evolution of the tetrapods. vertebrates the origin of tetrapods the first vertebrates on land were...
TRANSCRIPT
Evolution of the TetrapodsEvolution of the Tetrapods
Evolution of the TetrapodsEvolution of the Tetrapods
VertebratesVertebrates
The Origin of TetrapodsThe Origin of Tetrapods The first vertebrates on land were The first vertebrates on land were
amphibians in the Devonian (400 mya)amphibians in the Devonian (400 mya) Arose from the rhipidistian (a family of Arose from the rhipidistian (a family of
lobed finned fish) (based on morhpology) lobed finned fish) (based on morhpology) or a lungfish (DNA)or a lungfish (DNA)
Origin of Origin of TetrapodsTetrapods
Origin of TetrapodsOrigin of Tetrapods
ClassificationClassification
Phylum: ChordataPhylum: Chordata Subphylum: VertebrataSubphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: GnathostomataSuperclass: Gnathostomata Class: AmphibiaClass: Amphibia
– Order: Urodela (Salamanders)Order: Urodela (Salamanders)– Order: Anurans (Frogs and Toads)Order: Anurans (Frogs and Toads)– Order: Apodans (Caecilians)Order: Apodans (Caecilians)
Class: AmphibiaClass: Amphibia Two lives Two lives
– refers to metamorphosis of many frogsrefers to metamorphosis of many frogs Skin smooth and moist (cutaneous Skin smooth and moist (cutaneous
respiration)respiration) _____ chambered heart with a double _____ chambered heart with a double
circulation systemcirculation system MesolecithalMesolecithal eggs with jelly-like eggs with jelly-like
membranemembrane
3
Order: UrodelaOrder: Urodela
400 species400 species SalamandersSalamanders Retain their tail as Retain their tail as
adultsadults Limbs are at right Limbs are at right
angles to the bodyangles to the body CarnivorousCarnivorous Most have Most have internalinternal
fertilization using a fertilization using a __________________________
Axolotl - Axolotl - paedomorphosispaedomorphosisSpermatophore
Order: AnuransOrder: Anurans 3500 species3500 species Frogs and ToadsFrogs and Toads Lose their tail as Lose their tail as
adultsadults Hind limbs are Hind limbs are
adapted for jumpingadapted for jumping Tongue connected to Tongue connected to
front of mouthfront of mouth Secrete mucusSecrete mucus __________ Fertilization__________ FertilizationExternal
Order: ApodansOrder: Apodans
150 species150 species CaeciliansCaecilians Legless and blindLegless and blind Mostly TropicalMostly Tropical __________ __________
FertilizationFertilization Usually give birth Usually give birth
to live young.to live young.
Internal
Gas Gas ExchangeExchange
Conditions for Respiratory Conditions for Respiratory SurfacesSurfaces
Large surface areaLarge surface area ThinThin MoistMoist
Aquatic vs. TerrestrialAquatic vs. Terrestrial Less than ____% Less than ____%
oxygenoxygen Oxygen amounts Oxygen amounts
decrease as the decrease as the temperature temperature increasesincreases
Aquatic animals Aquatic animals use large amounts use large amounts of energy to obtain of energy to obtain oxygen (____%)oxygen (____%)
About _____% About _____% oxygenoxygen
Developed Developed invaginations to invaginations to increase surface increase surface area and decrease area and decrease evaporationevaporation
Terrestrial animals Terrestrial animals may use only 1% - may use only 1% - 2% of its energy to 2% of its energy to obtain oxygenobtain oxygen
1 21
20
Respiratory SurfacesRespiratory Surfaces
Cutaneous RespirationCutaneous Respiration GillsGills Tracheal SystemsTracheal Systems LungsLungs
Cutaneous RespirationCutaneous Respiration
Direct diffusion of gases between the Direct diffusion of gases between the organism and the environmentorganism and the environment
Found in Porifera, Cnidarians, Found in Porifera, Cnidarians, Platyhelminthes, nematodes, Platyhelminthes, nematodes, Annelids, and some AmphibiansAnnelids, and some Amphibians
Supplements other organisms Supplements other organisms (amphibians)(amphibians)
GillsGills Found in echino-Found in echino-
derms, mollusks, derms, mollusks, annelids, annelids, arthropods, some arthropods, some vertebratesvertebrates
Countercurrent Countercurrent Gas ExchangeGas Exchange
Countercurrent Gas ExchangeCountercurrent Gas Exchange Maintains gradient over the whole length of Maintains gradient over the whole length of
the capillariesthe capillaries Extracts ____% of the oxygen from the Extracts ____% of the oxygen from the
waterwater80
Tracheal SystemsTracheal Systems Found in arthropodsFound in arthropods TracheaeTracheae
