exam format the exam is entirely in essay format. there are three sections: section a: short essays...
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Exam Format
• The exam is entirely in essay format. • There are three sections: • Section A: short essays (5 marks each), 8/11 = 40
marks • Section B: medium-length essays (15 marks
each), 2/4= 30 marks• Section C: one long essay (30 marks), 1/3 = 30
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• Section A: Point form okay if clear & unambiguous. Section B & C: No point form. Tables OK but discuss info in body of answer.
• Keep in mind the format. Integrate concepts and put them in context, don’t just regurgitate. No questions on specific examples
• You may need to provide examples or you may want to use them to clarify.
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• You are not responsible for specific sections of the text.
• Papers presented in the tutorials are also not specifically tested on the exam.
• You may include information from papers, the text, and your essay.
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1. Darwin and the Modern Synthesis
• How did Darwin’s ideas differ from earlier concepts?
• Why was Darwin’s idea “dangerous”?
• Reception of Darwin’s ideas – what are the holes?
Modern synthesis –
• What did it add to Darwin’s theory?
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2. Analysis of Adaptation
• Are all traits adaptive?
• What is adaptation? How can you tell?
• How do adaptations arise? (NS)
• Are all adaptations perfect?
• Who/what benefits from adaptation?
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Evolution of Sex – why so hard to explain?
Sexual Selection
• What can it explain that NS can’t?
• Theories of dev’t
Evolution of Sex Ratio
• maintenance of 50:50
• adaptiveness of asymmetry
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3. Unit of selection?
• Unit that benefits from adaptation + heritability
• Conflict between levels?
• Problems of reproductive restraint/altruism/ eusociality
• Life history analysis, Kin selection
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4. Adaptive Explanation
• Adaptationist program
• Criticism (Gould & Lewontin)
• Mutation, Gene Flow, Genetic Drift
• Problem: Complex characters & Intermediate stages
• Explanations for non-adaptive traits
• Why might adaptations not be perfect?
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5. Evolution & Classification• Anagenesis vs. Cladogenesis, what do they cause?
• Pheneticists vs. Cladists
• How might their phylogenies differ?
• What characters are used & why?
• How can character choice affect a phylogeny?
• Homologies vs. Analogies
• Monophyly, Paraphyly, Polyphyly
• What causes mistakes?– Mosaic Evolution , Retention & Homoplasy
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6. The Idea of Species
• Why do we need a definition?• Why so hard to define? • Species concepts (pros &cons): • Phenetic • Biological• Ecological • Premating & Postmating Isolation
– Types– Are they the cause or effect of speciation?
• How do RIM evolve?
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7. Speciation
• Integral to our understanding of diversification
• Geographic Variation – Types & relevance to speciation
• What is needed for speciation to occur? • Speciation Models:
- Allopatric - Peripheral isolates/peripatric- Parapatric- Sympatric: instantaneous & gradual
• Genetic models
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8. Reconstructing Phylogenies
• Why do we need phylogenies? • What do they show? • Homologies vs. analogies• When might some characters not be informative• Distinguishing b/w ancestral & derived characters • Rooted & unrooted trees• Technical stuff: Molecular evolution, Parsimony
Variation in substitution rates…
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9. Biogeography• Historical + Ecological explanations • Range Expansion
- Dispersal - Adaptive radiations
• Dispersal vs. Vicariance - Patterns formed - Models
• Historical Biogeography – fossil record vs. today• Current dist’ns – ancient + recent history + ecology• What explains differences in species ranges?• Reconstructing speciation from geol. & geog history
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10. Rates of Evolutionary Change
• Trying to explain differences in rates of change• Problems: chronospecies & incomplete fossil record• How phylogenetic & taxonomic rates relate to one
another/affect one another• Evolution of single characters (darwins)• Quantum evolution• Why do rates vary? • What can the evolution of recent species tell us about
the past? • P.G. vs. P.E.
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11. Macroevolution• Slow & gradual vs. dramatic changes• Microevolution vs. Macroevolution• Saltation vs. Neodarwinists • Morph change: what characters most likely to be affected? • Modification• Transformation (in what?)• Allometry
- Heterochrony - What are the outcomes- How can you tell which has acted- Importance to evolution? - Genetic basis of heterochrony ( e.g. Hox genes)
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12. Coevolution
• What is it?
• Why does it happen?
• Can coevolutionary interactions cause extinction?
• Lag-load
• Models (Red Queen etc.)
• TSC to evaluate models
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13. Background vs. Mass Extinctions
• What causes them? (5 major events)
• Difference b/w background & mass extinction
• Ecological effects of mass extinctions
• Cyclical mass extinctions?
• Signor-Lipps effect
• What makes a good survivor?
• Iterative evolution