EXCHANGES, EXCHANGES, CHANGES AND CHANGES AND COLLAPSES:COLLAPSES:

INTERACTIONS AT THE INTERACTIONS AT THE END OF THE CLASSICAL END OF THE CLASSICAL

AGEAGE

THE CLASSICAL WORLDTHE CLASSICAL WORLD

WARFAREWARFARE Civil Wars in RomeCivil Wars in Rome

Rival generals seeking to gain emperorshipRival generals seeking to gain emperorship Conflicts between Arabs under Zenobia, Monophysites in Egypt with Conflicts between Arabs under Zenobia, Monophysites in Egypt with

RomansRomans Nomadic InvasionsNomadic Invasions

Huns in Mediterranean, Persia, IndiaHuns in Mediterranean, Persia, India Kushans in IndiaKushans in India Central Asians in ChinaCentral Asians in China

Agriculturalist Migration leads to warAgriculturalist Migration leads to war Germans migrated into empire to avoid HunsGermans migrated into empire to avoid Huns Romans too weak to resist German take overRomans too weak to resist German take over

Great Power WarsGreat Power Wars Rome (Eastern Roman Empire) and SassanidsRome (Eastern Roman Empire) and Sassanids

War lasted on and off two hundred yearsWar lasted on and off two hundred years War exhausted both empiresWar exhausted both empires

Eastern Roman Empire bribed Germans, Huns to go westEastern Roman Empire bribed Germans, Huns to go west Civil Wars in China and IndiaCivil Wars in China and India

Rival dynasties struggle to reestablish control in China, IndiaRival dynasties struggle to reestablish control in China, India Often exacerbated by nomadic invasionsOften exacerbated by nomadic invasions

ResultsResults Depopulation of many areas; Destruction of agricultureDepopulation of many areas; Destruction of agriculture Loss of trade as warfare, piracy stop flowLoss of trade as warfare, piracy stop flow Spread of diseasesSpread of diseases

LAND AND SEA LAND AND SEA ROUTESROUTES

OCEAN TRADE OCEAN TRADE NETWORKSNETWORKS

Regulated not controlled at various stages by locally Regulated not controlled at various stages by locally dominant statesdominant states

Most merchants accepted an unwritten code of conductMost merchants accepted an unwritten code of conduct Trade was largely peaceful and protected by dominant Trade was largely peaceful and protected by dominant

powerspowers Powers cooperated to protect against piratesPowers cooperated to protect against pirates

The Indian Ocean to China Trade Network The Indian Ocean to China Trade Network Based on the monsoon patternsBased on the monsoon patterns

NE Winds blow ships towards India, SE AsiaNE Winds blow ships towards India, SE Asia SW Winds blow ships towards Arabia, AfricaSW Winds blow ships towards Arabia, Africa Intricate System of stopovers, entrepots required Intricate System of stopovers, entrepots required

Indian Ocean divided into three zonesIndian Ocean divided into three zones Western zone dominated by Arabs, Persians, EthiopiansWestern zone dominated by Arabs, Persians, Ethiopians Middle Zone between India and SE Asia dominated by IndiansMiddle Zone between India and SE Asia dominated by Indians Eastern Zone from SE Asia to China dominated by ChineseEastern Zone from SE Asia to China dominated by Chinese Major ports called entrepots at exchange points along divisionsMajor ports called entrepots at exchange points along divisions Goods exchanged tended to be luxuries with exception of rice, Goods exchanged tended to be luxuries with exception of rice,

wood wood Trade in the Hellenistic Mediterranean Trade in the Hellenistic Mediterranean

Dominated by Greeks, Phoenicians, Egyptians, Jews, later Dominated by Greeks, Phoenicians, Egyptians, Jews, later Arabs Arabs

Besides various commodities, also slave tradeBesides various commodities, also slave trade Links to Indian Ocean network through Egypt, Ethiopia Links to Indian Ocean network through Egypt, Ethiopia

