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Urinary System

Right kidney model, Blood flow:o Renal arteryo Segmental Artery (unfiltered blood)o

Interlobar arteries

o Arcuate artery (arcs across Medullary Pyramid) Boundary between Cortex (filtration center) and Medulla Where all the glomeruli are

o Interlobular, or Cortical, Artery Renal pyramid:

o Interlobular, or Cortical arteryo Afferent arterioleo Glomeruluso Efferent, or exit, arteriole

Larger molecules retained, fluid and ions will be pushed across andinto the Proximal Convoluted tubule

RBCs too big to pass thru filtration slits (fenestrae) Whole thing = Renal Corpuscle

Noodles = Glomerulus Cup = Bowmans Capsule

o Venules (filtered)o Interlobular veino Arcuate veino Interlobal vein

Renal Corpuscle = Glomerulus & Bowmans Capsuleo Bowmans capsule

Receives filtrate from blood Proximal convoluted tubule (collects filtrated) A lot of reabsorption Simple cuboidal cells Fuzzy lumen

Loop of Henle (drops down into medulla & comes back up into thecortex)

Distal convoluted tubule Reabsorption is not as intense as PCT More clear lumen (not as fuzzy as PCT)

o Medullary rays Rays going medially into the kidney

Nephron:o Afferent arteriole to Distal Convoluted Tubuleo Functional unit of the kidneyo Drain into the Collecting ducto Juxtaglomerular (or Juxtamedullary) Nephron

Close to the medulla More concentrated urine

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Tend to be used at nighto Cortical Nephron

Shorter Loop of Henle Renal papilla

o What the Medullary pyramids drain intoo

All drains into the calyx (portion of the kidney that first collects the urine)

Drainage:o Collecting duct Medullary Pyramid Renal Papillao Minor Calyx Major calyx Renal Pelvis Ureter

Hilumo Pinched point of the kidneyo Meeting pointo Where everything goes in or comes out

Vasa rectao A.k.a. Peritubular arteries (beside the tubules)o Capillary bed within the Nephron

Corpuscle of the kidney modelo Afferent arteriole brings the blood (LEFT)

Juxtaglomerular cellssecrete Renino Efferent is leaving (RIGHT)

Smaller than afferent (unfiltered)o Bowmans capsule = 3 layers:

Podocytes = cells Part of the Bowmans capsule Acts like a filter Filters out smaller particles (water, small Amino acids) Blood cells will NOT pass through

Bowmans space Parietal layer

o Glomerulus Capillary bed inside Bowmans capsule

Podocytes peeled away on one halfo Proximal Convoluted Tubule

Lots of microvillio Loop of Henle

Drops down to Medullao Distal Convoluted Tubule

Does a bypass near the Glomerulus to the Bowmans Capsule *No brushborder, no microvilli Yellow vessel behind Afferent arteriole Macula Densa

Large cuboidal cells that stain darkly Slightly more enlarged Inside the Distal Convoluted tubule Sense levels of HCl Monitor salt concentrations in blood

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Specialized Smooth muscle cellso Juxtaglomerular apparatus = Juxtaglomerular cells & Macula densao Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

Liver secretes Angiotensinogen, and Renin converts it toAngiotensin I, which is converted to Angiotensin II by ACE

Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra Urinary bladder

o Smooth, involuntary muscleo Sphincter = Skeletal muscle

Epithelium:o Simple Squamous

Blood vessels Parietal layer of Bowmans Capsule

o Simple Cuboidal Tubules

o Transitional Epithelium Urinary Bladder (contracted = empty, distended = full)

Umbrella-shaped Beginning portion of Urethra (Males)

SKIPPING URETER! Prostate gland around Urethra

T/F1. There are renal corpuscles in MedullaFALSE!

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HISTOLOGY

Renal Cortex

Renal corpuscle Proximal convoluted tubule more prominent Vascular pole

o Afferent & efferent arterioles Urinary pole not visible (on opposite end) Macula densa closer to Vascular pole JG cells (juxtaglomerular cells)

Renal Medulla

Cross-section cut of the tubules NO renal corpuscle, Vasa recta, proximal __ Loop of Henle Collecting duct Tubule (cuboidal cells) Dont confuse Blood vessel w/ Tubule!

