearea is very poor. The wide spread poverty encircled bythe selective continuance of so called social & culturalcustoms, governed by the feudal and gender biasedsystem of decision making at the community level, arestill very much there in practice. The drinking wateravailability and the sanitation conditions are the basicproblems of the people living in this area. They lackmany of the basic amenities of life. The health andeducation facilities are not available to all people in thisarea and the quality of available facilities is very poor.The health care facilities are inadequate, ineffective andneglected in this area. The literacy rate is comparativevery low in the area, which could be improved byincreasing the facilities of education in terms of qualityand quantity both.Leadership DynamicsThere is a different hierarchy of leadership in the projectarea i.e. village leaders, community leaders, politicalleaders and spiritual leaders. The village leader isnormally the most influential person of the village interm of land. Minor conflicts are resolved at village level.However, if the conflict is bigger and complex, thecommunity leader resolves the conflict through listeningto both sides. The community approaching to the policeis a rare case for resolving their problems. Most of theconflicts occur due to tribal disputes, dispute on land,theft of animals, arrangement of marriages etc.Spiritual LeadershipThe major community of the project area belongs to Ahle

–e- Sunnat sect. Almost all the respondent in targetvillages mentioned about the religious leaders to whomthey regularly visit. The purpose of the visit to religiousplaces (Dargah) varies from just paying homage tofulfillment of some desires. Most of the people of targetarea usually visit Dargah Haji Abdullah Shah Bukhari,Jangi Baba and Yaqub Shah. People give DANN andcover grave of saint with Chadar (veil) after fulfill oftheir desires called Mannat.4.4.7 ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES OF

THATTA DISTRICT

There isn’t any archeological site within 30 km of projectarea. Bhamore (historical museum) is approximately 20km away from project site on main National Highwayadjacent Gharo. The Shah Jahan Mosque was built in thereign of Mughals emperor Shah Jahan. It is located inThatta, Sindh province, Pakistan. It has been on thetentative UNESCO World Heritage list since 1993. In the town of Thatta itself, there is famous ShahjahaniMosque with its beautiful architecture. This mosque wasbuilt in 1647 during the reign of Mughal King ShahJahan, also known as the builder King. The mosque isbuilt with red bricks with blue coloured glaze tilesprobably imported from another Sindh's town of Hala.The mosque has overall 93 domes and it is world'slargest mosque having such number of domes. It hasbeen built keeping acoustics in mind. A person speakinginside one end of the dome can be heard at the other endwhen the speech exceeds 100 decibels. It was a gift fromShahjahan to people of Sindh for their Hospitality.Makli HillMakli hill is one of the largest necropolises in the world,with a diameter of approximately 8 km. It lies approx.98 km east of Karachi and is the burial place of some125,000 local rulers, Sufi saints and others. Makli islocated on the outskirts of Thatta, the capital of lowerSindh until the seventeenth century. It was inscribed onthe World Heritage List in 1981 under the name ofHistorical Monuments of Thatta. The tombs and gravestones spread over the cemetery arematerial documents marking the social and politicalhistory of Sind. Many have been built using localsandstone others are plastered brick buildings (whichhave suffered the most, generally). The impressive royalmausoleums are divided into two major groups, thosefrom the Samma (1352–1520) and from the Tarkhan(1556–1592) period. In total four historical periods arerepresented architecturally, namely the Samma, theArghun, the Tarkhan and the Mughal’s period. Thetomb (or maqbara) of the King Jam Nizamuddin II(reigned 1461–1508) is an impressive square structurebuilt of sandstone and decorated with floral and geomet-ric medallions. Similar to this is the mausoleum of IsaKhan Hussain II (d. 1651), a two-story stone building

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Chapter 04

with majestic cupolas and balconies. In contrast to thesynthetic architecture of these two monuments, whichintegrate Hindu and Islamic motifs, are mausoleumsthat clearly show the Central Asian roots of the Tarkhanand Mughal dynasties. An example is the tomb of JanBeg Tarkhan (d. 1600), a typical octagonal brick structurewhose dome is covered in blue and turquoise glazedtiles. Pavilion or canopy tombs (chattri maqbara orumbrella tomb) are another typical Indo-Islamicarchitectural feature, as well as enclosure tombs. TheMughal period is represented by many tombs on thesouthern side of the necropolis, including themausoleum of Mirza Jani & Mirza Ghazi Baig, that ofNawab Shurfa Khan, the enclosure of Mirza Baqi BaigUzbek and of Mirza Jan Baba as well as the impressiverestored tomb of Nawab Isa Khan Tarkhan the Younger.BhamboreBhambore is an archaeological site in sindh province,situated at 65 km east of Karachi between Dhabeji andGharo on the National Highway. It is also known asBhambra among Khudabadi sindhi swarankercommunity .It holds the remain of three civilizations: thescythe–Parthian period, Hindu Buddhist period andIslamic period. Bhambore was also an important routeand a military post during theses eras. The city as laterabandoned due to change in the Indus River’s courses.History also reveals that it was devastated by theearthquake in 893 AD. The young Arab warrierMuhammad bin Qasim landed his armed in 711 AD anddestroyed the castle. At the time of this intervention, thepopulation of Bhambore was Hindu with a Buddhistminority.4.4.8 PERCEPTION ABOUT THE PROJECT

Focused group discussions revealed a high satisfactionof locals based on their past experience with FFBL. Themajority of participants expressed no serious complaintsregarding FFBL activities in the area and welcomed theidea of the proposed project. The community member also hoped that the new projectwill provide jobs for local community and FFBL will alsoprovide health and education facilities as welfare workin the area. They also highlighted that unemployment,non availability of higher education and health facilitiesare major issues of the area.4.4.9 BENEFITS OF PROPOSED PROJECT

ON SOCIOECONOMICENVIRONMENTAL OF THE AREA

The present data was collected to assess thesocioeconomic and cultural impact of the project. Theproject will improve the livestock business opportunitiesand employment in the project area. This will increasethe income of households of local population. This extraincome may be used to finance education, health,

clothing and other basic needs, with positiveimplications for rural welfare and living standards.Genetic improvement of livestock will lead to increasedproductivity, profitability from cattle, increase in meatquality and better market prices for improved stock.Enhanced water availability will benefit both livestockand people through increased clean water points. Bettermanagement of range and forage improvements willcontribute to sustainable environmental managementand livestock health improvement. Enhanced marketingand market information systems will increase livestocksales at better prices and hence profitability. Providingmore hygienic environments for livestock slaughteringwill promote marketing of quality meat, better qualityhides and skins with enhanced profitability and willstimulate the creation of entrepreneurship for livestockand their products in the communities.

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38Chap t e r 0 4


October2013

Figure 4 16: Socioeconomic Settings of Project Area

Chapter 04 39


October2013

FIGURE 4 17: PICTORIAL PRESENTATION OF SOCIOECONOMIC SETTINGS OF THEPROJECT AREA

Community Members of Haji M Palejo Goth View of Primary School Achar Salaar Goth

Mosque at Project Area Rice Godown adjacent to Project Site

Dargah at Project Area Poultry Farms at Project Area


Project Alternatives

Chapter 05 01


October2013

This section covers the project alternatives which wereexamined for the proposed red meat abattoir productionfacility in Thatta District, Sind Province. An analysis ofthe available alternatives is necessary to establish thatthe most suitable management and technology optionswill be adopted for the project, while minimizingenvironmental impacts. This evaluation explains theselection of appropriate option that was required toensure optimal results within defined set of economic,environmental, health and safety constraints. Inparticular it outlines the following project options:l. The “No Development Option”.2. Alternative Site Option.3. Alternative technology.5.1 no DeveloPment oPtionIn line with FFBL’s corporate strategic goal “Creatingnew opportunities for business growth and diversification”,FFBL has been evaluating various options for investmentin diversified businesses. Pakistan has not been able toexploit its large livestock population to become a majorplayer in the international Halal meat trade, as meatslaughtered in the traditional abattoirs fails to meetinternational standards.Considering potential and massive opportunities forPakistan, to tap into and network with internationaldistributors, to cater the demand for ‘Halal’ meatglobally, FFBL Management has approved investmentin meat processing business for export & domesticusage.The project will encompass a modern state-of-the-artHalal meat slaughtering facility with the objective ofprocessing high quality meat, value added products andby-products with special focus on International marketsi.e. UAE, KSA, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Malaysia andIran along with domestic market. The facility will becapable to process meat of Cattle, Sheep and Goat. The proposed project will provide additional incomeand gainful employment to the nearby villages andanimal producers. The ‘No-Project’ option, if taken, will prevent thecountry from exploring its large livestock population tobecome a major player in the international Halal meattrade. The proposed project will also provide the followingadvantages to the Country economic and the communitiesof the project area:� It will help to provide required backward and

forward linkage with the farmer-producers� to benefit them from production of better quality

animals and enable them to establish direct marketingof animals to the abattoir instead of the present systemof depending on middle-men/commission agents.

� It will help to produce a clean and quality meat forboth domestic and export consumers.

� It will help to increase Pakistan’s export potentialthrough meat and value added “quality” meatproducts.

� The proposed project will itself process and producefood-products with ‘value addition ‘such as chilledmeat (full carcasses and meat cuts) for domestic andexport markets, frozen meat, blood/bone meal andothers.

Other impacts of the ‘No-Project’ option would be lossin employment and infrastructure development in theproject area, as the project is likely to create jobs andimprove the existing infrastructure of the area. From theenvironmental point of view, this option would result ina loss of opportunity in further improvement of theenvironmental management of the area, throughgeneration of environmental baseline data, and themitigation and monitoring plans.5.2 AlternAtive site oPtion -site selection criteriAIn reference to the Project Site alternatives, several landswere evaluated, covering Port Qasim, Dhabeji, Gharo,Gujo, Haleji and other areas. The final selection of site isbased on following criterion:Distances from Urban Development:The abattoir should not be located close to dwellings,schools, mosques and other public or commercialbuildings due to possible nuisance from noise, smell,congestion etc. Likely future commercial and residentialdevelopments should also be taken into account.Accessibility:The site should be accessible from a permanent road toallow ready transport of livestock, meat and meat products.Water Supply:Availability of adequate water supply, which shouldalso meets drinking water standards.Effluent Treatment and Disposal:The site should have a natural slope (free draining andnot subject to water logging or flooding. Water outlet

05 - Project AlternAtives

Chapter 05

quality will meet legal requirements for crops irrigation.Soil conditions for civil structure:Suitability and stability of soil conditions required forthe civil structures.Sufficient Land Availability:Availability of sufficient land to design and layout plantin an appropriate manner, with consideration of futureexpansions.Electricity:Availability of electricity from the Karachi ElectricSupply Company for an uninterrupted supply of power,required for the plant, especially for chilling andprocessing of carcasses.Conclusion:In view of all above criteria, it was concluded toconstruct the halal slaughterhouse and meat complexfacility near Port Qasim, Thatta District.FFBL existing facility fertilizer plant is approximately7km away from the proposed project location, soadministrative control on proposed project could beeasily for FFBL management.The geographic position of the proposed project is veryideal which connects it to the transportation infrastructureof the country. The proposed project location is verynear to Port Qasim and approximately less than 1kmfrom Nation Highway N-5, providing direct access tothe hinterland through road. Furthermore, there is a railwaytrack at a distance of 1km from the project site. Dhabejirailway station is located at a distance of 4km from theproject site, which connect to the national railwaynetwork through 6 railway tracks. Remaining proposedsites don’t possess such a broad spectrum of commercial,industrial and management benefits.5.3 technology AlternAtives5.3.1 WASTE HANDLING

Instead of disposing the inedible animal byproductswhich usually include hide or skin, hair, horns, teeth,fats, bone, ligaments and cartilage, feet, glands andblood etc., these will be utilized for processing intoquality by-products, with a value addition, therebyavoiding environmental pollution and improving theeconomic returns from the slaughtered animals.Some inedible offal, along with normally edible offal thathas been deemed unsuitable for human consumption,bones from meat processing, and cattle/sheep that areunsuitable for human consumption, is rendered for usein different manufacturing industries. The slaughter wastes will help to encourage developmentof the ancillary industries around the abattoir based onutilization of slaughter house wastes such as offal

(casings/surgical sutures/pet foods), bones (bone meal),blood (blood meal / raw material for pharmaceuticalindustry), tertiary animal by-products (like gelatin,gums used by the pharmaceutical, food and cosmeticindustry), meat meal/ hoof and horn meal etc (animalfeed industry), processed skin (leather industry),gut-contents (manure for agricultural crops) etc.5.3.2 WASTE WATER TREATMENT

PLANT

For the purposed project Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR)has been finalized for the treatment of waste water. TheSBR processor that can effectively compete withconventional activated sludge systems such as continuousstirred-tank reactor is not considered in wastewatertreatment until the improvements in aeration devicesand controls in the late 1950s and early 1960s. (EPA,1999) Sequential batch reactor systems have benefits toalternative conventional flow systems for the biologicaltreatment of both domestic and industrial wastewater.(Ying-Chih et al., 2007)Dealing with slaughterhouses, and by using a SequentialBatch Biological Reactor, it is observed that the workingvolume of the reactor is higher than in any conventionalprocess. This oversized design assumes shorter times ofoperation which can be translated in less maintenancecosts and the possibility of working with higher loads ofwaste. According to latest and most modern techniquesfor waste water treatment, the batch biological reactorsare the only systems capable to achieve good qualityoutput with no use of chemicals.The main advantages of this design are the following:� Minimal surface area required� Installation of only the strictly necessary single

modules� Easy to use and operate� Lowest energy consumption and maintenance� Highest treatment capacity and contaminants

elimination� Highest capacity to cope with an increase of loads

or different flows and loads� Minimal production of sludge� No consumption of chemical productsImprovements in aeration devices and controls haveallowed sequencing batch reactor to successfullycompete with conventional activated sludge systems.Sequential batch reactors can achieve equalization,primary clarification, biological treatment, andsecondary clarification in a single reactor.

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October2013


Stakeholders Consultation

Chapter 06 01


October2013

The participation of project stakeholders in projectplanning, design and implementation is now universallyrecognized as an integral part of environmental impactassessment. The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act1997 (Section 12(3)) highlights that “every review of anenvironmental impact assessment (EIA) shall be carriedout with public participation.”United Nations Conference on Environment andDevelopment (UNCED) in 1992 endorsed the process ofstakeholder participation and consultation as one of thekey documents of the conferenceAgenda 21. Agenda21 is a comprehensive strategy for global action onsustainable development and deals with issues regardinghuman interaction with the environment. It emphasizesthe role of public participation in environmentaldecision-making for the achievement of sustainabledevelopment. This section of the report outlines the stakeholderconsultation approach adopted for this EIA study,identifies the concerned groups of stakeholders, anddescribes the consultation process carried out as part ofthis study. Figure 6-1 and 6-2 shows pictorial presentationof stakeholders meetings.6.1 objeCtives of stake-holder ConsultationThe overall objectives of the public consultation processwere as follows:� To provide information related to proposed project

activities to stakeholders; � To facilitate and maintain dialogue and gain the

consent of all stakeholders on carrying out projectactivities in the area;

� To seek participation of all interested parties andidentify stakeholder interests and issues;

� To create solutions for addressing these concernsand integrating them into project design, operations,and management;

� To enhance the project by learning from, andincorporating, the expertise of individuals,professionals, communities and organizations; andto encourage transparency and inculcate trustamong various stakeholders to promote cooperationand partnership with the communities, localleadership, and NGOs.