LAND TRADE ROUTESLAND TRADE ROUTES Most famous called Silk RoadMost famous called Silk Road

Overland trade routes linked China to Mediterranean basin Overland trade routes linked China to Mediterranean basin Sea-lanes joined Asia and Mediterranean basin into one Sea-lanes joined Asia and Mediterranean basin into one

networknetwork Trade goods Trade goods

Silk and spices traveled west Silk and spices traveled west Central Asia produced large horses and jade, sold in China Central Asia produced large horses and jade, sold in China Mediterranean provided glassware, jewelry, art works, Mediterranean provided glassware, jewelry, art works,

perfumes, textiles perfumes, textiles The organization of long-distance trade The organization of long-distance trade

Merchants of different regions handled trade in stagesMerchants of different regions handled trade in stages Similar to Indian Ocean to China trade networkSimilar to Indian Ocean to China trade network Merchants tended to be Armenians, Nestorians, some JewsMerchants tended to be Armenians, Nestorians, some Jews Controlled, protected most of length by Central Asian nomadsControlled, protected most of length by Central Asian nomads

Many smaller routes connect to Silk RoadMany smaller routes connect to Silk Road Arabs controlled desert routes into Arabia between Egypt, Arabs controlled desert routes into Arabia between Egypt,

PersiaPersia Arameans, Nestorians control much of SW AsiaArameans, Nestorians control much of SW Asia Bactrians, Sogdians, Kushans control routes into IndiaBactrians, Sogdians, Kushans control routes into India

Romans lost gold, silver as their people desired Romans lost gold, silver as their people desired luxuriesluxuries

CULTURAL EXCHANGES:CULTURAL EXCHANGES:BUDDHISM AND BUDDHISM AND

HINDUISMHINDUISM Buddhism in Central Asia Buddhism in Central Asia First present in oasis towns of central Asia along silk roads First present in oasis towns of central Asia along silk roads Further spread to steppelandsFurther spread to steppelands Spread by merchants traveling from India to ChinaSpread by merchants traveling from India to China Hellenized Bactrians, Kushans heavily influenced by Buddhism Hellenized Bactrians, Kushans heavily influenced by Buddhism

Buddhism in China Buddhism in China Foreign merchants as Buddhists in China, 1st century B.C.E. Foreign merchants as Buddhists in China, 1st century B.C.E. Popularity of monasteries and missionaries, 5th century C.E.Popularity of monasteries and missionaries, 5th century C.E. Many early conversions during time of troubles in China Many early conversions during time of troubles in China

Buddhism and Hinduism in Southeast Asia Buddhism and Hinduism in Southeast Asia Spread by Hindu merchants; later Buddhist missionariesSpread by Hindu merchants; later Buddhist missionaries Conversion of local ruling elites so they could control lucrative Conversion of local ruling elites so they could control lucrative

tradetrade Rulers referred to themselves as Rulers referred to themselves as rajasrajas ("kings") ("kings") Adopted Sanskrit as written language Adopted Sanskrit as written language Many rulers converted to Buddhism, others promoted Hindu cults Many rulers converted to Buddhism, others promoted Hindu cults Buddhist or Hindu advisors in governmentBuddhist or Hindu advisors in government Rise of new civilizations due to influence: Khmer, Srivijava, MahajavitRise of new civilizations due to influence: Khmer, Srivijava, Mahajavit

Many of first Christian “heresies” were Buddhist influencedMany of first Christian “heresies” were Buddhist influenced

SPREAD OF INDIAN FAITHSSPREAD OF INDIAN FAITHS

SPREAD OF SPREAD OF BUDDHISMBUDDHISM

FORMS OF FORMS OF BUDDHISMBUDDHISM

SPREAD OF SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITYCHRISTIANITY Christianity in the Mediterranean basin Christianity in the Mediterranean basin

