Exam 2 - Lessons 12-21

Review Slides

Lesson 12

The Interwar Years:Preparing for the Next War

Treaty of Versailles

Extremely harsh conditions

• Significant territorial concessions

• Huge reparations

• Severe limitations on military

• German admission of responsibility for war

Lessons of World War I

France: Defense!

Germany: Offense!

Britain: Navies work

U.S.: Stay out of war altogether

Lessons of World War I

France: Defense!• Maginot Line: static defense

• Huge expenditure

• Repeated mistake of 1914:

• Assumed Belgian neutrality would be honored

• Had good armored forces

• Not enough funds to develop properly

• Neglected innovations in tactics

Lessons of World War I

Germany: Offense!Size of army limited by Versailles Treaty

• Not enough to defend against attack

• Strategy: “Best defense is good offense”

Capitalized on tactics under development in WW I

• Stormtrooper tactics + Armor = Blitzkreige

Lightning War!

Interwar Revolutions1920’s – ’30’s

Perfected concepts introduced in WW I

• Mechanized warfare

• Aerial warfare

• Carrier aviation

• Amphibious warfare

• Radio-based command & control

Proliferation of new organizations

• Armored divisions,

• Carrier battle groups

• Strategic bombardment wings

Lesson 12

WW II – Paths to Global War

Events

September 8, 1926 Germany joins League of Nations

August 27, 1928 Germany signs Kellogg-Briand Pact

Hitler becomes chancellorJanuary 30, 1933

October 19, 1933 Germany withdraws from League

January 26, 1934 Germany signs 10 yr non-aggression pact with Poland

August 2, 1934 President Hindenburg dies; Hitler declares himself Führer

Events

March 16, 1935 Germany announces conscription, formation of new army units, navy ships and an air force

Germany occupies Rhineland, successfully challenging France

March 7, 1936

Italy invades Ethiopia; League of Nations imposes economic sanctions

October 3, 1935

Events

October 25, 1936 Germany & Italy form Berlin-Rome Axis

November 1936 Germany & Japan sign Anti-Comintern Pact

Hitler renounces Versailles TreatyJanuary 17, 1937

July 7, 1937 Sino-Japanese War begins

Hitler discusses secret plan for Lebensraum (“living space”)

November 5, 1937

March 12, 1938 Germany annexes Austria (Anschluss)

Events

September 30, 1938 Chamberlain: “Peace for our time”

Peace For Our Timehttp://library.byu.edu/~rdh/eurodocs/uk/peace.html

"My good friends, for the second time in our history, a British Prime Minister has returned from Germany bringing peace with honor. I believe it is peace for our time... Go home and get a nice quiet sleep."

Events

October 1, 1938 Germany acquires Sedetenland

March 10, 1939 Germany occupies Czechoslovakia

Hitler’s Pre-War Expansion

Germany occupies Rhineland, successfully challenging France

March 7, 1936

Summary

March 12, 1938 Germany annexes Austria (Anschluss)

Sept 29, 1938 Munich Conference

Chamberlain: “Peace for our time”Sept 30, 1938

October 1, 1938 Germany acquires Sedetenland

March 10, 1939 Germany occupies Czechoslovakia

Events

August 23, 1939 Hitler negotiates non-aggression pact with Soviet Union (Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact)

Holocaust Encyclopedia

Germany invades PolandSeptember 1, 1939

Japan’s Next StepAfter China

Two factions in Japanese government

• “Northern” Faction (Northern Strike Group)

• Led by Army

• Favored move north into USSR

• “Southern” Faction (Southern Strike Group)

• Led by Navy

• Favored move south into Dutch East Indies

Events

July-August 1939 Battle of Khalkin Gol (Nomonhan)

• Japan abandoned northern strategy

Reader’s Companion to Military History: Khalkin Gol

Soviet victory

Significance:

• Turned south • Set up confrontation with US

• USSR able to divert resources toward the west and Germany

• Established Gen. Georgi Zhukov as armor commander

Japan’s Path to War

Increase in Militarism in Japanese society

US moves Pacific Fleet to Hawaii (May 1940)

US embargos iron & steel exports to Japan (Sep 1940)

Vichy government accedes to Japanese request for bases in southern Indochina (July 1941)

US embargos shipments of oil to Japan (Jul 1941)

Great East-Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere declared (Aug 1940)

Move into northern French Indochina (Sep 1940)

Berlin-Rome-Tokyo Axis formed (Tripartite Pact, Sep 1940)

Events

December 7, 1941 US Pacific Fleet attacked at Pearl Harbor

Instruments of National Power

Diplomacy

Information

Military

Economic Power

Resolve

What did the Japanese miss?