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Kidney, Entire

Cortexo Renal corpuscleso Urinary Poleo

Vascular Pole (redder layer)

o Simple Squamous cells (Parietal layer of Bowmans capsule)o Bowmans capsuleo Glomerulus

Medullao Slight shift in topography?o More wavyo Longitudinal section thru tubuleso Tubules and peritubular vessels

Simple cuboidal cells (round nuclei) belonging to tubules Blood going thru vessels

oMedullary ray (looks like a ray, even if pointing in the cortex)

Renal pyramido Renal papillao Minor calyx

Kidney, Injected

Cortex, 2o Interlobular vesselso Arcuate vessels

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Contracted Bladder

Transitional epithelium Umbrella/dome shaped cell Empty bladder

Distended Bladder

Cytoplasmic projections outside the epithelium? Fill bladder

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Male Reproductive System

Testes = site of Spermatogenesiso 96oC = best temperature for spermatogenesiso Scrotum lowers and raises testes to maintain this optimal temperatureo

Seminiferous tubules

Where Spermatogenesis begins Initiated but not completed Tubes inside testes Shunted out to Rete testes

o Rete testes Net within the testes

o Ductus eferentiso Epididymis

Final state of maturation Tails start to move

oVas deferens, or Ductus deferens Eventually goes out thru the spermatochord and out

o Seminiferous tubules Rete testes Ductus eferentis Epididymiso Divided into lobes:

Tunica albuginea Separates testes into separate lobes (white layer

Tunica vaginalis Outer coating of the testes Serous membrane Derived from peritoneum, forms during descent of testes

o Cremaster muscle Lowers and raises testes Most of it is in spermatochord Skeletal muscle

Scrotumo Support for testeso Testicular arteryo Spermatic duct = blood vessels, vas deferens, and cremaster muscles

(helps in raising and lowering testes)

Epididymiso Structure on top of the testes

Urethrao Prosthetic urethra (thru prostate)o Membranous Urethra (short portion after Prostate)o Penile Urethra (remaining amount)

*EPITHELIAL VARIES! Transitional Simple columnar Simple cuboidal?

Corpora Spongiosum & Cavernosumo Sinusoids that fill with blood to make it rigido Spungiosum

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Surrounding urethra Less rigid (could cut off urethra) Surrounds urethra

o Cavernosum Two

Can store more blood, and can become more rigido Each coated with tunica albuginea

Glans Peniso Very tipo Corpus Spungiosum

Bulbourethral glando Right below prostate

Seminal vesicleso Behind urinary bladdero Secrete semen to help with delivery of sperm into Female Reproductive

System

o A.k.a. Cowpers Glando Pg. 364, bottom left figure, back of urinary bladder Urethra

o Prostatic = Transitional epitheliumo Membranous = Pseudostratified columnaro Penile (Pseudostratified columnar)

Distal portion of Peniso Stratified squamouso No section for that

Epididymiso Mature spermo Goes up thru vas deferenso Supplied by fluids from seminal vesicles

Glandso Seminal vesicle secretions

60-70% ejaculate Y Yellowish, flavence Fructose gives energy

o Prostate gland Secretions from prostate gland (larger gland)clear & alkaline Fibrinolysin enzymes secreted from prostate gland liquefy semen

o Bulbourethral gland Least amount of secretion Provides lubrication (for urethra)

Epitheliumo Transitional

Prostatic Urethra Bladder

o Pseudostratified columnar

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Membranous Urethra Penile urethra Seminal vesicle Ductus deferens

o Seminiferous epithelium

Testeso Tall columnar

Epididymis

Testiso Structure

Tunica albugineathickened posteriorly with fibrous septa Testicular lobules

Seminiferous tubules

o Produce sperm Leydig cellinterstitial cell

o produce testosterone Loose CT

Seminiferous epithelium Spermatogenesis

Spermatogonia at the periphery (most immature) As they finish mitosis, they become primary spermatocytes After the 1st meiotic division, it becomes a secondary

spermatocyte

o Primary & secondary look the same Then they become spermatids following meiosis II

(elongated shape)

o Earlyo Late = more narrow

Different developmental stages Spermiogenesis

Epididymis, vas deferens, urethra Maturation of sperm cells Spermatid Spermatozoa

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HISTOLOGY

Mature Rat Testes

Leydig cells between tubules (triangular shaped cells) Once you reach puberty, hypothalamus sends signals to pituitary FSH & LHsecretion

o FSH = development of layers of seminiferous tubuleso LH = leydig cells secrete testosterone (2ndary characteristics of males

deeper voice, hair growth, etc.)