6.2 stakeholder ConsultationProCessStakeholder’s consultation is a continuous process thatdoes not stop with the submission or approval of the EIAbut continues into the project execution stage byinvolving communities and all other stakeholders’values, recognizing the stakeholder’s right to informabout the project, as well as their right to voice theirviews and concerns. In keeping with this belief,consultations were conducted in the project area notonly to satisfy the legal requirements of the EIA processin Pakistan but also to improve and enhance the socialand environmental design of the project. Various stepsinvolved in the consultation include following:6.2.1 IDENTIFICATION OF STAKEHOLDERS

The identification of stakeholders is important for thesustainability of a development project and helps toevaluate and envisage the role of stakeholders. Theinfluence or impact of stakeholders on the project can beelaborated in the form of a matrix and the mitigationmeasures are proposed accordingly. The stakeholdersthat are likely to be influenced by the project activitiesor would like to participate in the project include:� Residents of the surrounding areas;� Non-governmental Organizations (NGO) and

Community Based Organizations active in the area;� Government Organizations. 6.2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF STAKEHOLDERS

Stakeholders can be classified as primary and secondarystakeholders depending on the influence of the projectactivities on them. The stakeholders for the proposedproject are classified as follows:� Primary Stakeholders: People, groups or institutions

directly affected by the project and can influence theproject outcome.

� Secondary Stakeholders: People, groups, orinstitutions that are indirectly affected by the projectand can influence project delivery process.

6.2.3 METHODOLOGY FORCONSULTATION

Stakeholder consultation is a two-way flow of informationand dialogue between the project proponent and

06 - stakeholder Consultation

Chapter 06

stakeholders, specifically aimed at developing ideas thatcan help shape project design, resolve conflicts at anearly stage assist in implementing solutions and monitorongoing activities. Various techniques are usedworldwide to carry out the stakeholders consultationthat include discussions, meetings and field visits.Primary StakeholdersConcerns of the primary stakeholders of the proposedproject were solicited and collected in the followingmanner:� A field visit was arranged to contact the communities

within 5km of the project area. � The team was completely aware of the processes and

environmental issues related to the proposed project.� A brief description of the proposed project was

provided verbally to the local community in localSindhi language and they were asked to expresstheir concerns regarding the proposed project.

� Concerns, complaints and suggestions wererecorded in the written form.

Secondary StakeholdersConcerns of the secondary stakeholders of the proposedproject were solicited and collected in the followingmanner:� Meetings were arranged with Government

Department, in order to obtain their concerns.� International NGOs, rural development program

and civil society was contacted to obtain theirconcerns.

� A brief description of the proposed project wasprovided verbally and they were asked to expresstheir concerns regarding the proposed project.

� Concerns, complaints and suggestions wererecorded in the written form.

6.3 stakeholders ConsultedIn the consultation process for EIA, following keystakeholders were consulted:� Primary Stakeholders: Local communities� Secondary Stakeholders: Following were the

secondary stakeholders� Union Council Dhabeji � Basic Health Unit Dhabji� Sindh Wildlife Department � Sindh Livestock and Fisheries Department� National Rural Support Program

� IUCN Pakistan � WWF PakistanMeetings with stakeholders consisted of communityconsultation meetings, focus group discussions, andin-depth interviews with government officials andnational and international NGOs. The location of themeetings, the process followed, and the outcomes arediscussed in the subsequent sections. List of people metfor consultation is presented in Annex-IV, whilephotographs of consultations are included as Figure 6-1and Figure 6-2.6.4 Consultation findingsThe consultation findings were recorded in written formgiven below: 6.4.1 PRIMARY STAKEHOLDERS

Primary stakeholders were consulted during informaland formal meetings held in the project area. Consultationsession was conducted at the settlements near the projectsite with men and women to obtain their concerns. Theconsultation process was carried out in the Sindhi andUrdu languages. During these meetings a simple,non-technical, description of the project was given, withan overview of the project’s likely human andenvironmental impact. This was followed by an opendiscussion allowing participants to voice their concernsand opinions. In addition to providing communitieswith information on the proposed project, their feedbackwas documented during the primary stakeholderconsultation. The issues and suggestions raised wererecorded in field notes for analysis, and interpretation,by reaching out to a wider segment of the populationand using various communication tools such asparticipatory needs assessment, community consultationmeetings, and focus group discussions. The findings of the Community consultations have beenaddressed in various sections of the EIA, and themitigation plans have been incorporated into the EMP.The summary of the various primary stakeholderconsultations is given below;Community ConcernsThe general public from the communities was satisfiedfrom the FFBL performance and didn’t express anymajor concern regarding the proposed project. The mainconcerns which were identified during consultation areas follows:� Priority for employment should be given to residing

communities;� Proper drinking water, school and health facility

should be provided;� Waste management should be proper to avoid any

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mishandling and open dumping/burning of solidwaste in project area;

� All drainage system of the proposed project shouldbe covered to avoid over population of mosquitoesin project area.

Local EmploymentCommunities in the project area emphasized that localvillagers should be given priority when employingpeople for various project-related works and activitiesaccording to their skills. 6.4.2 SECONDARY STAKEHOLDERS

Secondary stakeholder consultations were more formalas government officials, national and internationalNGOs were consulted during face-to-face meetings.They were briefed on the EIA process, the project design,and the potential negative and positive impact of theproject on the area’s environment and communities. Itwas important not to raise community expectationsunnecessarily or unrealistically during the stakeholderconsultation meetings in order to avoid any conflict withlocal administrators. The issues recorded in theconsultation process were examined, validated, andaddressed in the EIA report.1. Union Council DhabejiA meeting was held with Mr. Ashraf, Union CouncilOfficer Dhabeji. Mr. Ashraf hinted at a few importantissues that needed special attention during the projectexecution. All these issues (listed below) have beenincorporated in Impact mitigation plan. � Union Council Officer Dhabeji appreciated the

efforts made by the FFBL in terms of creation of anumber of direct and indirect employments leadingto economic growth in the area and he also appreciatedthe FFBL efforts towards the environment and socialwell being of the area

� FFBL should prepared water conservation strategyfor proposed project because water scarcity is commonin the project area

� Improper disposal of solid waste can deteriorate theaesthetic look of project area includes malariaoutbreak and other disease in the project area.

� Waste disposal contractor should be hired to collectsolid waste on daily bases.

� Employment opportunities will be provided to localcommunity of project area

2. Sindh Wildlife DepartmentA meeting was held with Dr. Fahmida DeputyConservator, Wildlife Department Sindh. The concernsand suggestion expressed and response provided is asfollows. All these issues (listed below) have been

incorporated in Impact mitigation plan and EMP of theEIA report. � The Deputy Conservator appreciated the efforts

made by the FFBL in terms of creation of a numberof direct and indirect employments leading toeconomic growth in the area and he also appreciatedthe FFBL efforts towards the environment and socialwellbeing of the area

� Improper waste handling and disposal disturbecosystem. Integrated waste management planshould be designed for sustainable environment ofthe project area

� FFBL ensured that all project activities of proposedplant will be environmental friendly. It not onlysecures wildlife of project area as well as physicalenvironment of project area.

� Improper waste disposal can multiply the populationof nuisance scavengers & predators in the projectarea which can disturb food chain or food web of theproject area.

3. Livestock and Fisheries DepartmentA meeting with Mr. Dr.Qudoos Memon, Mirpur Sakhroand Dr Saleem Raza Memon Incharge VeterinaryDispensary Gharo and Dr. Akhter Hussain wereconducted. They appreciate the FFBL’s efforts towardsthe environment and social well being of the area. It washighlighted that there has been remarkable economicgrowth in the area due to FFBL presence. The concernsand suggestion expressed and response provided is asfollows. All these issues (listed below) have beenincorporated in Impact mitigation plan and EMP of theEIA report. � FFBL should prepare Animal Welfare policy and

arrangement for the proposed project� Cattles should be properly inspected before

purchasing.� Veterinary Hospitals should be available at project

site.� Animals lairages area should be ventilated with

sufficient space for cattle’s.� Animals should be politely treated during

slaughtering process, because in case of harassmenttoxic substances produce in meat of animals.

� Proper hygienic and sanitation practices should beplasticised in proposed project facility.

4. Basic Health Unit (BHU) Dhabeji UnionCouncil

The consultation meeting was conducted with round ofintroduction and a brief description of the proposedproject with the representative of BHU Mr. Hussain Gul,

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in-charge of BHU Dhabji. The concerns and suggestionexpressed and response provided is as follows. All theseissues (listed below) have been incorporated in impactmitigation plan and EMP of the EIA report.� Mr. Hussain Gul appreciated the FFBL’s efforts

towards the environment and social wellbeing of thearea. It was highlighted that there has been remarkableeconomic growth in the area due to company’spresence.

� He suggested occupational health and hygienecondition should be maintained in the productionfacility

� Occupational safety best practices should beadopted and First Aid trainings should beconducted for the employees.

� Mr. Hussain Gul also highlighted his concernregarding the full time hiring of a lady doctor inBHU Dhabji. Since there is one female medicalofficer who attend female patient on alternate dayand there is no doctor full time. Due to this reasonwomen of the area are facing problems to sharingtheir maternity problem. So there is a need of femaledoctor to attend the female patient on regular bases.

5. IUCN PakistanThe meeting conducted with the round of introductionand a brief description of the proposed project wasprovided to the representative of IUCN Pakistan Mr.Tahir Qureshi, Senior Advisor Coastal and MarineEcosystem Program. The concerns and suggestionexpressed and response provided is as follows. All theseissues (listed below) have been incorporated in Impactmitigation plan and EMP of the EIA report. � Mr. Tahir Qureshi appreciated the FFBL’s efforts

towards the environment and social well being ofthe area. It was highlighted that there has beenremarkable economic growth in the area due toFFBL presence.

� Water conservation strategy should be developedfor the proposed project.

� Cow dung and other solid waste should be properlyhandle and dispose off, because it can causeobstruction of natural drainage which wouldaggravate the population of mosquitoes and flies inthe project area.

� Improper handling and disposal of solid and liquidwaste could cause hydrological pollution, so solidand liquid waste should be disposed of properly.

� FFBL should work on animal welfare. 6. National Rural Support Program (NRSP)A meeting was held with Mr Ayaz Ali Kaka, DistrictProgram Officer and Ms Shabana Naz Abro, Community

Mobilzer. The concerns and suggestion expressed andresponse provided is as follows. All these issues (listedbelow) have been incorporated in Impact mitigationplan and EMP of the EIA report. � Mr. Ayaz Ali Kaka and Ms. Shabana Naz Abro

appreciated the FFBL’s efforts towards theenvironment and social wellbeing of the area. It washighlighted that there has been remarkableeconomic growth in the area due to presence ofcompany.

� Employment opportunity should be provides onmerit and skill basis.

� Waste should be properly managed to avoidcontaminating environment. Due to mishandlingand improper disposal of solid waste could causeoutbreak of malaria and other related diseases in thecommunity.

7. WWF PakistanConsultation meeting conducted with round ofintroduction and a brief description of the proposedproject was provided to the representative of WWFPakistan Mr. Moazzam Ali Khan Senior Advisor. Theconcerns and suggestion expressed and responseprovided is as follows. All these issues (listed below)have been incorporated in Impact mitigation plan andEMP of the EIA report. � Mr. Moazzam appreciated the FFBL’s efforts towards

the environment and social wellbeing of the area. Itwas highlighted that there has been remarkableeconomic growth in the area due to company’spresence.

� Improper handling of waste can cause seriousenvironmental impact on the project area. Due toimproper disposal of solid waste population ofundesired creatures including mongoose, reptiles &insects will multiply which will have negativeimpacts on bird’s habitat in the project area.

8. Local NGO and Civil Society OrganizationLocal NGOs and civil society organization were alsoapproached to record their concerns and suggestionsrelated to the proposed project. Step Development Organization: An organizationworking for the educational development andenvironmental wellbeing with the support ofmulti-donor organizations.Civil Society Network: It is a network of civil societyhaving 40 organisations and individuals working onvarious sector including health, water and sanitation,poverty reduction, gender, good governance etc.Generally, all of the secondary stakeholders are in thefavour of the proposed project and they admit the

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proposed project should be executed but withappropriate mitigation measures to reduce theenvironmental and social impacts.

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FIGURE 6 1:PICTORIAL PRESENTATION OF CONSULTATION WITH LOCAL COMMUNITY

Public consultation in Goth Allah Dino Baloch Public consultation in Achar Salaar Goth

Public Consultation with Mir M.palejo Goth Public Consultation with Goth Ameen

View of Consultation with women of Project Area View of Consultation in the Project Area

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FIGURE 6 2: PICTORIAL PRESENTATION OF CONSULTATION WITH GOVT.DEPARTMENT & NGOS

Consultation with Sindh Wildlife DepartmentRepresentatives

Consultation with Livestock Department DhabejiRepresentatives

Consultation with Dhabeji Union CouncilRepresentatives

Consultation with BHU DhabejiRepresentatives


Impact Prediction, Evaluation &

Mitigation Measures

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This chapter discribes the potential environmental andsocial impacts of the proposed activities, predicts themagnitude of the impact and assesses the significance.The proposed mitigation measures to minimize adverseimpacts, resulting residual impacts of the project andenvironmental management plan (EMP) are discussedin the next chapter. The discussion of the environmental and socio-economicimpacts are organized in the following manner:Impacts Associated with Proposed Project Activities� Environmental Impact—Construction and Operation

Activity� Socio-economic Impact— Construction and Operation

Activity 7.1 IdentIfIcatIon of potentIal

ImpactsIn the first step, potential impacts of the project areidentified by desktop screening exercise, using checklistsduring field visits for collection of baseline data,professional judgment, published literature onenvironmental impact of similar projects and standardenvironmental guidelines. Potential impacts are alsoidentified through discussion with project proponent,consultation with stakeholders and community toidentify their concerns. Public consultation was carriedout to identify the concerns of primary and secondarystakeholders.The main aspect associated with potential impacts are

as follow; � Geomorphology, soil � Water resources (aquifer and surface water quality)� Ambient air quality� Waste discharges� Noise pollution� Greenhouse gases emissions (GHG)� Ozone depleting substance� Protected areas� Ecology of the area, including flora and fauna� Vehicle movement

� Socio-economic conditions; and � Archaeology7.2 Impact classIfIcatIon The potential impacts are classified according to the typeof potential receptors. The following receptor categorieswere used:� Community (people, their social and cultural values,

aspirations and archaeological sensitivity,)� Land and soil (land resources, soil resources)� Air quality (ambient air quality, GHG emissions,

Ozone depletion)� Water resources (aquifer and surface water resources)� Ecosystem (vegetation, wildlife, and biodiversity).7.3 Impact scopIng crIterIa Identified potential impacts are evaluated on the basisof following criteria;� the present baseline conditions, the change in

environmental parameters likely to be effected byproposed project related activities;

� Is there an impact that environmental standards orenvironmental guidelines applicable to the projectwill be breached? This includes the nationalstandards such as the National EnvironmentalQuality Standards (NEQS) and guidelines such asthe World Bank, International Finance Corporation(IFC) and WHO environmental guidelines.