Resolve

Lesson 13

WW II – 1940: Fall of France & Battle of Britain

Events

September 3, 1939 Britain, France declare war on Germany

“Phony war” begins

Germany invades Denmark & Norway

Germany invades Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg

April 9, 1940

May 10, 1940

Chamberlain resigns *Churchill becomes PM *

September 1, 1939 Germany invades Poland

Britain occupies Iceland *

* Not related to invasion

German Halt at Dunkirk

German army had little amphibious experience

• Looked at the Channel as a barrier

• Didn’t believe British could possibly get away

Panzer units arrived well ahead of the infantry

• Were exhausted, out of supply

• Called halt to rest, resupply, allow infantry to catch up

Luftwaffe hadn’t gotten much credit in battle

• Asked for and received permission to destroy BEF

British saw Channel as a highway - organized evacuation

Miracle of Dunkirk

300,000+ rescued

Equipment abandoned

Events

September 3, 1939 Britain, France declare war on Germany

“Phony war” begins

Germany invades Denmark & Norway

Germany invades Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg

April 9, 1940

May 10, 1940

September 1, 1939 Germany invades Poland

May 27-29, 1940 Evacuation of Dunkirk

June 4-22, 1940 Battle of France

June 22, 1940 France Surrenders

Operation Sealion

* The Royal Navy had to be eliminated. * The Royal Air Force (RAF) air strength had to be eliminated. * British coastal defenses had to be destroyed. * British submarine action against landing forces had to be prevented.

Germans began planning for invasion in November 1939

Initial criteria for success:

How to overcome a numerical disadvantage

Battle of Britain

British Challenge:

ClimaxSeptember 15, 1940

Massive daylight raid on London

• Largest to date

56 German aircraft lost versus 28 RAF fighters

Germans switched to night raids on cities

Considered the turning point of the battle

RAF used every fighter in 11 Group (no reserves)

Battle of Britain

Factors

British use of radar (command & control)

German underestimation of RAF strength

British “home field” advantage

German loss of focus (Change of Objective)

Lesson 14

WW II -- Unrestricted Submarine Warfareand the Second Battle of the Atlantic

Allied Strategy

• Protect existing shipping

• Build to replace shipping losses, expand fleet

• Go on the offensive against the U-boats

Battle of the Atlantic

Allied Strategy

• Protect existing shipping• Employ convoy system immediately

• Increase escort capability

Allied Strategy

• Protect existing shipping

• Build to replace shipping losses, expand fleet • Expand US shipbuilding industry

• Apply mass production techniques to shipbuilding

Allied Strategy

• Protect existing shipping

• Build to replace shipping losses, expand fleet

• Go on the offensive against the U-boats• Improve intelligence on U-boat operations

• Close Mid-Atlantic Gap

• Develop Hunter-Killer teams

Hunter-Killer Team

Lesson 15

WW II – The Axis Advances

Germany Turns East

The Battle for Russia

Hitler’s Rationale

Hitler regarded the Soviet Union and Bolshevism as the greatest threat to Germany

He felt that the weakness of the Red Army created the best possible opportunity to eliminate this threat

• Rejected (or ignored) the possibility of two-front war

Operation BarbarossaJune 22, 1941

Initial Germany Plan

Battle of StalingradAugust 1942 - February 1943

Fatal Distraction?

German Grand Strategy

German Grand Strategy

German-Soviet War

Until June 1944

• Soviet Union bore main thrust of German army

• Stalin pressed for Second Front

Soviet Losses

The Soviet war effort was so overwhelming that impartial historians of the future are unlikely to rate the British and American contribution to the European theatre as much more than a sound supporting role.