Built upon existing Jewish, Phoenician, Greek trading areasBuilt upon existing Jewish, Phoenician, Greek trading areas First converts poor, women, merchants attracted by Christian messageFirst converts poor, women, merchants attracted by Christian message First converts often at lowest end of social pyramidFirst converts often at lowest end of social pyramid Leading Christian cities (Alexandria, Jerusalem, Antioch, Constantinople, Rome) Leading Christian cities (Alexandria, Jerusalem, Antioch, Constantinople, Rome)

Christian communities flourished especially in areas connected to tradeChristian communities flourished especially in areas connected to trade Paul of Tarsus visited mostly trading areas; was followed by many othersPaul of Tarsus visited mostly trading areas; was followed by many others Ephesians, Corinthians, Thessalonians were all trading areasEphesians, Corinthians, Thessalonians were all trading areas Apostles, missionaries used protected trade routes to move about Apostles, missionaries used protected trade routes to move about

Mark converted Egypt by tradition Mark converted Egypt by tradition Christianity in Southwest Asia Christianity in Southwest Asia

Sizable communities in Mesopotamia and Iran by 2nd century C.E. Sizable communities in Mesopotamia and Iran by 2nd century C.E. Sizable number of converts in southwest Asia until the 7th century C.E. Sizable number of converts in southwest Asia until the 7th century C.E. Their ascetic practices influenced Christian practices in the Roman empire Their ascetic practices influenced Christian practices in the Roman empire

St. Thomas by tradition carried Christianity to trading cities of S. St. Thomas by tradition carried Christianity to trading cities of S. IndiaIndia

Monophysites – Another Interpretation of ChristianityMonophysites – Another Interpretation of Christianity A Christian sect developed in southwest Asia A Christian sect developed in southwest Asia

Nestorians emphasized human nature of Jesus, 5th century C.E.Nestorians emphasized human nature of Jesus, 5th century C.E. Copts of Egypt and Ethiopia emphasize his divinityCopts of Egypt and Ethiopia emphasize his divinity Armenians, Georgians, Egyptians, Ethiopians 1st nations to convert Armenians, Georgians, Egyptians, Ethiopians 1st nations to convert

Condemned by General Church councils as a heresyCondemned by General Church councils as a heresy Strong influence in Arabia, possibly influencing Muhammad Strong influence in Arabia, possibly influencing Muhammad Communities in central Asia, India, and China, 7th century C.E.Communities in central Asia, India, and China, 7th century C.E. Tended to be trusted because had no official states to support, protect Tended to be trusted because had no official states to support, protect

themthem

CULTURAL CHANGES IN CULTURAL CHANGES IN MEDITERRANEANMEDITERRANEAN

Prominence of Christianity Prominence of Christianity Constantine's edict of Milan made Christianity a legitimate religionConstantine's edict of Milan made Christianity a legitimate religion

Called Council of Nicaea to solve conflicts within Church (Nicene Creed)Called Council of Nicaea to solve conflicts within Church (Nicene Creed) Ordered a book (byblos) to be complied of agreed upon Christian worksOrdered a book (byblos) to be complied of agreed upon Christian works

Emperor Theodosius made Christianity official state religion, 380 Emperor Theodosius made Christianity official state religion, 380 C.E. C.E.

St. Jerome translated Bible into LatinSt. Jerome translated Bible into Latin St. Augustine harmonized Christianity with Platonic thoughtSt. Augustine harmonized Christianity with Platonic thought St. Ulfias converted Germans to Arianism St. Ulfias converted Germans to Arianism

The institutional church The institutional church Conflicting doctrines and practices among early ChristiansConflicting doctrines and practices among early Christians

No one dominant belief about ChristianityNo one dominant belief about Christianity Current belief was an outgrowth of compromise, discussionCurrent belief was an outgrowth of compromise, discussion Many early schisms and controversiesMany early schisms and controversies

Donatists: should those who adjure Christianity be allowed to returnDonatists: should those who adjure Christianity be allowed to return Arians: Christ is solely humanArians: Christ is solely human Monophysites: Christ is divine, human; each part is separate, one is dominant Monophysites: Christ is divine, human; each part is separate, one is dominant