� Is there a high risk of a permanent, irreversible, andsignificant change to environmental conditions dueto the particular project activity? Some impacts aretransitory; they last until the activity that is the causeof the impact is there. Others may last much longerthan the activity. After a long period theenvironmental parameter may or may not revertback to its natural state.

� Did the community express any concern about thisaspect?

An impact scoping matrix is described in belowTable 7-1.

07 - Impact predIctIon, evaluatIon and mItIgatIon measures

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7.4 Impact assessmentmethodology

The impacts have been assessed following standardinternational guidelines and best available practices. Themethod defines three levels of consequence (or severity)and likelihood (or probability of occurrence) - High,Medium or Low - of an impact. A standard risk basedapproach has been used in which;

� the significance of an impact is determined on thebasis of the level of consequence and likelihood ofthe impact e.g. an impact of medium severity isassigned a low significance if the likelihood ofoccurrence of the impact is low and highsignificance if the likelihood of occurrence is high oralmost certain. The definition of consequence andlikelihood is illustrated in Table 7-2 and impactsignificant matrix is provided in Table 7-3.

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TABLE 7�1: IMPACT SCOPING MATRIX

TABLE 7�2: DEFINITIONS FOR CONSEQUENCE AND LIKELIHOOD OF IMPACTS

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� The prediction of impacts also include the durationof impacts (in terms of long-medium andshort-term), nature of impact, geographical location

� Identification of the mitigation measures: If it isdetermined that the predicted impact is significant,suitable mitigation measures are identified. Thereis a range of mitigation measures that can be appliedto reduce impacts. This is discussed in subsequentsections of this chapter.

� Evaluation of the residual impact: Incorporation ofthe suggested mitigation measures reduces theadverse impact of the project and brings it withinthe acceptable limit. This step refers to theidentification of the anticipated remaining impactsafter mitigation measures have been applied—theresidual impacts. This is discussed in subsequentsections of this chapter.

� Identification of the monitoring requirements: Thelast step in the assessment process is the identificationof the monitoring requirements. The scope and

of the impact and reversibility of the impact. Impactassessment criteria for the above mentionparameters are illustrated in Table 7-4.

frequency of the monitoring depends on the residualimpacts. The purpose of monitoring is to confirmthat the impact is within the predicted limits and toprovide timely information if unacceptable impactis taking place. An environmental management plan(EMP) will be developed with identification ofmonitoring requirements. This is discussed in nextchapter.

7.5 Impacts assocIated wIthconstructIon actIvItIes

In this section the environmental and socio-economicimpacts associated with the proposed project constructionactivities are discussed. Construction activities heremeans construction of infrastructure and fabrication ofAbattoir. The identified impact’s assessment are detailedin the below Table 7-5.

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TABLE 7.3: IMPACT SIGNIFICANT MATRIX

TABLE 7�4: IMPACT ASSESSMENT CRITERIA

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Table 7�5: Impact Assessment of Construction Activities

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7.6 Discussion on Keyenvironmental aspects,mitigation measures anDresiDual impactsThe potential impacts of the proposed project have beendiscussed in the following sections. Where appropriate,mitigation measures have also been included to reducethe unacceptable impacts. This section includes apriority list of the most important measures that theproject proponent should adopt to ensure a practical,cost-effective and sufficient approach to impact mitigation.Information is included as to how the recommendedmitigation measures should be incorporated intodetailed project design and in the contract documents. Broadly, these measures can be classified into fourcategories:� Avoiding the impact altogether by not taking certain

proposed activity or parts of an activity, for example,using Halon, HCFC and CFC-free equipment toavoid impact on ozone layer.

� Minimizing impacts by limiting the degree ormagnitude of the activity, for example, minimizingdust emission by using water sprinkler.

� Rectifying the impact by repairing, rehabilitating, orrestoring the affected environment.

� Compensating for the impact by replacing orproviding substitute resources or environments.

The project proponent plays a vital role in developingthe mitigation plan by identifying possible mitigationmeasures and assessing the feasibility of proposed measures.This section provides a summary of the residual effectsthat are likely to be present following implementationof the mitigation measures. 7.6.1. PROTECTED AREAS

There is no protected area, wetlands or wildlife sanctuarywas found inside or close proximity of within 5kmradius of the project area. 7.6.2. GEOMORPHOLOGY AND SOILS

7.6.2.1 POTENTIAL IMPACTS

Impacts on geomorphology and soils may arise from thefollowing project activities:� Clearing and levelling for infrastructure construc-

tion.� Contamination of soil due to spillage of fuels, oils,

or chemicals.

Likely impacts of these activities can include:� Physical scarring of the landscape,� Accelerated soil erosion,� Alteration of soil quality by loss of topsoil,� Soil contamination.7.6.2.2 ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS

The physical scarring caused by clearing and levellingduring construction activities could lead to alteration ofsoil quality by removal of topsoil, loss of plant cover andlimited soil erosion induced by disturbance to nativesoil. The project area soil is very dense, silty fine to coarsegrains with some gravels & silty clay. The total projectarea would be approximately 20.45 acres forslaughterhouse construction, it is expected that theproject crew will use existing roads for transportation ofgoods. Construction should follow good industrypractices to avoid unnecessary clearing outside of thework corridors and likelihood of soil erosion along oracross natural drainage paths. The vegetation of projectarea is very scanty and consists of desolate shrubs,bushes and trees. The woody, thorny, under-shrubs areusually not above thirty centimetres in height. Mesquite,an exotic species that is bushy in shape is present in theproject area. Loss of topsoil may only take place at a few locationsduring construction activities. However, in view of thelimited area covered by proposed project, this impact isexpected to be of low significance. The spillage andleakage of fuels, oils, and other chemicals may lead tosoil contamination. Considering the limited land arearequirement for the development of a proposed project,no significant impacts due to this activity will occurprovided the mitigation measures listed in followingsection of the report are adhered with.7.6.2.3 MITIGATION MEASURES

The proposed mitigation measures to reduce the impactson geology, topography, and soil during the proposedconstruction activities are:� Vegetation clearing will be kept minimum;� Unnecessary clearing of vegetation will be strictly

prohibited;� Vehicle speeds will be regulated and monitored to

avoid excessive dust emissions;� Off-road travel should be avoided and observance

of this should be monitored during the operation;� Use of existing roads for transportation of goods.

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� Vehicles and equipment would not be repaired inthe field. If unavoidable, impervious sheathing willbe used to avoid soil and water contamination.

� Waste oils should be collected and disposed off asper waste management plan.

� Regular inspections would be carried out to detectleakages in construction vehicles and equipment.

� Fuels, lubricants, and chemicals will be stored inproper storages.

7.6.2.4 RESIDUAL IMPACT

The land use will change as a result of construction ofthe slaughterhouse.The nature of impact is direct and itsduration is short term and reversible but takes time torehabilitate the natural environment of the area, so theoverall significance of impact is low resulting from lowlikelihood as the construction activities will be shortterm. If the mitigation measures are effectivelyimplemented, the residual impact of the proposedactivities on the area’s geophysical environment isexpected to be very low in significance.7.6.3. WATER RESOURCES


Proposed activities could affect the area’s waterresources in two ways: � Reduction from overuse, and � Contamination7.6.3.2 ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS

Water will be required during construction activities. Forthe project activities water will be procured fromKarachi Water Supply Authority. Water conservationpractices will be utilized to reduce the overall waterconsumption during proposed project activities. The impacts on surface and groundwater from constructionactivities on the main site can be significant in case ofaccidental fuel leakage or spillage or any mismanagementof other fuel used on the main site or off-site. Surface water quality may deteriorate if pollutants aremixed with surface runoff during rain and carried towater resources in the vicinity. Potential sources ofpollution in such cases may include:� Domestic waste (sanitary and kitchen discharge);� Oil and grease from vehicles and machinery;� Stored fuel, oil and other chemicals;In project area there is one natural drain called LathWala Dhora passing through the project boundary wall

towards Arabian Sea, however this drain is dried andnever flooded. The ground water availability in projectarea is at depth of 80 to 100ft, so proposed projectactivities will not impact on local water resources. But ifwater is procured form local resources then it willimpact the water availability for locals.7.6.3.3 MITIGATION MEASURES

The mitigation measures described below will ensurethat the project area’s surface and aquifer resources arenot affected by project activities.� Follow good housekeeping practices with all

machinery that may potentially discharge wastewater;

� No untreated effluents will be released to theenvironment;

� Effluents from the camp offices and the residentialcamps will be treated if required before its disposal.The treated water either will be used for treeplantation or will be disposed off in the nearby drainchannel.


The overall significance level given is low, becausemainly water will be procured from Karachi watersupply authority and not locally. In the project area thereis one natural drain called Lath Wala Dhora adjacent tothe project boundary wall towards Arabian Sea, howeverthis drain is dried and never flooded. The ground wateravailability in the project area is at depth of 80-100ft, soproposed project activities will not impact on local waterresources. Proper implementation of the requiredmitigation and monitoring techniques will prevent anyadverse water quality impacts. Residual impacts areforeseen to be negligible / low in this case.7.6.4. AMBIENT AIR QUALITY


Air emissions from proposed project constructionrelated activities are likely to include:� Dust emissions produced during construction

activities;� Combustion products (nitrogen oxides, sulfur

dioxide, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, andvolatile organic compounds) from diesel generators;

� Combustion products from vehicles used for projectand from construction equipment.

7.6.4.2 ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS

The sources of emissions during construction activitieswill not be significantly enough to alter the ambient air

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quality of the area. The emissions will disperse quicklywith the prevalent wind currents. Other factors that support the insignificant nature of theimpact are:Dust Emissions:Dust emissions during construction can be an issue.Potential sources of dust emission during constructionactivities include earthworks (dirt or debris pushing andgrading), exposed surfaces, exposed storage piles, truckdumping, hauling, vehicle movement, and concretemixing and batching.Dust emitted during construction activities can result indeterioration of ambient air quality in the vicinity of thesource, and be a nuisance to the communities andworkers. Dust clouds also reduce road visibility, creatinga traffic hazard. Vehicle and Equipment Exhaust Emissions:Combustion processes in generators and other constructionequipment result in exhaust gases that can effects theambient air quality locally. Typical air pollutants that are expected to be emittedinclude CO, PM, SO2, NO2 and NO. Each of thementioned pollutants has significant adverse effectswhenever present in the atmosphere in highconcentrations. 7.6.4.3 MITIGATION MEASURES

The mitigation measures given below will furtherreduce their impacts, and ensure that they remain withinacceptable limits.� Water will be sprinkled when there is an obvious

dust problem on all exposed surfaces to suppressemission of dust. Frequency of sprinkling will bekept such that the dust remains under control,particularly when wind is blowing towards thereceptors.

� All equipment, generators, and vehicles used duringthe project will be properly tuned and maintainedin good working condition in order to minimizeexhaust emissions;

� Construction materials that are susceptible to dustformation will be transported only in securelycovered trucks to prevent dust emission duringtransportation.

� All project vehicles will be checked regularly toensure that engines are in sound working conditionand are not emitting smoke;

� Prohibition of smoking in the workshop, in thevicinity of the fuel storage facilities, near vehiclesand areas that are designated with risks of fire.


Implementation of the proposed mitigation measures islikely to leave no long-term residual impact on theambient air. 7.6.5. GHG EMISSIONS

The main source for GHG emissions will be generatorand vehicle emissions during the project activity. Theoverall rating given to impact is low because the GHGemissions generated will be less and to minimize theimpact, all vehicles, generators and other equipmentused during the construction will be properly tuned andmaintained in good working condition.By implementing the mitigation measures listed abovein 7.6.4. Ambient Air Quality, the residual impact of theproposed activities is expected to be insignificant.7.6.6. OZONE DEPLETION

The proposed project will avoid use of any source ofozone depleting compounds such as Halon,Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), Hydrochlorofluorocarbons(HCFC) or any other source which deplete the ozonelayer, so the overall assessment of the impact issignificantly low. 7.6.7. NOISE POLLUTION


Potential sources of noise pollution may includeoperation of generators, machinery, constructionequipment, and vehicles during the project activities.The potential noise related issues during construction isthe disturbance to nearby community and on-siteworkers due to construction machinery operation.7.6.7.2 ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS

The potential sources of significant noise during theconstruction period include the construction machinery,generators at camps and construction related traffic. There is no continuous major source of noise in thecommunities. Intermittent sources of noise include farmtractors, sugar mill and road traffic on the main road.Increased noise levels during construction activities canbe a source of nuisance for locals and a source ofdisturbance to wildlife. The main exposure of noisepollution will be on crew members. To minimizeexposure to noise personal protective equipment (PPE)will be used by the workers. Construction noise levels at the nearest receptor in thenearby village, located approximately at 52m from theproposed project boundary, would fluctuate dependingon the type, number, distance from receptor, and

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duration of use of various pieces of constructionequipment. In this analysis, first the noise level due toeach piece of equipment, which is likely to be used inthe construction of the plant, would be calculated. Thenoise level results would be compared with NationalEnvironmental Quality Standards for Noise (2010) tomeet the permissible limits.There is a potential of temporary wildlife relocationbecause of noise, so to reduce this impact night workwill be minimized thus reducing the disturbance towildlife. The overall impact level is low in significanceas the likelihood of occurrence is low. Baseline noise level monitoring conducted at project siteand trend shows the lowest acoustic level of 57dB andhighest recorded level was 60.2dB during day time. Themain source of noise at site is heavy vehicular movementon National Highway.7.6.7.3 MITIGATION MEASURES

The following mitigation measures will be implemented:� All on-site personnel will use required personal

protective equipment (PPE) in high noise areas thatwill be clearly marked.

� Proper engineering control will be applied to noiseproducing sources.

� It will be ensured that diesel generators, vehiclesand other potentially noisy equipment used are ingood condition. Noise from generators, vehicles andother equipment and machinery will be kept to theminimum through regular maintenance.