Norman DaviesEurope at War, 1939-1945

Quoted by Benjamin Schwarz“Stalin's Gift”The Atlantic, May 2007

Significance

Operation BarbarossaGerman Invasion of the Soviet Union

The classic example of the cost of not learning the lessons of history

Summary

Lesson 16

WW II: The Pacific:America Enters the War

Japanese Situation

1936: Army began to gain upper hand in government of Japan

Goal: Make Japan preeminent in Asia

Objectives:

• Conquer China

• Expand into SE Asia for bases & raw materials

• Strengthen military

• Build war industry

• Improve air & sea transportation

Ref: Morton: Japans Decision for War Return to Japan’s Decision

Japanese Situation

Driving Concern: Make Japan self sufficient

Morton: Japans Decision for War

US, Britain, Netherlands control Japan’s oil

(particularly in oil)

Problem:

Japanese Options

Move North: Attack Soviet Union

Move South: Invade East Indies

Reach Accommodation with US

Morton: Japans Decision for War

Timeline

1910

1921

1931

1932

1936: Nov 25

1937: Jul 7

Nov 6

Dec 12

Japan colonizes Korea

League of Nations awards Japan control of former German possessions in Micronesia

Japan invades Manchuria

Japan establishes a puppet state, Manchukuo, in Manchuria

Japan & Germany sign Anti-Comintern Pact

Japan provokes incident with China, declares war

Italy joins Germany, Japan in Anti-Comintern Pact

Japanese planes sink gunboat USS Panay inYangtze River

Ken Polsson: Chronology of World War II

Timeline

1937: Dec 14

1938: May 17

May 28

Nov 18

1939: Jul 26

Aug

Sep

Ludlow Amendment introduced in Congress

• Proposed Constitutional amendment to require popular referendum prior to entry into war

US Naval Expansion Act

• Goal: Full-strength two-ocean navy in 10 years

Japanese cabinet increases military presence

Japan: New Order in East Asia replaces Open Door

US: Will not renew 1911 trade pact with Japan

Japanese forces defeated by Soviets at Khalkin Gol (Manchuria)

War in Europe begins

Ken Polsson: Chronology of World War II

Timeline

1940: Jul

Jul 25

Aug

Sep

Sep 26

Sep 27

Nov 11

New Japanese government discusses ways to exploit weakness of European powers in Asia

Roosevelt announces restrictions on shipment of petroleum & scrap iron to Japan

US analysts crack Japanese codes

Japan occupies northern French Indochina

US embargoes shipment of av gas, scrap iron, steel to Japan

Japan, Germany, Italy sign Tripartite Pact

Royal Navy aircraft attack Italian fleet at Taranto, Italy

Ken Polsson: Chronology of World War II

Timeline

1941: Jul 24

Jul 26

Oct 17

Nov 20

Japan occupies all of French Indochina

US freezes all Japanese assets in US *

General Hideki Tojo becomes Japanese Premier

Sec State Hull, Japanese Ambassador Nomora begin talks: nations exchange final positions

Ken Polsson: Chronology of World War II

* Key turning point

Timeline

1941: Nov 25

Nov 27

Dec 1

Dec 1

Dec 4

Dec 7

Japanese naval task force sails for Hawaii

US Pacific commanders warned to expect war at any time with attack likely in Philippines of SE Asia

Japan rejects US counter but asks to continue talks

Japanese naval task force directed to proceed with attack on Pearl Harbor, subject to recall

US intercepts coded Japanese message indicating attack on US assets imminent

0755: Attack on US forces on Oahu begins

The US and the Coming of World War II

Japan’s Decision for War

Japan’s Objective:

Shortage of oil was the key to Japan's Grand Strategy

Major consideration in preparing for war

Key reason for going to war

, yet

“Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere”

Preeminence in Asia

Japan’s Decision for War

Japanese Strategy

• Neutralize US Pacific fleet and threats from the Philippines

Felt US would be unwilling to pay cost of overcoming these defenses

Felt US would compromise, allow Japan the dominant position in Asia

• Establish defensive perimeter

• Use new resources to build capability to defend indefinitely

Japan’s Decision for War

Japanese Miscalculations

Calculated Risk or Risky Calculation?