– open tubesopen tubes SpiraclesSpiracles
– openingsopenings TracheolesTracheoles
– contact with cellscontact with cells MuscleMuscle
– increase amount of increase amount of Carbon Dioxide removedCarbon Dioxide removed
Tracheal SystemsTracheal Systems
Diffusion LungsDiffusion Lungs
Found in invertebratesFound in invertebrates Gas moved primarily by diffusionGas moved primarily by diffusion
– may be increased by body movementmay be increased by body movement ModificationsModifications
– snails - cavity with gill modified into lungsnails - cavity with gill modified into lung– scorpions and spiders - invaginations of scorpions and spiders - invaginations of
the abdomen the abdomen
Ventilation Ventilation LungsLungs
Found in Found in amphibians, amphibians, reptiles, mammals reptiles, mammals and birdsand birds
PharynxPharynx LarynxLarynx TracheaTrachea BronchiBronchi BronchiolesBronchioles AlveoliAlveoli
AlveoliAlveoli
Ventilating The LungsVentilating The Lungs _______ Pressure _______ Pressure
BreathingBreathing– pushes air down pushes air down
tracheatrachea– seen in frogs and seen in frogs and
other other amphibiansamphibians
________ Pressure ________ Pressure BreathingBreathing– suction created suction created
by diaphragmby diaphragm– seen in seen in
mammalsmammals
Positive Negative
Negative Pressure BreathingNegative Pressure Breathing
Evolution of the _________ EggEvolution of the _________ Egg
Allows animals to complete their Allows animals to complete their entire life cycle on landentire life cycle on land
Has shell that retains water (or is lost Has shell that retains water (or is lost when kept inside mammals)when kept inside mammals)
Specialized extraembryonic Specialized extraembryonic membranes (not part of the animal)membranes (not part of the animal)
Amniotic
The Amniotic Egg
Evolution of the Amniotic EggEvolution of the Amniotic Egg
Amnion - Protects from dehydration Amnion - Protects from dehydration and mechanical shockand mechanical shock
Yolk Sac - Nutrient storageYolk Sac - Nutrient storage Albumin (egg white) - Nutrient Albumin (egg white) - Nutrient
storagestorage Allantois - stores waste, gas Allantois - stores waste, gas
exchangeexchange Chorion - gas exchangeChorion - gas exchange
AmniotesAmniotes
AmniotesAmniotes
How Reptiles differ from How Reptiles differ from AmphibiansAmphibians
Tough, dry skinTough, dry skin Amniotic eggAmniotic egg Crushing or Crushing or
gripping jawsgripping jaws Copulatory organsCopulatory organs More efficient More efficient
circulatory system circulatory system with a higher blood with a higher blood pressurepressure
More developed More developed lungs (thoracic lungs (thoracic breathing)breathing)
Better water Better water conservationconservation
Better body Better body support and limbssupport and limbs
Better nervous Better nervous systemsystem
ClassificationClassification
Phylum: ChordataPhylum: Chordata Subphylum: VertebrataSubphylum: Vertebrata Superclass: GnathostomataSuperclass: Gnathostomata Class: Reptilia (not real)Class: Reptilia (not real)
– Class: Testudines (Turtles and Tortoises)Class: Testudines (Turtles and Tortoises)– Class: Spenodontia (Tuataras)Class: Spenodontia (Tuataras)– Class: Squamata (Lizards and Snakes)Class: Squamata (Lizards and Snakes)– Class: Crocodilia (Crocodiles and Class: Crocodilia (Crocodiles and
Alligators)Alligators)
Reptile Reptile RadiationRadiation
Synapsids Synapsids (therapsids) - (therapsids) - led to led to mammalsmammals
SauropsidsSauropsids– _________ _________
(turtles)(turtles)– _________ (all _________ (all
others)others)
Anapsid
Diapsid
Class: Testudines (Chelonia)Class: Testudines (Chelonia) Protective ShellProtective Shell
– Carapace (top)Carapace (top)– Plastron (bottom)Plastron (bottom)
Land and Sea -Land and Sea -Evolved on land Evolved on land and returned to and returned to water (lay eggs water (lay eggs on land)on land) Largest,
Leatherback Sea Turtle (2,000 lbs!)
Class: Testudines (Chelonia)Class: Testudines (Chelonia)
No _____No _____ Most move legs Most move legs
to breathe to breathe TDS (low:male TDS (low:male
high:female)high:female)
teeth
Class: SphenodontiaClass: Sphenodontia ______________________
– Two living speciesTwo living species
(New Zealand)(New Zealand)– Not a True Lizard Not a True Lizard
(no external ears, (no external ears, different teeth)different teeth)
– Very Primitive Very Primitive (similar to (similar to mesozoic reptilesmesozoic reptiles
– Well developed Well developed eye below skin?eye below skin?