The strategy to minimize the noise in the community towithin acceptable limits will be based on the following:

� Reduce equipment noise at source;� Before the start of the operations conduct a noise

survey of the equipment and prepare a noise controlplan;

� Use noise-abating devices wherever needed andpracticable;

� Blowing of horn will be prohibited on the accessroad to the plant site and inside the site.


By implementing the above mitigation measures theoverall impact will be significantly low. Residual noiseimpact is expected to be low from the constructionactivities of the slaughterhouse.7.6.8. WASTE DISCHARGES


The expected waste generated during constructionactivities and their proposed methods of disposal arediscussed below Table 7-6.Likely impacts from hazardous and non- hazardouswaste generated by construction activities (if disposedoff improperly) can include;� Surface and groundwater pollution� Soil contamination� Air pollution, odour � Health hazards� Aesthetic issues

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TABLE 7�6: CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES WASTE

Chapter 07


All the waste generated during construction activitieswill be disposed off through implementation of aneffective waste management plan. Domestic WastesDomestic wastes generated during constructionactivities will include sewage or black water, grey water(from kitchen, laundry, and showers), kitchen wastes,and recyclable wastes. Sewage or black water will betreated and disposed off as per waste management plan.Grey water will also be collected for reuse in garden orplantation. Water used in vehicle and slaughterhouse servicingareas, vehicle wash bays and lubrication bays would becollected and connected to the drainage system via anoil/grease trap. Organic waste or compostable material includingvegetation waste and food waste will be disposed off asper waste management plan. Recyclable materials suchas paper, card board, textiles, plastics, tin andaluminium cans also will be disposed off as per wastemanagement plan.Oil Stains and SpillsFuel or oil stains, leakage or spill during constructionoperations can result in contamination of soil and water.Consequently spill containment will be used for all fueland lubricant storage. All spills to ground will beremediated as soon as reasonably practical. 7.6.8.3 MITIGATION MEASURES

A waste management plan will be developed before thestart of the project activities. Key elements of the wastemanagement system will be the following:o On-site handling� The recyclable waste will be sent to approved waste

contractors.� Waste bins will be placed inside the boundary. All

waste removed from the site will be under licenseand handled by an approved contractors. Allhazardous waste will be separated from othernon-hazardous wastes.

o Records� Records of all waste generated during the project

activity period will be maintained. Quantities ofwaste disposed, recycled, or reused will be loggedon a waste tracking register.

o Disposal� All non-hazardous waste material that cannot be

recycled or reused will be disposed of as per wastemanagement plan.

� Depending on the nature and quantity of thehazardous waste, it will be disposed of by licensedhazardous waste contractors as per the wastemanagement plan.

o Audits� On-site audits of the waste management will be

undertaken on a regular basis during the projectactivity.

� Audits of the waste disposal contractors and wastedisposal facilities will be undertaken on a regularbasis to ensure the implementation of wastehandling and disposal procedures.

o Other Management Measures� Training will be provided to personnel for

identification, segregation, and management ofwaste.

� An emergency response plan will be developed forthe hazardous waste (and substances).

� All containers of hazardous waste will be appropriatelabeled.

� Equipment and material containing asbestos,poly-chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and ozonedepleting substances (ODSs) will not be used.

7.6.9. TRAFFIC


Following will be the potential impacts from the traffic;� Disturbance to local community.� Safety hazard for the community, particular when

there is increase of traffic during constructionactivities on the proposed project access road.

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The nearest community settlement is located 52m fromthe project boundary. The main N-5 national highwaywill be used for all the proposed project related trafficand project site is located adjacent to the road, thusensuring that the community will not be influenced bythe construction vehicle movement. 7.6.9.3 MITIGATION MEASURES

The following mitigation measures will be implemented:� Journey management plan will be developed.� To the extent possible, peak traffic times will be

avoided for project traffic. � Nighttime driving of project vehicles will be limited

where possible.� Vehicles will remain confined to defined access.� Speed limit of 10 km/h will be maintained on the

section of the access road that is adjacent to the village.� Road signage relevant to the project traffic will be

posted, where necessary.� Community complaint register and other means will

be adopted for the community to complain aboutnon-adherence of project traffic to speed limits, safedriving and other safety-related concerns.

7.6.9.4 RESIDUAL IMPACTS

By implementing the above mitigation measures theoverall impact will be significantly low. 7.6.10. WILDLIFE AND HABITAT

7.6.10.1 POTENTIAL ISSUES

Impacts on wildlife may arise from the following projectactivities:� Noise generated from project activities;� Movement of personnel and vehicles;� Lights used at the project facilities;� Clearing of vegetation;� Improper disposal of wastes;Likely impacts of these activities can include:� Temporary migration of mammals and bird from

the area;� Accidental killings of wildlife.


During the construction activities there will be possibledisturbance to wildlife due to disturbance and loss ofhabitat, clearing and levelling of construction site.Wildlife may also be disturbed due to sensorydisturbance from earthwork, construction; movement ofvehicles and crew personnel. This can possibly result inchanges in distribution and abundance.To minimize the impact, vegetation loss will be kept toan absolute minimum. No-hunting and no-trappingpolicy will be strictly enforced, unless human life isunder threat. Most of the animals in the region arecommon to the area. Birds are least susceptible to thelong-term impact of temporary activities, as they arehighly mobile and tend to avoid areas of project activity.No endangered or vulnerable species are found in theproposed project area. So the overall significant ofimpact is low. 7.6.10.3 MITIGATION MEASURES

The following mitigation measures will reduce theadverse impact on the wildlife of the project area:� Vegetation loss will be kept to an absolute

minimum. � Fires in the open will not be allowed;� A ‘no-hunting, no-trapping, no-harassing’ policy

will be strictly enforced, unless threatening tohuman life.

� Uncontrolled discharge of waste of any kind will beavoided in the area;

� Discharging firearms will be explicitly prohibited;� General awareness of the crew will be enhanced

regarding the wildlife, through environmentaltraining, notice board postings, tool box talks etc;

� The project staff will be educated and instructed toavoid killing. Feeding or harassment of wildlife willnot be allowed;

� Physical disturbance to areas outside the workcorridors will be avoided;

� The total duration of activities will be minimized bygood management;

� All mitigation measures to minimize noise levels,dust emissions, air emissions, and wastemanagement required by the EIA will be adheredto;

� Disposal of food wastes in open will be avoided;� Movement of all project personnel will be restricted

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to work areas;� Night travelling will be kept to a minimum.7.6.10.4 RESIDUAL IMPACT

Once the mitigation measures given above areimplemented, it is expected that the project will havelesser significant impacts on the area’s wildlife.7.6.11. SOCIO�ECONOMIC IMPACT


Potential sources of positve and negitative impacts onlocal communities can include:� Safety and security� Mobility and transportation� Project and Community Interface� Cultural and religious sites� Archaeological Sites� Local Economy� Local Employment 7.6.11.2 ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS

Safety and Security:The operations may affect the safety and security of theinhabitants of the areas in the following ways: conflictsbetween residents and the construction contractors,carriage of fire arms on the site will be banned. Safety issues associated with proposed activities involveimproper handling, storing and disposing off fuels, oils,lubricants and some chemicals as well as accidentsoccurring with the operation of moving equipment.Workers on-site could be affected from different activities:� Health impacts and sickness related to dust

emissions: respiratory problems, skin irritation andeyes itching.

� Health stress impacts from workers exposure todaily noise emissions from different machines usedon-site.

� Improper use of the different machinery tools andfuels on-site cause a threat to workers safety.

� The trucks and equipment used to perform theproposed activities could cause a hazard whenextensively used without proper maintenance andcheck-ups.

� Gaseous and particulate air emissions can behazardous to workers.

� Lack of proper controls and signage aroundpotentially hazardous areas.

Community sensitive project planning and implementationas prescribed through the recommended mitigationmeasures will minimize the occurrence of any such impacts. Mobility and Transportation:The project activities may affect mobility of localwomen. Project personnel will be given gender sensiti-zation briefings and will be instructed to respect localnorms, the local culture, particularly in relation to thewomenfolk of the area. Project and Community Interface:Inter-cultural differences between the project staff fromother areas and the local community could result infrictions. To mitigate these issues locals will preferredfor unskilled jobs. Also with proper management of theworkforce, it is possible to avoid any complaints.Cultural and Religious Opportunities:Cultural sites in the form of mosques, tombs andgraveyards exist in the proximity of project site, but noone is located in close vicinity of project area. So, nonegative impact or damage will take place due toconstruction crew.Archaeological Sites:There are no documented sites of archaeological,historical, or cultural significance near the project area.A historical museum Bhamore is at approximately 20km away from project site, on main National Highwayadjacent to Gharo. Local Economy:There will be positive impact on local economy due toproject activities:� Increased turnover of local businesses and shops

due to an increased demand from project contractorsand their employees. During the proposed projectactivities such as construction, material such as thegravel, aggregate, steel, cement, sand for siteconstruction will be procured from local market.General supplies which include camp supplies(food, etc), fuels and oils etc will also be procuredfrom local Thatta district.

� An increase in the income of locals may occur dueto employment in the project.

Local Employment:During construction phase of the project approximately150~200 jobs will be generated for skill and unskill work.The project will employ local people for unskilled jobs.When hiring local people, preference will be given topeople living within the close proximity of the projectsite.

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7.6.11.3 MITIGATION MEASURES

The following mitigation measures will be implemented: � Limit the social interaction between the workforce

and the local communities;� The construction crew’s interaction with the local

population will be minimized.� The project proponent and the contractor will

maintain liaison with the local community. Thecommunities will be informed of the constructionactivities well in advance.

� There will be no interaction with the local womenfolk.

� The company will maintain a social complaintregister at the site to document all complaintsreceived from local communities. The register willalso record the measures taken to mitigate theseconcerns.

� Awareness and cultural inductions to educate thecontractor workforce on the requirement ofminimizing social interaction with local communities;

� Project staff will respect cultural norms.� The non-local project staff will be sensitized to local

culture and norms.� Unnecessary interaction of local population with the

non-local project staff will be avoided. � Reasonable number of unskilled and semi-skilled

jobs will be reserved for the local communities. � A local labor selection criterion will be developed in

consultation with the community.� The fence surrounding the site will be put in on

during the construction to prevent access to theconstruction site.

� All entry points into the construction area will bestaffed 24 hours a day.

� People who are not related to the project will not beallowed inside, unless accompanied by projectpersonnel.

� All vehicle drivers will be trained in communitysafety aspects. Drivers will be trained in responsibleand safe driving practices; safe speed limits forvehicles will be followed;

� Community will be briefed on traffic safety,especially women who are main care providers tochildren. Traffic safety awareness programs will beconsidered, if deemed necessary.

� Flagmen and traffic controllers employed byofficials will be put on the access road to direct theproject related traffic.

� Speed limit of 10 km/h will be maintained on thesection of the access road that is adjacent to thevillage.

� Nighttime driving of project vehicles will be limitedwhere possible.

� Road signage relevant to the project traffic will beposted, where necessary.

� Work areas outside the proposed plant site,especially where machinery is involved will beroped off and will be constantly monitored to ensurethat local people, especially children stay away.

� No machinery will be left unattended, particularlyin running condition.

7.7 impacts associateD Withoperation activities In this section the environmental and socio-economicimpacts associated with the proposed project operationactivities are discussed. The impacts that are discussedare as follows:� Environmental Impacts� Transportation of live animals� Solid waste and by-products� Wastewater� Air emissions� Noise� Traffic� Resource consumption� Abnormal conditions� Occupational Health and Safety� Physical hazards� Biological hazards� Chemical hazards� Socioeconomic Impacts � Employment Opportunity� Community development

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7.7.1. TRANSPORTATION OF LIVEANIMALS – ANIMAL WELFARE

The livestock will be transported from different part ofcountry particularly from Punjab and Sindh provincesusing a fleet of vehicles designed for the transport of liveanimals. When transporting live animals strict animalwelfare standards apply as per IFC, FAO and EUstandards for animal welfare. Mainly animal welfareguidelines and standards specifies vehiclesrequirements, space per animal, veterinary provisions,access to food and water, loading and unloadingrequirements, ventilation and temperature, rest periodsduring long journeys etc. The same requirements are also laid out in EU Guidancefor Best Available Techniques, prepared in accordancewith Animal Welfare: EU Welfare in transport regulation(EC) No 1/2005. The regulation requires that all personswho take animals on a journey, whatever the length,should always apply the following good transportpractice:� The journey is properly planned and time is kept to

a minimum and the animals are checked and theirneeds met during the journey;

� The animals are fit to travel;� The vehicle and loading and unloading facilities are

designed, constructed and maintained to avoidinjury and suffering;

� Those handling animals are trained or competent inthe task and do not use violence or any methodslikely to cause unnecessary fear, injury or suffering;and

� Water, feed and rest are given to the animals asneeded and sufficient floor space and height isallowed.

It further specifies animals that cannot be transported,including:� Unfit animals;� Very young animals except if the journey is less than

100 km, e.g. calves of less than 10 days of age;� Pregnant female animals (if they have reached the

latest stage of gestation (within 10% of the estimatedtime of the gestation before birth) and for a periodof one week after giving birth.

Transportation Practices� Vehicles/containers and their fittings shall be

designed, constructed, maintained and operated soas to:� avoid injury and suffering and to ensure the

safety of the animals;

� protect the animals from inclement weather,extreme temperatures and adverse changes inclimatic conditions;

� be cleaned and disinfected;� prevent the animals escaping or falling out and

be able to withstand the stresses of movements;� ensure that air quality and quantity appropriate

to the species transported can be maintained;� provide access to the animals to allow them to

be inspected and cared for;� present a flooring surface that is anti-slip;� present a flooring surface that minimises the

leakage of urine or faeces; and provide a meansof lighting sufficient for inspection and care ofthe animals during transport.

� Sufficient space shall be provided inside the animals'compartment and at each of its levels to ensure thatthere is adequate ventilation above the animalswhen they are in a naturally standing position,without on any account hindering their naturalmovement.

� Partitions shall be strong enough to withstand theweight of animals. Fittings shall be designed forquick and easy operation.

� During transportation, journey times must notexceed 8 hours without a feed/watering/rest periodor 24 hours provided they have continuous accessto water.