One man’s limited war may be another man’s total war

Did not anticipate US reaction to Pearl Harbor attack

Assumed US would accept Japan’s limited war objectives

Assumed Japan could keep the war limited

Attack on Pearl Harbor

Breaks in our favor:

Two aircraft carriers at sea

Submarines, fuel stores not attacked

Repair facilities left intact

Lesson 17

WW II -- Combined Bombing Offensive

Total War

… and thus become legitimate military targets

Total war: one in which the whole population and all the resources of the combatants are committed to complete victory

Hugh BichenoOxford Companion to Military History

… and rules of war are ignored.

Automatic

Daylight, high-altitude precision bombing against specific industrial targets

Targeting Philosophy

U.S.:

Together: Combined Bomber Offensive

British: Night area-bombing of cities

Strategic BombingChallenge

Selecting the most productive target setsInitially

• U-boat facilities

After June 1943

• Fighter aircraft

• Ball bearings

• Petroleum

Prior to D-Day

• Transportation

Critique of Bombing Campaign

Established a “Second Front”

Precision bombing: results disappointing

Impact on morale: ultimately telling

• German experience different from British during Blitz

"Bombing appreciably affected the German will to resist. Its main psychological effects were defeatism, fear, hopelessness, fatalism, and apathy. It did little to stiffen resistance through the arousing of aggressive emotions of hate and anger. War weariness, willingness to surrender, loss of hope in German victory, distrust of leaders, feelings of disunity, and demoralizing fear were all more common among bombed than among unbombed people."

US Strategic Bombing Survey, European War

Critique of Bombing Campaign

Established a “Second Front”

Precision bombing: results disappointing

Impact on morale: ultimately telling

Impact on war production• German production increased through mid-1944

• Late decision to mobilization

• Fighter production displaced bombers

• 85% of US bombs were dropped after D-day

• Influenced final ground war after January 1945Phillip S. MeilingerBogus charges Against AirpowerAir Force magazine, September 2002

WW II -- Amphibious Warfare:The Normandy Campaign

Lesson 18

Dieppe Raid19 August 1942

Attempt to prove capability to seize and hold a port

Secondary:

• Gather intelligence and capture material

• Study German responses

• Draw the Luftwaffe into open battle

Lessons from Dieppe

Need:

• Specialized vehicles

• Increased fire support

• Specialized landing craft

• Alternative to capturing a port

Mulberry Harbor

Nando Times

PLUTO

Isle of Wight

Isle of Wight to Normandy

1.3 million gallons per day

Pipeline Under the Ocean

Role of Airborne Forces

Protect the flanks of the of the seaborne invasion Capture and hold bridges, key road junctions

Robert Capa – National Archives

Weather

Weather was Eisenhower’s biggest concern on D-Day

Operation already had been postponed from June 5th

• Forces had been briefed, loaded, deployments begun

Lesson 19

WW II -- End of the War in Europe

Attacking GermanyThe Plan

British - Montgomery

US - Patton

Attacking GermanyThe First Problem: Logistics

Only Ports

September 1944

Logistics Challenges

Only operational ports: Cherbourg & Normandy beaches

Supply lines stretched over hundreds of miles

• Not enough trucks to fill pipeline and provide needed supplies

Units in combat required huge amounts of material• One division in combat required 700-750 tons/day

• Average of 28 divisions north of the Seine after Paris liberated

Problem: How to deliver the goods with the trucks available?

Red Ball Express

Convoy System to expedite delivery of supplies

Solution: Change the Process

Attacking GermanyProblem: Who gets the supplies?

British - Montgomery

US - Patton

Operation Market-Garden

Combined (US-British) attempt to flank the Siegfried Line

• Operation Market: airborne assault to secure bridges

• Operation Garden: ground ops to relieve airborne within 4 days

17–25 September 1944

Market-GardenAfter Thoughts

Underlined the precarious nature of all airborne assaults

Major considerations:Airlift available for initial insertion & resupply

Likelihood of timely relief by ground forces

Intelligence

Availability of fire support (organic or air)

WEATHER

Success = Good Planning & Luck!