Established standardized hierarchy of church officials Established standardized hierarchy of church officials Bishop of Rome (Pope) became spiritual leader (Petrine Doctrine)Bishop of Rome (Pope) became spiritual leader (Petrine Doctrine)

Alexandria, Jerusalem, Antioch, Constantinople patriarchal cities Alexandria, Jerusalem, Antioch, Constantinople patriarchal cities After Rome, Christianity served as a cultural foundationAfter Rome, Christianity served as a cultural foundation

SPREAD OF SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITYCHRISTIANITY

SPREAD OF SPREAD OF MANICHAEISMMANICHAEISM

Mani and Manichaeism Mani and Manichaeism Prophet Mani, a Zoroastrian, drew influence from Christianity and Prophet Mani, a Zoroastrian, drew influence from Christianity and

Buddhism Buddhism Perceived a cosmic struggle between light and darkness, good and evil Perceived a cosmic struggle between light and darkness, good and evil Offered means to achieve personal salvation Offered means to achieve personal salvation Ascetic lifestyle and high ethical standards Ascetic lifestyle and high ethical standards Differentiation between "the elect“ and the "hearers" Differentiation between "the elect“ and the "hearers"

Spread of Manichaeism Spread of Manichaeism Attracted converts first in Mesopotamia and east Mediterranean region Attracted converts first in Mesopotamia and east Mediterranean region Special appeal to merchants as hearers Special appeal to merchants as hearers Appeared in all large cities of Roman empire, 3rd century C.E.Appeared in all large cities of Roman empire, 3rd century C.E. St. Augustine was one of the most prominent who practiced it St. Augustine was one of the most prominent who practiced it

Persecutions Persecutions The Sasanid (Persian) rulers suppressed Mani's movement The Sasanid (Persian) rulers suppressed Mani's movement Roman authorities also persecuted Manichaeans Roman authorities also persecuted Manichaeans Manichaeism survived in central Asia Manichaeism survived in central Asia

SPREAD OF SPREAD OF MANICHAEISMMANICHAEISM

SPREAD OF EPIDEMICSSPREAD OF EPIDEMICS Pandemic vs. EpidemicPandemic vs. Epidemic

Epidemic is a disease which strikes all groups in one Epidemic is a disease which strikes all groups in one regionregion

Pandemic is a disease which strikes simultaneously Pandemic is a disease which strikes simultaneously many regionsmany regions

Often spread by war, trade, missionariesOften spread by war, trade, missionaries Epidemic diseases Epidemic diseases

Common epidemics in Rome and ChinaCommon epidemics in Rome and China Smallpox, measles, bubonic plague Smallpox, measles, bubonic plague

Mediterranean: population fell ¼ from 1st to 10th Mediterranean: population fell ¼ from 1st to 10th century C.E. century C.E.

China: population fell ¼ from the 1st to 7th century C.E.China: population fell ¼ from the 1st to 7th century C.E. Persia, Ethiopia effected; India seems to have been Persia, Ethiopia effected; India seems to have been

missed missed Effects of epidemic diseases Effects of epidemic diseases

Chinese and Roman economies contracted; trade stiffled Chinese and Roman economies contracted; trade stiffled Small regional economies emerged Small regional economies emerged Epidemics weakened Han and Roman empiresEpidemics weakened Han and Roman empires

FALL OF THE HAN FALL OF THE HAN DYNASTYDYNASTY Internal decay of the Han state Internal decay of the Han state

Problems of factions and land distribution Problems of factions and land distribution The Yellow Turban rebellion, 184 C.E. The Yellow Turban rebellion, 184 C.E. Collapse of the Han dynasty Collapse of the Han dynasty