The livestock will be transported from different part ofcountry particularly from Punjab and Sindh provinces.Purchased animals will be offloaded from the vehiclesthrough the unloading ramps and will be placed in aresting area, which will be properly enclosed and hasfeed/water facility. Unloading ramp for unloadinganimals from trucks will be provided at the entrance.However, FFBL will adhere to standards set forth for thetransport of live animals to the extent they apply to FFBLoperations.7.7.2. SOLID WASTE AND BY�PRODUCTS

MANAGEMENT

7.7.2.1. POTENTIAL ISSUES

The meat-processing slaughters animals to produceprimary carcass products, processed cuts, and a varietyof byproducts. The rendering processes animalby-product materials for the production of tallow andgrease, and bone meal for use as animal feed. Thisactivity may generate large quantities of solid wasteincluding the manure and bedding material generatedduring animal transport and lairage activities, as well as

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waste from processing steps. Waste products andby-products of slaughtering processes can generally bedivided into the following categories: � Manure, contents of the rumen and intestines; � Edible products such as liver; � Inedible products such as hair and bones; � Blood, fat; and � Non-recoverable waste materials that require final

disposal. ManureSignificant volumes of manure will be produced by thelivestock consisting largely of un-metabolized nutrients.It contains nitrogen and phosphorus, disease causingbacteria and will also result in the emission of ammonia.It therefore requires careful management in order toprotect groundwater/surface water resources andhuman health.Storage and handling of manure represent the mostimportant emission sources from an environmentalpoint of view. Manure has relatively high concentrationsof nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) nutrients excretedby the animals. The concentrations depend on:

� the animals’ diet (e.g. concentration N and P inanimals’ feed);

� the type of animal (cows, milked cows, etc.);� the production level (growth factor, number of

pregnancies, milk yield, etc.); and� genetics (e.g. the feed conversion factor).

In addition, ammonia emissions (NH3) from manurearise from mixing the solid and wet (urine) fractions.Manure management and consequently emissions ofammonia and odour problems will be reduced followingthe various facility upgrades. A key issue is the availabilityof agricultural land to take this manure. Bio-Gas plant isalso being considered for manure management. Thesolid waste and by-product generated during theoperational phase of proposed project can pose a healthhazard; pollute soil, surface and ground water if notmanaged properly.7.7.2.2. ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS

A significant impact will be interpreted if the wastemanagement is not carried out properly; which mayaffect health of workers, pollution of soil, surface orgroundwater. All wastes generated from the project willbe properly managed by proposed controls discussed inthe subsequent sections. The environmental impacts willbe minimum after the implementation of the proposedmitigations.

7.7.2.3. MITIGATION MEASURES

The following mitigation measures will be implemented:1. General Waste Management PracticesA waste management plan will be developed andimplemented during operational phase of the project.Key elements of the waste management system will bethe following:o On-site handling� The recyclable waste will be sent to approved waste

contractors.� Waste bins will be placed inside the boundary. All

waste removed from the site will be under licenseand handled by an approved contractors. Allhazardous waste will be separated from othernon-hazardous waste.

o Records� Records of all waste generated during the project

activity period will be maintained. Quantities ofwaste disposed, recycled, or reused will be loggedon a waste tracking register.

o Disposal� All non-hazardous waste material that cannot be

recycled or reused will be disposed of as per wastemanagement plan.

� Depending on the nature and quantity of thehazardous waste, it will be disposed of by licensedhazardous waste contractors as per the wastemanagement plan.

o Other Management Measures� Training will be provided to personnel for

identification, segregation, and management ofwaste.

� An emergency response plan will be developed forthe hazardous waste (and substances).

� All containers of hazardous waste will be labelledappropriately.

� Equipment and material containing asbestos,poly-chlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and ozonedepleting substances (ODSs) will not be used.

o Audits� On-site audits of the waste management will be

undertaken on a regular basis.� Audits of the waste disposal contractors and waste

disposal facilities will be undertaken on a regularbasis to ensure the implementation of wastehandling and disposal procedures.

2. By-Products ManagementFFBL plans to maximise the use of these by-products

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and waste in the following manner:� Blood will be processed to make Blood Meal.� Animal fat will be processed and produce "Tallow"

and will be storage for further transportation. � Inedible waste materials from the slaughtered

animals will be processed and converted into amixed meat and bone meal. The product will bestored in gunny bags. The bags will be suitablysealed giving name of the company, date ofmanufacture and composition of product. The bagswill be stored in room temperature until they aresold.

3. Manure ManagementManure will be transported to the main manure storagearea for later application to the agricultural land asfertilizer. FFBL is also planning to install a Bio-Gas plantin near future to fulfill the energy needs of the abattoir,and production of organic fertilizer, through manure.FFBL will design the manure storage area to minimizeodour and other air emissions and leachate from manurein line with good international practices. The manurestorage area will have slatted flooring and dry manurescrapers which reduce ammonia emissions. Hardflooring will prevent leachate filtration to soils andgroundwater. Manure storage areas will also be locatedwell away from any surface waters/or floodplains.Further measures to reduce leachate and therefore riskof groundwater contamination include protectionagainst rainfall and, use of dry manure scraping (ratherthan flushing with water). There is ample demand forthe manure due to the large areas of agricultural land inthe project area. FFBL will develop a ManureManagement Plan, for those operations under its directcontrol, to ensure all requirements are met and waterresources are protected. A system for recording manurecollection and application will also be described in theplan. 4. Sick and Diseased Animals� Animal fitness will be judged at the time of

procurement / receipt at site by veterinary inspector.If animal judged not fit for halal slaughter byveterinary inspector, it will not be accepted.

� Animals that die during transport, and sick or deadanimals from quarantine pens, would be separatedand will be incinerated for final disposal.

5. Reprocess-able Solid Animal WasteFor reprocessing of solid animal by-products followingmeasures will be considered:� Specific control measures will be taken to segregate

and manage high-risk tissues.� Enhance the quality and value of bovine hides for

sale to tanneries. Methods include prevention of

livestock bruising during transport and handling,maintenance of lairage areas to keep animals clean,use of rounded knives when hides are manuallyremoved, and washing / preservation of hides and /or use of refrigeration or proper drying or salting toreduce bacterial degradation during transport to thetannery.

� Curtail animal feeding 12 hours before slaughteringto reduce manure production and reduce the risk ofcontamination of the carcasses with manure anddigestive tract content during slaughter.

� Provide sufficient manure storage capacity until themanure is transported for agricultural and otheruses.

� Collect and compost stomach and intestinal contentsand manure (preferably removed in “dry” formwithout mixing into the effluent, and provided itdoes not come from diseased animals) for use ascompost or other agricultural application. In futurewhen FFBL install bio-gas plant, this waste will besent to bio-gas plant for production of electricity andorganic fertilizer.

6. Sludge from Wastewater TreatmentThe following measures will be implemented to furtherreduce the volume of waste generated from wastewatertreatment processes:� Segregate wastewater containing manure and

digestive tract content (e.g. from reception of liveanimals, lairage, cleaning of trucks and specificareas in the casing department). Screened materialsfrom these areas can be used as fertilizers onagricultural land or will be added in the manurecollected from livestock and then will be sent tobio-gas plant for production of electricity andorganic fertilizer.

� Increase the quality of the sludge for possible use asagricultural fertilizer by reducing or eliminatingpathogens such as E. coli, campylobacter, andsalmonella through controlled aerobic treatment(compost) or anaerobic digestion (bio-gas).

7.7.2.4. RESIDUAL IMPACTS

Proper implementation of the mitigation measures willminimize the residual impact from waste. Monitoringand inspection will be undertaken to ensure themitigation measures implementation. 7.7.3. WASTEWATER


Meat processing wastewater typically has a high contentof organic material and consequently a high biochemicaloxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand

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(COD) due to the presence of blood, tallow, and mucosa.Wastewater may have a high content of nitrogen (fromblood) and phosphorus, in addition to pathogenic andnon-pathogenic viruses and bacteria, and parasite eggs.Detergents and disinfectants, including acid, alkaline,and neutral compounds, disinfectants, and liquidparaffin, may enter the wastewater stream afterapplication during facility-cleaning activities.The wastewater can be a potential source of pollution tosurface and groundwater resources of the area.7.7.3.2. ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS

The site will have Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP)with a designed capacity up to 1300m3/day duringseven working days per week. This design is performedby assuming a possible increase in the daily yield of theslaughterhouse. The biological sector of the WWTP willrun 24hours per day, while the equipments designed toremove solids (screenings) and fats (DAF Unit) will onlywork about 16-20hours/day, as a buffer tank at the inputof the plant will be installed. A significant impact will be interpreted if discharged tothe environment exceed the NEQS limits for effluentdischarge or IFC/World Bank guidelines for effluentdischarge from slaughterhouse. Similarly a significantimpact will be interpreted if wastewater contaminatesthe groundwater.Wastewater generated during the operation ofslaughterhouse is estimated to be approximately 800 to1000m3/day. The wastewater will be disposed afterappropriate treatment. Following mitigation measureswill be adopted for effective management of wastewaterfrom the plant.7.7.3.3. MITIGATION MEASURES

The following mitigation measures will be implemented:� Wastewater shall be disposed off as per waste

management plan.� Monitoring of effluents shall be carried out as per

requirement of Self Monitoring and Reporting Tool(SMART) to ensure compliance with the NEQS andIFC/World Bank guidelines.

Recommended management techniques for pollutionprevention of wastewater include:� Prioritize the removal of solid waste before it enters

the wastewater stream:� Use floor drains and collection channels with

grids, screens, and / or traps to reduce theamount of solids entering the wastewaterstream.

� Manure from the stockyard and from vehicle

cleaning should be removed while in solid form.� Stomach and intestine contents should be

removed and transported in a dry state bypumps, screw conveyers or trolleys to outdoorstorage and collection points for furtherrecycling or land use.

� Prevent direct runoff to water courses,especially from lairage and manure storageareas.

� Apply appropriate tank and equipment cleaningprocedures. Clean in Place (CIP) cleaningprocedures are useful to reduce chemical, water andenergy consumption in cleaning operations.

� Choose cleaning agents that do not have adverseimpacts on the environment in general, onwastewater treatment unit processes, or on sludgequality for agricultural application. Prevent the useof agents that contain active chlorine or prohibitedbanned or restricted chemicals. Optimize agent usethrough correct dosage and application (e.g. CIP).

� Implement integrated pest and vector managementprograms and maximize vector control throughmechanical means (e.g. traps, and use of mesh ondoors and windows) to avoid or minimize theintroduction of chemicals potentially harmful to thewastewater treatment process or the sludge quality.

7.7.3.4. RESIDUAL IMPACTS

Implementation of the proposed mitigation measuresand regular monitoring is not likely to leave anysignificant impact of the wastewater from the slaughterhouse.7.7.4. AIR EMISSIONS


Air emissions from the slaughtering process arerelatively small. Odour may often be the most significantform of air pollution in meat processing. Major processodour sources include lairage, wastewater treatment andrendering. The latter is an evaporative process thatproduces condensate with a foul odour. Particulateemissions are typically not significant, although theymay be emitted during singeing and meat smokingprocesses. Livestock handling areas also may be a sourceof organic dust depending on the management offugitive dust.Other potential sources for air emissions are combustionproducts (nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, particulatematter, carbon monoxide, and volatile organiccompounds) from standby diesel generators andcombustion products from vehicles used for projectrelated activities. Ammonia could be the source of air

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pollution as well as it will be used as a refrigerant in fewunits. There is a potential of ammonia leakage frompipes. 7.7.4.2 ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS

Odour and dust can be of problem to nearby communities.The main source of odour and dust is rendering process.Ammonia odour is emitted from the rendering processand as a by-product of the microbial decomposition ofthe organic nitrogen compounds in manure. The potentialfor ammonia emissions exists wherever manure is present.Another source of ammonia emission could be the leakagefrom refrigerant. Ammonia gas is irritating to the eyesand skin. Mild to moderate exposure to the gas canproduce headaches, burning in the throat, perspiration,nausea and vomiting etcThe tropical climate of our country enhances the processof degeneration of any tissue material remaining as awaste in the premises of the slaughterhouses. Therefore,the slaughterhouse premises always give a particularstink. In order to avoid this stinking odour properventilation of slaughtering halls, washing of the floorswith non-poisonous disinfectants will be used. Particulates can be generated from lairage facilities dueto moving animals and the singeing process. At theproposed slaughterhouse lairage facilities will be inclosed buildings and dust from lairage is not considereda significant issue. This will also help to minimise noiseand odours. Particulates from singeing are largely asresult of fuel combustion. The use of clean burningnatural gas, as recommended for good internationalpractice, will be used at slaughterhouse and willtherefore minimise particulate emissions.The rest of emissions from standby generators will be ofless in concentration. The emissions from backupgenerators include sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen,carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and particulates. Theemission levels depend on the type and quality of fueland the manner in which it is burned. 7.7.4.3 MITIGATION MEASURES

The proposed mitigation measures to reduce the impactson air quality during the proposed operation activitiesare:The following mitigation measures will be implemented:General Measures� Clean pens and livestock yards on a timely basis.� Empty and clean fat traps frequently.� Condensation of vapors from rendering process

combined with scrubbers.� Ammonia monitoring should be carried out on

regular basis.� Clean and maintain a sufficient level of humidity in

pens and livestock yards.� Reduce fugitive dust by minimizing surface areas

with exposed soil surfaces, and by planting hedgesor erecting fences to minimize wind turbulence.

� Monitoring of Ambient air parameters (PM10, SO2,and NOx) emissions should be carried out onregularly basis to ensure compliance with the NEQSand IFC/World Bank emission guidelines.

� Frequent maintenance of refrigeration lines topreventing ammonia leaks.

� Ammonia leak detection system should be installedto monitor the ammonia gas. Evacuation proceduresmust be carried out to prevent dangerous exposuresof ammonia.

� FFBL will plants indigenous trees around buildings. Odour Abatement MeasuresFollowing is the measures to contain potentially odorousair, and to extract potentially odorous air from theoperational units to designated odour abatementsystems to minimize the risk of any escape of odour(fugitive emissions) from the buildings. The detail onodour control system design is provided in Chapter 3 ofthe report.� Installation of rendering equipment in closed spaces

and operate under negative pressure compared toambient air conditions; the project will also havefilter plant for odor abatement from rendering unit.

� Bio-filters will be installed to control the odour. � Odour monitoring should be undertaken on

regularly basis.� All process buildings will be constructed from high

quality cladding, generally with a concrete protectivewall section along the base, in which all doors willbe kept closed and only operated to facilitate accessto the buildings. This will reduce the risk of any lossof fugitive emissions to atmosphere from thesebuildings. The air from this enclosed area iscontinuously extracted to the bio filters. The biofilter extraction system continuously removespotentially odorous air from the process buildingsthus ensuring that these buildings are operatedunder negative pressure so that the risk of escape offugitive is minimised.

� All screw conveyors used in the process areas willbe covered with bolt-on covers. The covers areremoved only to allow routine maintenance to becarried out.

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� Tallow oil from the decanter will be discharged intoa closed bin. This bin will be removed and vaporsfrom the bin will be also extracted to the bio-filtertreatment system.

� All side sheeting on the main production buildingwill be constructed with double skin type ofcladding.

� Operating procedures for the raw material area willinclude instructions to all operators to ensure thatall access doors to the building are kept closedexcept when in use, and to close access doorsimmediately after delivery vehicles enter or leavethe airlock building. Separate personnel doors willbe provided for the operators entering and leavingthe buildings and these doors are kept closed at alltimes. These instructions and their implementationare designed to minimise fugitive emissions ofpotentially odorous air from these areas.