Western EuropeDecember 1944

Average Daily Tonnage Offloaded: Channel Ports: 18,450 Antwerp: 16,600

Battle of the BulgeSituation, December 1944Objective of German Counteroffensive

Primary Objective: Capture port of Antwerp

16 December 1944 – 26 January 1945

Battle of the Bulge16 December 1944 – 28 January 1945

Fall of Germany

Lesson 21

WW II: The Pacific War

Dark DaysWinter – Spring 1942

Guam, Wake Island overrun

Philippines attacked, near collapse

British lost Hong Kong, Singapore

Dutch lost East Indies

Doolittle Raid

America needed something to raise national morale

Solution:

• Meld the two!

• Desired to strike at Japanese heartland

Dilemma:

• No bases close enough for land-based bombers

• Too risky for carrier-based air

Doolittle RaidSignificance

American morale soared

Japanese recalled fighter forces to protect home islands

Most important: Japanese recognized need to extend defensive perimeter

• Decided to attack Midway

Battle of the Coral Sea4-8 May 1942

Carrier Lexington lost

Carrier Yorktown damaged (Japanese thought she had sunk)

Japanese lose carrier Shoho; two others damaged

Tactical victory for Japan

• Sank more tonnage

Strategic victory for US

• Stopped Japanese advance on Australia

Midway

Midway Attack Force (four carriers)

Aleutian Diversion Force(two carriers)

Japanese Plan

Battle of Midway

Losses:• Japan: 4 carriers, 1 cruiser

• US: 1 carrier (Yorktown), 1 destroyer

Significance:• High water mark for Japan

• Never recovered carrier, aircrew losses

Consequences

In the two years following Midway, Japanese shipyards managed to launch only six additional fleet carriers.

The US in that same period added 17… along with 10 light carriers and 86 escort carriers.

Lesson 21

WW II: Unconditional Surrender

US Strategy

Isolate Japan

Roll back defensive perimeter

• Southwestern Pacific

• Central Pacific

Destroy industrial capability, will to fight

Invade home islands

Review

Maps.com

US Strategy

Roll back defensive perimeterRoll back defensive perimeter

Isolate JapanIsolate Japan

Destroy industrial power, willDestroy industrial power, willInvadeInvade

Submarine Campaign

Japanese Cruiser

““We shall never forget that it was our submarines that We shall never forget that it was our submarines that held the lines against the enemy while our fleets held the lines against the enemy while our fleets replaced losses and repaired woundsreplaced losses and repaired wounds””

- Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, 1947- Fleet Admiral Chester Nimitz, 1947

Strategy to Isolate Japan

Submarine Campaign

Impact

Japanese merchant shipping loses crippled industrial support for their war effort

Shipping and naval losses restricted Japanese abilities to support deployed forces

Submarines allowed US to attack Japanese power early in war at relatively little cost

Chief of Naval Operations, Submarine Warfare Divisionhttp://www.chinfo.navy.mil/navpalib/cno/n87/history/pac-campaign.html

Island Hopping

History Animated

May 42 – Aug 45

Nov 43 – Feb 44

Jun-Aug 44

Feb-Mar 45

= Bypassed Japanese Bases

Rabaul

Strategy to Roll Back Japanese Defenses

Two Routes to Japan

Bombing of Japan

Guam

Tinian

Saipan

Strategy to Destroy Japanese Industrial Power, Will

Iwo JimaStrategic Importance

Deny its use to Japanese interceptors

Provide base for US escort fighters

Serve as emergency field for damaged B-29s

Operation Downfall

US Military Academy

Phase I

Phase II

Strategy to Invade Japan

HiroshimaAugust 6, 1945

A-bomb attacks alleviated need for invasion

The A-Bomb:Development & Deployment

Little Boy

Gun-Triggered Fission Bomb

Dropped on Hiroshima

Fat Man

Implosion-Triggered Fission Bomb

Dropped on Nagasaki