Generals usurped political authority, emperor was a puppet Generals usurped political authority, emperor was a puppet By 220, generals abolished Han, divided empire By 220, generals abolished Han, divided empire Nomadic peoples invaded, further dividing old Han Empire Nomadic peoples invaded, further dividing old Han Empire

Cultural Change in Post-Han China Cultural Change in Post-Han China Sinicization of nomadic peoples Sinicization of nomadic peoples Withering of Confucianism Withering of Confucianism

Confucianism failed to maintain order; too aristocratic Confucianism failed to maintain order; too aristocratic More individuals turned to Daoism, Buddhism: both offered More individuals turned to Daoism, Buddhism: both offered

hope hope Daoism changed to a religion of salvation Daoism changed to a religion of salvation

Popularity of Buddhism Popularity of Buddhism Buddhism received strong support from nomadic rulers Buddhism received strong support from nomadic rulers Between 4Between 4thth/6th centuries C.E., Buddhism well established/6th centuries C.E., Buddhism well established Buddhism often supported by nomads, lower classes, Buddhism often supported by nomads, lower classes,

womenwomen Many made donations of land, money to BuddhistsMany made donations of land, money to Buddhists Buddhism merged with Chinese traditions: became religionBuddhism merged with Chinese traditions: became religion

THREE KINGDOMSTHREE KINGDOMS

INTERNAL DECAY OF INTERNAL DECAY OF ROMEROME Barrack Emperors Barrack Emperors

Between 235 and 284 C.E., generals frequently seized the Between 235 and 284 C.E., generals frequently seized the throne throne

Most barracks emperors died violently in coups, assassination Most barracks emperors died violently in coups, assassination The sheer size of the empire became a problem of control The sheer size of the empire became a problem of control

Emperor Diocletian (284-305 C.E.) Emperor Diocletian (284-305 C.E.) Divided the empire into two administrative partsDivided the empire into two administrative parts

Western Roman Empire ruled from RomeWestern Roman Empire ruled from Rome Eastern Roman Empire ruled from NicomediaEastern Roman Empire ruled from Nicomedia

Tetrarchy: Rule by FourTetrarchy: Rule by Four Two Emperors called Augustus; basically political emperorTwo Emperors called Augustus; basically political emperor Two Associated rulers called Caesars: basically war emperor Two Associated rulers called Caesars: basically war emperor

Reforms saved empire for 200 yearsReforms saved empire for 200 years Froze social classes; created feudalismFroze social classes; created feudalism Persecuted Christians to unite empirePersecuted Christians to unite empire Reformed Roman army and defenses to fight invadersReformed Roman army and defenses to fight invaders

The emperor Constantine The emperor Constantine Constantine seized power, claimed to be sole emperor Constantine seized power, claimed to be sole emperor Established a new capital cityEstablished a new capital city

Constantinople on BosporusConstantinople on Bosporus Area was richer, easy to defend, more Christian; better base of Area was richer, easy to defend, more Christian; better base of

powerpower Legalized Christianity through Edict of MilanLegalized Christianity through Edict of Milan

COLLAPSE IN INDIACOLLAPSE IN INDIA Guptan DynastyGuptan Dynasty

Lacked strong central governmentLacked strong central government Provinces only owed tribute, tax, respect to central rulerProvinces only owed tribute, tax, respect to central ruler Provincial rulers viewed emperor as related to godsProvincial rulers viewed emperor as related to gods But local areas largely self-governingBut local areas largely self-governing

Relied on provincial rule, type of feudalismRelied on provincial rule, type of feudalism Regional leaders often stronger than emperorRegional leaders often stronger than emperor

Dynasty’s worriesDynasty’s worries Civil war between regional leadersCivil war between regional leaders Invasions by Central Asia including White HunsInvasions by Central Asia including White Huns

Beaten off by Guptans but seriously weakened empireBeaten off by Guptans but seriously weakened empire Continued raids by Huns, Central Asians kept empire in Continued raids by Huns, Central Asians kept empire in

turmoilturmoil Large scale migrations from Northern India to Southern partsLarge scale migrations from Northern India to Southern parts