� Emissions from Waste Water Treatment Plant:Continuous operation of proper conditions withinthe aeration tanks is the best method of preventingodours from the wastewater treatment plant. One ofthe most important process control parameters willbe maintenance of a controlled inflow to thebiological system. This will prevent the biologicalprocess from being overloaded and help to maintainaerobic conditions in the system. Maintenance ofaerobic conditions in the treatment plant will reducethe risk of unacceptable odour (fugitive emissions)from the process. Another possible source ofunacceptable odour at the wastewater treatmentplant is the balance tank where raw wastewater iskept prior to treatment. All of these measures willbe used to reduce the risk of odour from thewastewater treatment plant.


If the mitigation measures are effectively implemented,the residual impact of the proposed activities on thearea’s air quality is expected to be low in significance.7.7.5. NOISE


The main sources of pollution from noise are the animalnoises during unloading and marshalling, vehiclemovements, compressors, air conditioners andventilation fans.The increased noise may be a source of disturbance tonearby communities and workers.7.7.5.2. ASSESSMENT OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS

Noise sources in the community mostly intermittent innature including road traffic. Baseline noise level

monitoring conducted at project site and trend showsthe lowest acoustic level of 57dB and highest recordedlevel was 60.2dB during day time. The main source ofnoise at site is heavy vehicular movement on NationalHighway.The NEQS and IFC/World Bank guidelines for noiserequire that the sound level in residential areas shouldnot exceed 55 dB (A) during the day and 45 dB (A)during the night. An alternate criterion is the WorldHealth Organization (WHO) guidelines.The existing daytime noise levels at eight locations showthat noise levels are not complying with NEQS definedlimits due to heavy vehicular movement on NationalHighway.Noise level during operation phase of slaughterhousewill be limited to operational site. The only noise sourcesduring operation phase will be air compressors andbackup generators. Workers could be exposed to highnoise level, however only concerned staff will beworking in the area with required personal protectiveequipment (PPE) to minimize/ reduce the noiseexposure. The control on occupational hazardsincluding noise is discussed later in this section. Theresidential area is located about 2 to 3km away from theproposed project site and there will be no significantimpact on the community.7.7.5.3. MITIGATION MEASURES

The following mitigation measure will be undertaken inorder to further reduce the noise levels:� Effective noise suppression design and plan will be

made for all noise producing equipment;� It will be ensured that generators, vehicles and other

potentially noisy equipment used are in goodcondition. Noise from generators, vehicles and otherequipment and machinery will be kept to theminimum through regular maintenance;

� Noise monitoring will be carried out periodically.7.7.5.4. RESIDUAL IMPACTS

Implementation of the mitigation measures proposedabove will result in negligible / no residual impact dueto slaughterhouse noise on surrounding environment.7.7.6. TRAFFIC

The operational phase of the slaughterhouse will resultin increased traffic with several trucks arriving at the siteeach day. However, the impacts will be minimal becausethe small distances between the main N-5 NationalHighway and the slaughterhouse. Vehicles will be wellmaintained (to prevent unnecessary exhaust emissions)and drivers will be appropriately trained and authorized

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to transport live animals. The following mitigation measures will be implemented:� Journey management plan will be developed.� To the extent possible, peak traffic times will be

avoided for traffic. � Nighttime driving of project vehicles will be limited

where possible.� Vehicles will remain confined to defined access. � Speed limit of 10 km/h will be maintained on the

section of the access road that is adjacent to thevillage.

� Road signage relevant to the project traffic will beposted, where necessary.

� Community complaint register and other means willbe adopted for the community to complain aboutnon-adherence of traffic to speed limits, safe drivingand other safety-related concerns.

� All vehicle drivers will be trained in communitysafety aspects. Drivers will be trained in responsibleand safe driving practices; safe speed limits forvehicles will be followed.

7.7.7. RESOURCE CONSUMPTION

The facility will have a high energy and water usage.Water will be sourced from the Karachi Water SupplyAuthority. Measures to reduce water usage are de-scribed above under Wastewater although further con-sideration should be given to the recycling ofuncontaminated process water, for example, in truckwashing etc.Energy will be supplied from Karachi Electric SupplyCompany (KESC). Measures to reduce energy consumptionshould be built into the design of the facility and includeuse of properly insulated materials, automated singeingflame that switches off between carcasses, insulatedsterilizers (for knife sterilization and efficientrefrigeration systems). These measures are includedwithin the facility design, although further considerationcould be given to the utilization of organic wastes forproduction of bio-fuels in the future.7.7.8. ABNORMAL EVENTS

Abnormal events might include loss of power and theoutbreak of fire. The facility will have its own backuppower supply using diesel generators to protect againsta loss of power and will be equipped with an automaticfire detection system and fire hose system.Ammonia leakage could occur from the refrigerationsystem pipes. Ammonia gas is irritating to the eyes and

skin. Mild to moderate exposure to the gas can produceheadaches, burning in the throat, perspiration, nauseaand vomiting etc. Adequate maintenance of refrigerationlines is key to preventing such leaks. In addition, oncean ammonia leak is detected, monitoring and evacuationprocedures must be carried out to prevent dangerousexposures.7.7.9. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND

SAFETY

This section discusses the occupational health and safetyimpacts of operations of slaughterhouse. Occupationalhealth and safety hazards for meat processing aresimilar to those of other industrial facilities. In addition,occupational health and safety issues that may bespecifically associated with meat processing operationsinclude the following:� Physical hazards� Biological hazards� Chemical hazards� Exposure to heat, cold and radiation. Physical HazardsPhysical hazards include exposure to same-level fallhazards due to slippery conditions, the use of machinesand tools, principally for cutting purposes, and thepotential for strains from the handling of live animalsand carcasses. Machine / Tool SafetyEquipment safety issues are mainly associated with theuse of knives, mechanical saws, packaging equipment,and mincers. Cuts may be caused by sharp bones andedges on process equipment (e.g. stainless steel basins).Following will be followed to reduce the physicalhazards of work place:� Proper training will be provided for the proper use

of cutting equipment (including the proper use ofmachine safety devices) and personal protectiveequipment (PPE) will be provided such as metallicgloves and leather aprons for cutting activities;

� It will be ensured that ritual slaughter is carried outby individuals who have received the correcttraining and have subsequently been approved toslaughter animals;

� Slaughterhouse floor will be kept dry throughregular housekeeping practices.

Lifting, Carrying, Repetitive Work, and Work PosturesMeat processing activities may include a variety ofsituations in which workers can be exposed to lifting,carrying, and repetitive work and work posture injuries.Such situations include manual handling of live animals

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Chapter 07

in the stables, removal and handling of manure andother solid wastes, handling of carcasses includingpushing, pulling, hanging up, and taking down from thesliding rails, and manually lifting boxes with meat orbones. Following will be followed to reduce the hazardsof work place:� Proper training will be provided for live animal

handling methods including the use of structuresand equipment for handling and restraininganimals;

� Lairage pens will be designed appropriately(hydraulic platforms and gravity flow will beutilized in the design) so that the animals can becalmly moved into the facility, and which allows forescape routes for the workers.

Biological HazardsExposure to biological and microbiological agents maybe associated with inhalation and ingestion of dust andaerosols during manure handling in the lairage, pensand livestock yards, as well as through incidentalingestion and dermal contact during carcass handling,intestine cleaning, handling of stomach contents, andwaste and wastewater management operations.Following mitigation measures will be followed toreduce the exposure of hazards:� Proper ventilation system is in build in slaughter

house design to avoid the dust and aerosol exposureto workers;

� Personal protective equipment (PPE) appropriate forthe activity (e.g. protective clothing, gloves andmasks) will be provided to workers;

� Workers personal hygiene will be ensured bysegregating work and welfare facilities;

� All waste material will be properly managed andwill be removed daily basis to avoid exposure toworkers.

ChemicalsExposure to chemicals (including gases and vapors) mayoccur during handling of chemicals related to cleaningand disinfecting process areas and lairage / livestockyards. To avoid the chemical exposure to workers,proper PPE such as respiratory protection and impermeableclothing for use during disinfection of pens and lairageareas will be provided and precautionary measures willbe taken during handling and storing of detergents.Heat, Cold, and RadiationWorkers may be exposed to fluctuating internal climaticconditions and cold from refrigerated rooms. Measuresto reduce exposure to heat and cold include equippingcold stores and chill stores with strip curtains to avoidextensive drafts when doors are open; ensuring freezerscan be opened from the inside; providing protectiveclothing in cold environments (e.g. refrigerated storagerooms), ensuring workers are always equipped withproper working garments, including dry boots; andminimizing the amount of time process workers are inhot or cold environments. Proper radiation shieldingshould be provided.7.7.10. SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS

The local communities may be disturbed duringoperational phase of project particularly due to trafficsafety from transport of raw materials and finishedproduct. A summary of potential socio-economicimpacts of the proposed project are presented inTable 7-7.

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TABLE 7�7: POTENTIAL SOCIO�ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF PROPOSED PROJECT

Chapter 07

By implementing the following mitigation measures,impact to local community can be minimized:� All vehicle drivers will be trained in community

safety aspects. Drivers will be trained in responsibleand safe driving practices; safe speed limits forvehicles will be followed;

� The company will maintain a social complaintregister at the site to document all complaintsreceived from local communities. The register willalso record the measures taken to mitigate theseconcerns.

� Awareness and cultural inductions to educate theworkers on the requirement of minimizing socialinteraction with local communities;

� Waste management plan will be implemented toavoid any impact of nearby community;

� It will be ensured that generators, vehicles and otherpotentially noisy equipment used are in goodcondition. Noise from generators, vehicles and otherequipment and machinery will be kept to theminimum through regular maintenance.

� Erect security/barriers and warning signs to preventpublic access to hazardous construction areas;

� Traffic management plan will be developed andimplemented;

� Transportation through community areas will beavoided;

� The non-local staff will be sensitized to local cultureand norms;

� Unnecessary interaction of local population with thenon-local staff will be avoided;

� Maximum number of unskilled and semi-skilledjobs will be reserved for the local communities;

Employment OpportunityThe proposed project is expected to have positive impacton economic condition of locals. Employmentopportunities will be generated due to proposed projectactivities. The project will generate approximately150~200 jobs during construction phase of the projectand 300~400 jobs during operation phase of the project. Similarly the construction and operation of the projectwill create far greater number of indirect incomeresources for example income resource for transportersfor the transportation of the raw materials, procurementof goods from local market etc. Overall the project will have a positive impact on theemployment opportunities in Pakistan.

Community DevelopmentFFBL as a responsible corporate entity has number ofongoing community development programs. FFBL haspartnered with Human Development Foundation (HDF)to carry out the community work in FFBL plant siteneighbors and Karachi’s south-eastern suburbs of BinQasim Town. FFBL corporate social responsibility (CSR)emphasis areas include social mobilization, health,education, environmental sustainability and economicdevelopment. These initiatives include:� Establishment of a community health centre;� Establishment of an elementary school for girls;� Establishment of filtration plants to provide the safe

drinking water facility;� Establishment of free medical camps in the region.� Providing shelter, food, clean drinking water and

medical care during flood in the region.The community development schemes are ongoing andwill continue as the proposed project are constructedand operated in the area.

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Environmental Management Plan (EMP)

Chapter 08 01


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The potential environmental and social impacts areidentified from the planning stage of proposed projectthrough the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)process. The EIA has identified potential impacts thatare likely to arise during the project. The EIA hasexamined in detail both negative and positive impactsat each stage of the project covering both constructionand operations phase. To minimize the effects of adverseimpacts the EIA has recommended mitigation measures.These mitigation measures include the use of alternativetechnologies, management and physical controls, orcompensation in monetary terms. The proposedmitigation measures have been based on theunderstanding of the sensitivity and behavior ofenvironmental receptors in the project area, thelegislative controls that apply to the project and a reviewof good industrial practices while operating in similarenvironments. For residual impacts (impacts remainingafter applying the recommended mitigation measures)and for impacts in which there can be a level ofuncertainty in prediction at the EIA stage, monitoringmeasures have been recommended to ascertain theseimpacts during the course of the project.For effective implementation and management of themitigation measures an Environmental ManagementPlan (EMP) has been prepared. The EMP satisfies therequirement of the Pakistan Initial EnvironmentalExamination and Environmental Impact AssessmentReview Procedures, 2000.The EMP is a tool that serves as to manage environmentalimpacts and specifically focuses on implementation ofmitigation measures in its true sense against likelyenvironmental impacts. 8.1 PurPosE and objEctivEsof thE EmP The primary objectives of the EMP are to:� Achieve FFBL corporate health, safety and

environmental (HSE) goals.� Facilitate the implementation of the mitigation

measures identified in the EIA.� Define legislative requirements, guidelines and best

industry practices that apply to the project.� Define the responsibilities of the project proponent.� Define a monitoring mechanism and identify

monitoring parameters in order to:� Ensure the complete implementation of all

mitigation measures.� Ensure the effectiveness of the mitigation measures.� Define requirements for environmental monitoring

and auditing.� Provide a mechanism for taking timely action in the

face of unanticipated environmental situations.� Identify training requirements at various levels.8.2 comPonEnts of thE EmPThe EMP consists of the following: � Legislation and guidelines� Organizational structure; roles and responsibilities� Monitoring / Management plan� Environmental monitoring � Communication and documentation � Change management Plan� Training programme8.3 lEgislation and guidElinEsThe EIA has discussed national and internationallegislation and guidelines that are relevant to the project.FFBL will ensure that the project is conducted inconformance to FFBL corporate environmental policy,national legislation and relevant internationalconventions and that guidance is sought from nationaland international guidelines. FFBL will also ensure thatits key project management staff and all its assignedcontractors are aware of these legislation and guidelinesprior to the start of project activities. The details onnational and international legislation and guidelines aregiven in Chapter 2 of the report. 8.4 organizational structurEand rEsPonsibilitiEsThis section provides an organizational structure forenvironmental management during the proposedproject operation and defines the roles and responsibilitiesof the various players for the duration of the project. Theproposed project includes the following four organizations:

08 - EnvironmEntal managEmEnt Plan (EmP)

Chapter 08

� FFBL as the project proponent and owners of theEMP; rest of three organizations include:

� Design and project management consultant(International & Local)

� Project construction contractor(s) as executors of theEMP during construction phase of the project.

� Slaughterhouse operation & maintenance (O&M)team as executor of the EMP during the operationalphase of the project.