In the field of view:o Blood vessel (artery)o Leydig cell (size of lumen of blood vessel)o Tail-like structure of the sperm cell in the middle of the cross section of a

Seminiferous tubule

o Sertoli cell (almost whole area of Seminiferous epithelium) Apical side has basement membrane & leydig cells A.k.a. sustentacular cells or Nurse cells

Once cells are free (no lumen around them), then theyre spermatozoa Sertoli cells

o Lighter area, lighter nucleus, near the peripheriesSpermatogonia Spermatocytes Spermatids

Immature testeswaiting for FSH & LH secretion

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HISTOLOGY

Epididymis

Tall columnar cells with stereocilia FALSESpermatocytes, spermatogonia, spermatids TRUESpermatozoa (for vas deferens and on) Well defined apical border

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Ductus Deferens

Large muscular componento 3 layers

Star-shaped lumen

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Urethra

Prostatico Transitional

Penileo Pseudostratified columnar

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Prostate

Tubuloalveolar glandso Citric acido

Fibrinolysin? (hydrolytic enzymes)

o Clear secretions Fibromuscular stroma Older prostates

o Corpora amalycea Inside tubuloalveolar glands Round concentric circles (like a tree bark) Prostatic calcifications that have deposited and accumulated over

the years

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Seminal Vesicles

Structure just above Prostate gland, below Urinary bladder Yellow secretions

o Flavence (yellowish structure)o Fructose

60-70% ejaculate

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Penile Urethra

Corpus cavernosumo Larger sinusoids than in corpus spongiosum

Fascia (surrounds corpus cavernosum)o Connective Tissue

Corpus spongiosumo Opening at the top = Urethra

Urethra with pseudostratified columnar Blood-filled sinusoids that aid in erection

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Female Reproductive System

Primordial follicleo Contains primary oocyte

Primary follicleo Theca External layer

Mostly connective tissueo Granulosa

Cuboidal cellso Primary Oocyte (middle)

Secondary Follicleo Primary oocyte (still locked in metaphase I of meiosis; hasnt completed it

yet)

o Start seeing the antrum forming Antrum = cavity Quite a few start to form; merge into one large space Space in the follicle that initially appear in the Granulosa and

coalesces Filled with liquor folliculi

o Multiple layers of granulosa Can also happen in primary Not secondary until antrum is visible

o *FORMATION OF ANTRUM DEFINES SECONDARY FOLLICLE!o 1 2 Theca layers

Theca interna & Theca externa Theca interna = secretes estrogen

Theca externa = connective tissue Outer layer of stromal cells and connective tissue

Graafian follicleo Still secondary follicle, but specialized

Ovulatory follicleo Ovulation has occurred, and egg is on its way outo Cumulus masso Corona Radiatao Bits of cumulus mass, or granulosa, stick to the oocyte prior to fertilizationo Meiosis I is complete; Meiosis II has begun

Metaphase I is complete, Metaphase II has begun Atritic

o At the point of ovulation, all of the other follicles are broken downo Not as organized; beginning to break aparto Eventually merges into backgroundo Ovary absorbs it into the tissue

Corpora Hemorrhagica Corpora lutea

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o All the granulosa changes and starts to release Progesterone (prevents anyfollicular development at this point)

o If fertilization takes place, this will be maintained for 2 weeks, until theuterus can take over for progesterone production

Fertilization takes place in the Fallopian Tubeo

Fimbriae

Finger-like projection Lots of cilia Pull/guide egg to uterus

Uteruso Endometrium

Nutritive Supports egg, and eventually fetus/zygote Most sloughs off during menses, and regrows

o Myometrium NEVER sloughs off!

Helps during delivery Gets a lot larger Contracts Smooth muscle Oxytocin contracts uterus

Once fertilization takes place, a lot of mucus is released, and it forms a mucusplug to prevent other sperm from coming in

o Fertilized egg gets engulfed by endometriumo Endometrium provides nutritiono Corpus luteum makes Progesterone for 14 dayso No fertilization = Corpus luteum Albigens

Round ligamento Connect to the inner wall of the abdomeno Comes off the uteruso More support for the uterus

Ovary ligaments Suspensory ligaments Broad ligament

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HISTOLOGY

Ovary

In the field of view

o OogoniaFALSE!

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HISTOLOGY

Fallopian Tube

Ciliated simple columnar epithelium Non-ciliated Peg cellso Secrete nutrient for gametes