Dynasty ceased to exist; attempted revival failedDynasty ceased to exist; attempted revival failed Regional states broke off, constant warfare followsRegional states broke off, constant warfare follows

GUPTAN EMPIREGUPTAN EMPIRE

NOMADIC INVASIONSNOMADIC INVASIONS Germanic migrations Germanic migrations

From northern Europe, lived in eastern, northern parts of empire From northern Europe, lived in eastern, northern parts of empire Most notable were GothsMost notable were Goths

Visigoths settled in Spain, S. France; Ostrogoths settled in Italy Visigoths settled in Spain, S. France; Ostrogoths settled in Italy Settled as agriculturalists, mercenary soldiers and allies of Rome Settled as agriculturalists, mercenary soldiers and allies of Rome Created a modified law of German tradition and Roman law Created a modified law of German tradition and Roman law

Roman authorities kept Germanic peoples on the borders as a buffer Roman authorities kept Germanic peoples on the borders as a buffer The Huns The Huns

Called Xiong-nu by Chinese; Chinese defeated them, sent westCalled Xiong-nu by Chinese; Chinese defeated them, sent west Huns invaded Roman EmpireHuns invaded Roman Empire White Huns invaded IndiaWhite Huns invaded India Black Huns invaded PersiaBlack Huns invaded Persia

Under Attila, Huns began expeditions from the mid-5th century C.E. Under Attila, Huns began expeditions from the mid-5th century C.E. Soon disappeared after the death of Attila in 453 C.E. Soon disappeared after the death of Attila in 453 C.E.

The collapse of the western Roman empire The collapse of the western Roman empire Under Huns' pressure, Germanic peoples moved into Roman empire Under Huns' pressure, Germanic peoples moved into Roman empire Established settlements in Italy, Gaul, Spain, Britain, and north Established settlements in Italy, Gaul, Spain, Britain, and north

Africa Africa Goths and Vandals sacked Rome on two separate occasions Goths and Vandals sacked Rome on two separate occasions Germanic general Odovacer deposed the Roman emperor, 476 C.E. Germanic general Odovacer deposed the Roman emperor, 476 C.E. Imperial authority survived in eastern half of empire (Byzantines)Imperial authority survived in eastern half of empire (Byzantines) Nomadic states in Western Europe, North AfricaNomadic states in Western Europe, North Africa

INVASIONS AND INVASIONS AND MIGRATIONSMIGRATIONS

WHAT REMAINED?WHAT REMAINED? Cosmopolitan CultureCosmopolitan Culture

Most of the areas retained their faith, social structuresMost of the areas retained their faith, social structures New faiths often served to preserve old waysNew faiths often served to preserve old ways Most areas retained idea of former classical ways as an idealMost areas retained idea of former classical ways as an ideal Most disruptions to top hierarchy especially aristocrats, Most disruptions to top hierarchy especially aristocrats,

rulersrulers Interregional ContactsInterregional Contacts

While not eliminated were often severely lessonedWhile not eliminated were often severely lessoned Regions tended to fall back on themselves, older traditionsRegions tended to fall back on themselves, older traditions

Which collapse was worse?Which collapse was worse? Roman was very severe because it was so dramaticRoman was very severe because it was so dramatic

Eastern Empire survived but it was no longer LatinEastern Empire survived but it was no longer Latin New rulers were radically different from previous rulersNew rulers were radically different from previous rulers Christianity was relatively new, different from older Latin Christianity was relatively new, different from older Latin

traditionstraditions Sassanid collapse worst; culture disappeared under IslamSassanid collapse worst; culture disappeared under Islam Indian, Chinese collapses was hardly noticedIndian, Chinese collapses was hardly noticed

Traditions remained; elites remained often running new local Traditions remained; elites remained often running new local statesstates

Ancient religious hierarchies often still in place locally, nationallyAncient religious hierarchies often still in place locally, nationally