These organisations will have the following roles andresponsibilities during the project.8.5 rolEs and rEsPonsibilitiEs8.5.1 GENERAL

Roles and Responsibilities of FFBLAs project proponents, FFBL will be responsible forensuring the implementation of the EMP. Slaughterhouse manager of FFBL will be responsible for theoverall environmental performance of the project. FFBLwill monitor the environmental performance of theproject to ensure that the project is carried out inaccordance with governing legislation, FFBL corporatepolicies and recommendations of this EIA.Roles and responsibilities of ContractorsFFBL will appoint construction contractor(s) for theconstruction and commissioning of the slaughterhouseincluding the auxiliary facilities. Similarly a slaughterhouse operations and maintenance (O&M) team will beappointed for operations of the slaughterhouse. O&Mteam will manage all the day to day operations ofslaughterhouse and will also have the custody of themeat complex. This team will be responsible forimplementation of, or adherence to, all provisions of theEMP and with any environmental and other codes ofconduct required by FFBL. Overall responsibility forenvironmental performance of the operation will restwith the senior management. Site managers of thecontractors will be responsible for the effectiveimplementation of the EMP.8.5.2 PLANNING AND DESIGN OF THE

OPERATION

Design of the OperationDesign and operations of the proposed project have beendescribed in Chapter 3 of the EIA report. Followingapproval of the EIA, if any aspect of the operations orrequirements of the EIA need to be changed, FFBL willcategorise that change in accordance with the ChangeManagement Plan provided in Section 8.10 of this EMPand take appropriate measures thereon.

Contractual ProvisionsAdherence to the requirements of the EIA and EMP interms of environmental mitigation will be required fromall project contractors and suppliers and thus EMP willform part of their contracts with FFBL. 8.5.3 IMPLEMENTATION OF THE

OPERATION

Co-ordination with StakeholdersFFBL will ensure that co-ordination required with theproject stakeholders on environmental and socialmatters as required by the EMP is maintained throughout the operation.Environmental Management SystemsFFBL and the contractors will ensure that the mitigationmeasures mentioned in the EIA are adhered to andorganisational HSE Management Systems areimplemented during the proposed project. Thecontractors will abide by the relevant contractualprovisions relating to the environment.Monitoring

FFBL and its contractors will ensure that the monitoringof the project activities is carried out according to themonitoring programme given in the EMP.Emergency ProceduresFFBL and its contractor will prepare and maintaincontingency plans to deal with any emergency situationthat may arise during the operation e.g. fire, explosion,evacuation and communicate these to the regulatoryagencies if required by these agencies. Emergency planswill be in accordance to FFBL internal procedures.ApprovalsThe project contractors will be responsible for obtainingall relevant approvals from FFBL such as approvals forwaste contractors and others as specified in theenvironmental management and monitoring plan.TrainingFFBL and its contractors and suppliers will beresponsible for the selection and training of their staffwho are capable of completing the project activities inan environmentally safe manner. FFBL and itscontractors and suppliers will be responsible forproviding introduction to their staff members on theEIA, the EMP and their implementation provided in theEMP. The contractors will be responsible for providingawareness training on potential environmental issues ofthe project to all personnel at site. In addition, trainingson emergency preparedness and implementation ofEMP will also be covered during the trainingprogramme.

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Chapter 08

Communication and DocumentationFor effective monitoring, management and documentationof the environmental performance during the operation,environmental matters will be discussed duringmeetings held on-site. Environmental concerns raisedduring the meetings will be mitigated after discussionsbetween FFBL and the contractors. Any issues thatrequire attention of FFBL higher management will becommunicated to them for action. FFBL and itscontractors will ensure that the communication anddocumentation requirements specified in the EMP arefulfilled during the project.AuditsFFBL and its contractor and sub-contractors will carryout periodic audits/inspections of all project activitiesregarding their effects on the surrounding environment.The contractors will take account of any recommendationsrelating to the operation arising during the monitoring,with the prior consent of the proponent. 8.6 EnvironmEntal managEmEntand monitoring PlanThe Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan(EMMP) will be used as a management and monitoringtool for implementation of the mitigation measuresidentified by the EIA. The purpose of monitoring is toensure that the impact is within the predicted limits andto provide timely information if unacceptable impact istaking place. The scope and frequency of the monitoringdepends on the residual impacts identified in Chapter 7of the report. To address the mitigation measures and

monitoring requirements identified in EIA, amanagement plan is developed. It ensures that theproject is designed, constructed, maintained andimplemented in the manner described in the EIA.A detailed monitoring plan is discussed in followingtables. This table lists all the project component’simpacts and their associated mitigation measuresidentified in the EIA. For each component, the followinginformation is presented in the plan:� The required mitigation measures recommended in

EIA.� The person/organization directly responsible for

adhering to or executing the required mitigationmeasures.

� The person/organization responsible for ensuringand monitoring adherence to mitigation measures.

� The parameters which will be monitored to ensurecompliance with the mitigation measures.

� The timing at which the mitigation or monitoringhas to be carried out.

FFBL will hold primary and overall responsibility forensuring full implementation of the EMP. TheEnvironmental Management and Monitoring Plan hasbeen provided separate for construction and operationsphase of the proposed project activities in Table 8-1 andTable 8-2 respectively.

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Table 8 1: Management and Monitoring Plan – Construction Phase

05Chap t e r 0 8


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CC = Construction Contractor, CDC = Civil Design Contractor , FFBL = Fauji Fertilizer Bin Qasim Limited

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07Chap t e r 0 8


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Table 8 2: Management and Monitoring Plan – Operational Phase

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FFBL = Fauji Fertilizer Bin Qasim Limited11Chap t e r 0 8


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8.7 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORINGAND REPORTINGEnvironmental monitoring can be categorised into twotypes; 1) compliance monitoring and 2) effects monitoring.The environmental monitoring programme is summarisedin Table 8-3. 8.7.1 COMPLIANCE MONITORING

Compliance monitoring will be carried out to ensurecompliance with the requirements of the EIA. Theobjectives of the EIA compliance monitoring will be to:� Systematically observe the activities undertaken by

the contractors or any other person associated withthe project.

� Verify that the activities are undertaken in compliancewith the EIA and other conditions identified byFFBL.

� Document and communicate the observations to theconcerned person(s) at FFBL so that any correctivemeasures, if required, can be taken in a timely manner.

� Maintain a record of all incidents of environmentalsignificance and related actions and correctivemeasures.

Compliance monitoring will be the responsibility of allteams involved in the operation i.e. FFBL and thecontractors. FFBL staff and contractors will carry out theinspections on a routine basis. This will also includeroutine monitoring of effluent and emissions andoperational parameters to ensure effective operations ofslaughterhouse and auxiliary systems.

8.7.2 EFFECTS MONITORING

To monitor actual impacts of the project on selectedsensitive receptors so that impacts not anticipated in theEIA or impacts which exceed the levels anticipated inthe EIA can be identified and appropriate mitigationmeasures can be adopted in time. This objective will beachieved through Effects Monitoring. Considering the environmental conditions of the projectarea and the assessment of potential impacts of theproject made in the EIA, the following monitoringprogramme will be undertaken:� Ambient Air Quality – The monitoring will be

carried out at key locations covering bothenvironmental receptors and workers occupationalexposures.

� Noise – measurement of noise levels within theslaughterhouse and the surroundings (boundary)will be carried out on a quarterly basis to ensure thatthe noise levels are within the standards stated inthe EIA.

� Effluent - sampling and analysis of effluentdischarge after wastewater treatment into inland ormunicipality sewerage line.

� Groundwater –as a good environmental practice,groundwater monitor wells may be establishedaround to monitor any unlikely change ingroundwater properties.

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TABLE 8 3: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMME

Chapter 08

8.8 COMMUNICATION ANDDOCUMENTATIONAn effective mechanism for storing and communicatingenvironmental information during the project is anessential requirement of an EMP. The key features ofsuch a mechanism are:� Precise recording and maintenance of all information

generated during the monitoring.� Communicating the information to a central location� Processing the information to produce periodic reports� Providing information and answering queries to

stakeholders.8.8.1 MEETINGS AND REPORTS

The following HSE meetings will take place during theproject:� Kick-off meeting� Daily meetings� Weekly meetingsThe purpose of the kick-off meeting will be to presentthe environmental management plan to the senior staffof the project team, contractors and stakeholders anddiscuss its implementation.A daily meeting will be held to discuss the environmentalconduct of the operation, non-compliances noted by thefield HSE Advisor, and their remedial measures. Minutesof the meeting will be recorded in the form of actiontracking register.The purpose of the weekly HSE meeting will be toreview the weekly performance of the operation byreviewing the number of non-conformances and theenvironmental incidents that occurred during the week,progress on daily action items, and to agreerecommendations for additional controls, mitigationmeasures or monitoring requirements. The meeting willbe recorded in the form of a weekly HSE report. Weekly and monthly HSE reports will be communicatedto the FFBL management and senior members of thecontractors. The report will include:� Summary of weekly project activities.� Non-compliances observed and mitigation

measures taken or required.8.8.2 SOCIAL COMPLAINTS REGISTER

The FFBL will maintain a register of complaintsregarding environment received from local communitiesand measures taken to mitigate these concerns. All

community complaints received will be sent to the HSEManager for further action. 8.8.3 CHANGE RECORD REGISTER

All changes to the EMP or the project will be handledthrough the Change Management Plan provided inSection 8.10 of the EMP. These changes will be registeredin a Change Record Register.8.8.4 PHOTOGRAPHIC RECORD

FFBL will maintain a photographic record of all areas tobe used during the project. As a minimum thephotographic record will include the photographs ofproject areas prior to and after activities (restoration).FFBL will ensure that a photographic record includingthe following is maintained. � All areas used by the project activities; before use,

during use and after restoration. � Key non-compliances.� Key project activities.8.8.5 AUDIT REPORTS

FFBL will keep a record of all audits and inspectionscommissioned or undertaken by the company to checkconformance with the EMP.8.9 ENVIRONMENTAL TRAININGEnvironmental training will help to ensure that therequirements of the EIA and EMP are clearly understoodand followed by all project personnel throughout theproject period.Environmental training will form part of theenvironmental management system. The training will bedirected towards all personnel for general environmental awareness.8.9.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE TRAINING

PROGRAMME

The key objective of training programme is to ensurethat the requirements of the EMP are clearly understoodand followed throughout the project. The trainings tothe staff will help in communicating environmentalrelated controls specified in the EIA and EMP.8.9.2 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES

FFBL Field HSE Representative and the contractor’s HSEAdvisor will primarily be responsible for providing HSEtraining to all project personnel on potentialenvironmental issues of the project. Contractor willprepare a project specific training manual for thispurpose. Contractors on their part will be required toprovide induction training/ briefing to all their staff

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Chapter 08

before the start of any activity in the project area.8.9.3 TRAINING LOG

A training log will be maintained by FFBL and contractors.The training log will include;� Topic� Date, time and location� Trainer� Participants8.9.4 TRAINING NEEDS ASSESSMENT

In addition to the training specified in the training logspecial/ additional trainings will be provided during theoperation phase of project activity. The criteria to assessthe need of training will be based on the following:

� When a specified percentage of staff is newlyinducted in the project;

� When any non-compliance is repeatedly reported,refresher training will be provided regarding thatissue;

� When any incident/accident of minor or majornature occurs;

� Arrival of new contractor / sub contractor;� Start of any new process / activity.8.9.5 TRAINING MATERIAL

FFBL HSE department and the contractor’s HSE Advisorwill develop and prepare training material regardingHSE awareness, EIA, EMP and controls to be followedduring the project. Separate training material will beprepared for each topic. A generic scope of the trainingwhich covers the requirements of the EIA and the EMPis discussed below in Table 8-4.

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TABLE 8 4: A GENERAL SCOPE OF TRAINING PROGRAM

Chapter 08

8.10 CHANGE MANAGEMENTPLANThe EIA recognises that changes in the operations or theEMP may be required during the operation andtherefore a Change Management Plan has been providedto manage such changes. The management of changes isdiscussed under two separate headings, changes to theEMP and changes to the Operation.8.10.1 CHANGES TO THE EMP

The EIA and the EMP have been developed based on thebest possible information available at the time of the EIAstudy. However, it is possible that during theconstruction and operation phase some aspects of theEMP may need to be changed owing to theirnon-applicability in a certain area of operation or theneed for additional mitigation measures based on thefindings of environmental monitoring during theconstruction and operation phase. In such casesfollowing actions shall be taken.� A meeting will be held between FFBL and the

concerned contractor. During the meeting theproposed deviation from the EMP, planning anddesigning will be discussed and agreed upon by allparties.

� Based on the discussion during the meeting, achange report will be produced collectively, whichwill include the original EMP clause/plan or design,the change that has been agreed upon, and thereasons for the change.

� The report will be signed by all the parties and willbe filed at the site office. A copy of the report will besent to FFBL and contractor head offices.

� All relevant project personnel will be informed ofthe change.

8.10.2 CHANGES TO THE OPERATION

The change management system recognises three ordersof changes.First-Order ChangeA first order change is one that leads to a significantdeparture from the project described or the impactsassessed in the EIA and consequently require areassessment of the environmental impacts associatedwith the change. Examples of such change includechange in location of the proposed plant.In such an instance, the environmental impacts of theproposed change will be reassessed, and the results sentto the Sindh EPA for approval.

Second- Order ChangeA second-order change is one that entails projectactivities not significantly different from those describedin the EIA, and which may result in project impactswhose overall magnitude would be similar to theassessment made in this report.In case of such changes, the environmental impact of theactivity will be reassessed,additional mitigationmeasures specified if necessary, and the changesreported to the Sindh EPA.Third –Order ChangeA third-order change is one that is of little consequenceto the EIA findings. This type of change does not resultin impact levels exceeding those already assessed in theEIA; rather these may be made onsite to minimize theimpact of an activity. The only action required in thiscase will be to record the change in the change recordregister.

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Conclusion

Chapter 09 01


October2013

Pakistan has not been able to exploit its large livestockpopulation to become a major player in the internationalhalal meat trade, as meat slaughtered in the traditionalabattoirs fails to meet international standards.Considering potential and massive opportunities forPakistan, to tap into and network with internationaldistributors, to cater the demand for ‘Halal’ meatglobally. The project will encompass a modernstate-of-the-art halal meat slaughtering facility with theobjective of processing high quality meat, value addedproducts and by-products with special focus oninternational markets. The project will provide additional income and gainful employment to the nearbyvillagers and animal producers. It will also help toencourage development of the ancillary industriesaround the abattoir based on utilization of slaughterhouse wastes such as offal (casings/surgical sutures/petfoods), bones (bone meal), tertiary animal by-products(like gelatin, gums used by the pharmaceutical, food andcosmetic industry), meat meal/ hoof and horn meal etc(animal feed industry), processed hide/pelt (leatherindustry), gut-contents (manure for agricultural crops asorganic fertilizer and can be used for bio-gas generationin near future) etc. The proposed project will help toincrease Pakistan’s export potential through meat andvalue added “quality” meat products.The proposed project will help towards achieving thisobjective, however, it is required that potentialenvironmental effects due to the proposed project areevaluated, mitigation measures required to minimize orobviate these impacts be assessed, implemented andmonitored. All these requirements have been addressed in this EIA,which has in considerable length covered the following:� The proposed project activities;� Alternatives considered in finalizing the project

description;� Environmental conditions of the project area;� Legislative requirements related to the project;� Potential environmental effects of the proposed

project activities on the physical, natural andsocio-economic receptors;

� Mitigation and monitoring measures that will helpin avoiding or minimizing these impacts.

On the basis of the above, the EIA concludes that if the

activities are undertaken as proposed and described inthis report, and the recommended mitigation andenvironmental management measures are adopted, theproject will not result in any long-term or significantimpacts on the environment or local community.

09 - ConClusion


Reference

Chapter 10 01


October2013

1. Baseline Survey Report of Costal Areas Badin andThatta Distict,

2.. Climate Classification of Pakistan. Kazi, 1952.3. District Census Report Thatta District.4. EPA (1999), Wastewater Technology Fact Sheet

Sequencing Batch Reactors5. Field Guide book large and medium sized

mammals of Pakistan6. Government of Pakistan. 1997c. Guidelines for

Preparation and Review of Environmental Report.Draft. Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency

7. Government of Pakistan. 1997d. Policy andProcedures for Filing, Review and Approval ofEnvironmental Assessments. Pakistan EnvironmentalProtection Agency.

8. Government of Pakistan. 1860. The Pakistan PenalCode

9. Government of Pakistan. 1949. Pakistan Petroleum(Production) Rules

10. Government of Pakistan. 1975. The Antiquities Act11. Government of Pakistan. 1997. Pakistan

Environmental Protection Act12. Government of Pakistan. 1997a. Guidelines for

Public Consultation. Draft. Pakistan EnvironmentalProtection Agency.

13. Health and Safety Guidance Notes for the MeatIndustry – British Meat Processors Association(BMPA).

14. IFC - Good Practice Note on “Animal Welfare inLivestock Operations”, October, 2006.

15. European Commission-“Integrated PollutionPrevention and Control”, Reference Document onBest Available Techniques in the Slaughterhouses,May 2005.

16. IUCN. 1997. Biodiversity Action plan for Pakistan.First Draft. World Conservation Union.

17. IUCN. 1998. Model Provincial Wildlife (Protection,Conservation and Management) Act. Draft. WorldConservation Union.

18. Khan, M. Z., Ghalib, S. A., Siddiqui, S., Yasmeen, G.,Abbas, D., Farooq, R., Fatima, T. and Zehra, A. 2012.Current status and distribution of the Reptiles ofSindh. Journal of Basic and Applied Science.

19. National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS)for Water and Noise, 2011.

20. Memon, S. H. and Bhatti, M. A. 2005. ImportantTrees, shrubs and Herbs. Forest and WildlifeDepartment, Govt. of Sindh.

21. Metrological data ( www.weatherunderground.com)22. Roberts, T. J. 2005. Field Guide to the Small

Mammals of Pakistan. Oxford University Press,Karachi. 280pp

23. Roberts, T. J. 2005. Field Guide to the Medium andLarge Mammals of Pakistan. Oxford UniversityPress, Karachi.

24. Sindh Coastal Development Authority 25. Sindh Coastal Development Project Government of

Sindh Karachi.26. Ying-Chih, C.; Li-Ling L.; Cheng-Nan C.; Allen C.

Chao. (2007) Control of carbon and ammonium ratiofor simultaneous nitrification and gentrification in asequencing batch bioreactor. InternationalBiodeterioration & Biodegradation.

10 - RefeRences

AnnexureAnnexureAnnexureAnnexure

Annexure IAnnexure IAnnexure IAnnexure I

Project Team

Annexure I 01


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Annex - I: Project teAm

Sr.No. Name Expertise Role and Responsibility1. Ms. Tasneem Ilyas EIA Expert EIA Expert and Technical Review 2. Mr. Syed Faseeh EIA Expert Peer Review of EIA study3. Ms. Ammara Naqvi EIA/HSE Expert, Project Description, Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures, Environmental Management Plan 4. Mr. Muhammad Athar Environmentalist Field Surveys, Collection of Environmental and Socio-economic Baseline, Stakeholder Consultation. 5. Mr. Abdul Rehman Environmentalist Legal Framework, Project Alternatives 6. Mr. Rashid Maqbool Social expert Socio-economic Baseline 7. Mr. Aamir Aziz Environmentalist Ecological Baseline, Stakeholder Consultation.8. Mr. Sajid Nazeer Environmentalist Field visits and Environmental Baseline9. Mr. Nawab Abid Water and soil baseline Field visits and Environmental Baseline, Stakeholder Consultation.10. Mr. Mumtaz Hassan Water Pollution Expert Geology and Hydrogeology

Annexure IIAnnexure IIAnnexure IIAnnexure II

Waste Water Treatment Plant

Description

A2. WAste WAter treAtmentPlAnt

For the purposed project Sequential Batch Reactor hasbeen finalized for the treatment of waste water. The SBRprocessor that can effectively compete with conventionalactivated sludge systems such as continuous stirred-tankreactor is not considered in wastewater treatment untilthe improvements in aeration devices and controls in thelate 1950s and early 1960s. (EPA, 1999) Sequential batchreactor systems have benefits to alternative conventionalflow systems for the biological treatment of both domesticand industrial wastewater. (Ying-Chih et al., 2007)Dealing with slaughterhouses, and by using a SequentialBatch Biological Reactor, it is observed that the workingvolume of the reactor is higher than in any conventionalprocess. This oversized design assumes shorter times ofoperation which can be translated in less maintenancecosts and the possibility of working with higher loads ofwaste. According to latest and most modern techniquesfor waste water treatment, the batch biological reactorsare the only systems capable to achieve good qualityoutput with no use of chemicals.The main advantages of this design are the following:� Minimal surface area required� Installation of only the strictly necessary single

modules� Easy to use and operate� Lowest energy consumption and maintenance� Highest treatment capacity and contaminants

elimination� Highest capacity to cope with an increase of loads

or different flows and loads� Minimal production of sludge� No consumption of chemical productsImprovements in aeration devices and controls haveallowed sequencing batch reactor to successfullycompete with conventional activated sludge systems.Sequential batch reactors can achieve equalization,primary clarification, biological treatment, andsecondary clarification in a single reactor.

A2.1 PRIMARY TREATMENT

a. Solids Separation by Means of Fine ScreenStepped-bar screen is especially intended for theremoval of suspended liquid and solid materials fromprocess and waste water. This fine screen is fitted withmoving and fixed stepped bar units which graduallyextract the captured solids from the liquid flow. It hasfollowing advantages� Self-cleaning� Easy maintenance� Compact fabrication� Grease and sand resistant� Fully automatic� Manufactured in Stainless steel� Low maintenance costsb. Solids Separation by Means of Rotary ScreenIt is necessary to install a self-cleaning rotary screen inorder to remove solid particles sized more than 0.5 mm.The operation of the rotary screen is based on thefollowing principles:� The mix of water and solids is pumped into the

container of the sieve.� There is a drum made of Johnson filter mesh inside

the container of the screen.� This drum rotation is driven by an electric geared

motor.� Effluent passes through the filter mesh from the

outside to the inside.� Solids are retained in the mesh� The rotation of the mesh makes these solids being

separated by an outer scraper.� Effluent without solids goes out from the lower part

of the sieve and is lead by gravity along a pipe intoa container.

� Separated solids are collected into a hopper afterwhich they are sent by gravity to a container.

� In order to avoid solids obstructing the screen, therotary screen is fitted with a cleaning system by

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Annex - II: WAste WAter treAtment PlAnt DescrIPtIon

means of pressurized water spray by nozzles placedon the same axis of the drum.

c. Aerated HomogenizationOnce coarse solids have been removed, it isrecommended to implement a homogenization processprevious to the treatment in order to achieve an optimalyield of the flotation unit. This will also avoid havingload peaks and bad odor coming from the waste water.The homogenization is achieved by aeration by blowerand a diffusers grid placed on the floor of the tank. Theaims of performing this step of the process are thefollowing:� Water is homogenized in order to get uniform water

for the biological treatment. In addition, this willavoid having overloads and peak flows.

� Water aeration reduces polluted load by means ofbiological oxidation and brings forward thebiological process. Moreover, this avoids getting fatcrusts or settling of solids in the buffer tank.

� The high volume of this tank makes possible toregulate the flow towards the SBR unit.

d. Fine Solids Separation by Means of RotaryScreen

A self-cleaning rotary screen will be installed in order toremove all solid particles bigger than 0,25 mm. Thisequipment will be placed in front of the flotation unit toavoid obstruction. In addition, this process of screeningenhances further biological treatment as it reduces theload of solids in the SBR.e. De-sanding-Degreasing (Flotation) by Means

of D.A.F. UnitEffluent free of solids enters the flotation chamber. It isnecessary to modify both the dimensions and the flowto get a more uniform flow so that heavy particles (sand)are settled in the floor of the tank, from which they willbe discharged periodically by a pneumatic valve.Grease and flocs flotation is performed by the injectionof micro bubbles sized 30 micron that adhere to flocs andsuspended solids floating them up to the surface.The creation of these micro bubbles is performed by amulti-stage pump that operates on a pressurization tank.This tank takes both water and air creating a mix insidethe tank and the pipe that leads it to the flotation unit.Further pressurization generates a solution of air inwater that will act as a floater while it raises up to thesurface. This pressurization-saturation-depressurizationprocess is performed within a recirculation line usingpart of the clean liquid from the plant. By means of thisprocess we achieve a smaller bubble as long as we seekto get a low-speed lifting of bubbles. The higher theraising speed is the shorter the time for the bubbles toreach the surface. This means a less efficient effect ofsuspension. Even more, a too high speed of the bubbles

create turbulent streams that may hinder the process offlotation. The layer of floated particles on the surface israked by a scraping system made of plastic material thattakes them out to a waste way.The D.A.F. unit will operate with a flow up to 50 m3/h,with a HRT over 30 minutes and a raising speed ofparticles below 2.5 m/h.A2.2 BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT

a. Biological Treatment – Sequential Batch Reactor(S.B.R.)

Water flow free of solids enters the biological reactor inwhich the process of oxidative biotic degradation will beperformed. The main reasons for choosing a biologicalwater treatment type S.B.R. to treat waste water comingfrom slaughterhouses are the following:� High capacity for flows and loads treatment� Minimal sludge production� Highest resistance to cope with specific loads� Highest operating flexibility� This system guarantees the best separation of sludge

and clean liquid� Highest guarantee of the quality of clean liquidThe features of the S.B.R. unit are:� Sequential Batch Reactor (S.B.R.) consisting of two

biological reactors. The foreseen cycle for thereactors is 23-24 hours.

� The unit will better work with low loads in order toachieve high reduction of organic matter andminimize the amount of biological sludge to bepurged.

� Oxygenation will be performed by means of a set ofinternal rotary pistons blowers and membranediffusers placed on the floor of the tank.

� Oxygenation is controlled by an oxygen controlprobe + drive which may act on the bloweroperation in order to get only the necessary air. Bydoing this, the consumption of the strongest motoris optimized and problems resulting from anexcessive aeration will be avoided.

� Agitation is done by two agitators especiallyintended for waste water and active sludge in orderto keep anoxic conditions in the cycle to achievenitrification - de-nitrification.

� Clean liquid discharge is performed after decantingby means of a time valve that can be modified and afloating surface skimmer (maximum clean liquid

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guaranteed)� The extraction of the excess of sludge is performed

from the bottom of the reactor using a pumpingsystem that also works as an anti-foam systeminterlocked with the aeration blower. This systemtakes water from the reactor and distributes it in thesurface so that neither clean liquid nor anti-foamreagents are consumed.

The S.B.R. (Sequencing Batch Reactor) is an advancedsystem for waste water first developed at the beginningof the 70’s by Irvine and Davis (Indiana, USA) and wasespecially conceived for the elimination of biodegradableorganic matter, solids and nutrients.It is an aerobic biological process in suspendedcultivation as part of the conventional process for activesludge, but in this case it is performed sequentially inone tank in which the stages of filling, reaction,decanting and partial discharge are performed. All thesestages are named cycle of operation. The mainadvantage of this system is the possibility of adapt thecycle of operation to the characteristics of the effluentand discharge requirements. The reaction stage maycombine both aerobic and anoxic stages. The decantingstage is performed in absolute rest. Volume calculationof the reaction tank is based on biological parametersfrom the aeration stage, resulting in volumes andparameters oversized for a conventional decanter. Thisexplains the shorter times necessary during theclarification stage.A2.3 SLUDGE TREATMENT – CEN�

TRIFUGE

There are two spots for sludge production:� Floated sludge in flotation unit: with a diary treated

flow of 800 m3/d, the operation of the unit maygenerate up to 2% of sludge. In other words: 16 m3of sludge with 2% dryness.

� Excess of sludge in biological treatment: sludgeproduction in S.B.R. unit is very low (5.8 m3/day).This sludge is lead to the buffer tank and floated inthe flotation unit. Therefore, sludge in S.B.R. will beseparated into the DAF Unit, together with fats andsuspended solids. Therefore, it will be necessary todehydrate a total amount of sludge per day of 21.8m3 with a solids concentration of 15 Kg/m3. For thisreason, it has been foreseen the installation of asludge dehydration system by means of centrifuge(decanter).

Floated sludge is lead to a reception and mixing tank inorder to undergo dehydration process by centrifuge:By means of dehydration, 24% dry sludge is obtained.This may be used as ground fertilizer or may be sent toa dumping facility by an authorized operator as its

composition is free of toxic elements. Assuming this, theproposed dehydration system will be able to treat thesludge produced in the water flow and it will be alsoable to treat higher flows and bigger amounts of sludge.A2.4 CONTROL AND AUTOMATION

All the equipment of the WWTP is controlled from asingle electric control board. This control board isprovided with all the necessary elements for protectionand control of all equipment. The electric control boardis fitted with an automate and operate panel so that it ispossible to display the stage of the cycle in operation andmodify it according to the effluent to be treated. Thebiological reactor operates by cycles that can be modifiedand consists of stages in which the process to performcan be established.Each equipment may be operated in manual (directmode) and automatic mode. The automatic mode ofeach equipment is established on the basis of interlockingnecessities and by the operating cycle selected in theS.B.R. operation panel. The operation mode is aimed toget the highest operation flexibility especially created tomeet the requirements of the WWTP.

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Surveyed Villages Profile of the

Project Area

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List of Peoples Met For Public

Consultation

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annex - iv: liSt of PeoPleS met for Public conSultation

PRIMARY STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION LIST

SECONDARY STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION LIST

executive summary - ffbl.comffbl.com/ffbl/misc files for assistance/meat/eia report.pdf ·...

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