Tuataras
Class: SquamataClass: Squamata LizardsLizards
– geckos, iguanas, geckos, iguanas, skinks, chameleonsskinks, chameleons
terrestrial, burrowing, terrestrial, burrowing, aquatic, arborealaquatic, arboreal
moveable eyelids (in moveable eyelids (in most)most)
Paired copulatory Paired copulatory organsorgans
Class: SquamataClass: Squamata Tongue usually not Tongue usually not
bifurcatedbifurcated Lower jaw loosely Lower jaw loosely
connected to skullconnected to skull TSD (female to male)TSD (female to male) ____________________________Parthenogenesis
Class: SquamataClass: Squamata
Class: SquamataClass: Squamata
Class: SquamataClass: Squamata
Class: SquamataClass: Squamata
Gila MonsterGila Monster – –
• One of two One of two poisonous lizardspoisonous lizards
• Protein in saliva Protein in saliva studied to treat studied to treat diabetes.diabetes.
Class: SquamataClass: Squamata SnakesSnakes Lack limbsLack limbs Lack moveable Lack moveable
eyelidseyelids
Class: SquamataClass: Squamata
Bifurcated tongue Bifurcated tongue _________ organ_________ organ Pit Vipers (Loreal Pit Vipers (Loreal
Pits)Pits)
Jacobson’s
Class: SquamataClass: Squamata
VenomVenom– ViperidaeViperidae (Folding (Folding
Fangs)Fangs) RattlesnakesRattlesnakes
– ElapidaeElapidae (Fixed (Fixed Front Fangs)Front Fangs)
Cobras, Sea Snakes, Cobras, Sea Snakes, Coral SnakesCoral Snakes
– neurotoxicneurotoxic– hemotoxichemotoxic
Class: SquamataClass: Squamata
Class: SquamataClass: Squamata
Class: SquamataClass: Squamata
Feeding Feeding AdaptationsAdaptations
Teeth curved and pointed inwardTeeth curved and pointed inward Hinged __________ boneHinged __________ bone Bones of jaw are attached by Bones of jaw are attached by
muscles and ligamentsmuscles and ligaments Moveable palateMoveable palate Elastic skinElastic skin No sternumNo sternum
Quadrate
Class: CrocodiliaClass: Crocodilia Largest living Largest living reptilesreptiles
Most closely Most closely related to related to dinosaursdinosaurs
Complete Complete secondary ________secondary ________
Four chambered Four chambered heart (?)heart (?)
Nest temperature Nest temperature (female/male)(female/male)
palate
Dinosaurs and PterosaursDinosaurs and Pterosaurs
Dinosaurs Dinosaurs – OrnithischianOrnithischian– SaurischianSaurischian– PterosaursPterosaurs– flying reptilesflying reptiles
Animal Structure Animal Structure and Functionand Function
(4(4thth exam) exam)
Animal NutritionAnimal Nutrition
Nutritional Nutritional RequirementsRequirements
UndernourishedUndernourished– not enough not enough
caloriescalories OvernourishedOvernourished
– too many caloriestoo many calories ________________________
– missing one or missing one or more essential more essential nutrientsnutrients
Malnourished
Essential NutrientsEssential Nutrients
Essential Amino AcidsEssential Amino Acids Essential Fatty AcidsEssential Fatty Acids Essential VitaminsEssential Vitamins Essential MineralsEssential Minerals
Essential Amino AcidsEssential Amino Acids
Found in proteinsFound in proteins– 20 different types20 different types
8 essential in adult 8 essential in adult humans (9 infants)humans (9 infants)
all in animal proteinsall in animal proteins vegetarians need to vegetarians need to
eat grains and beanseat grains and beans
__________ – Essential in infantsHistidine
Essential Fatty AcidsEssential Fatty Acids
Unsaturated fatty acidsUnsaturated fatty acids– used to make phospholipids for used to make phospholipids for
membranesmembranes
Essential VitaminsEssential Vitamins
Fat SolubleFat Soluble– stored in fatstored in fat– ______________________
Water SolubleWater Soluble– excreted in urineexcreted in urine– B complex and CB complex and C
D, A, K, E
Essential MineralsEssential Minerals
Inorganic nutrientsInorganic nutrients– Calcium & PhosphorousCalcium & Phosphorous
bonesbones
– IronIronanemiaanemia
– IodineIodinethyroid hormonesthyroid hormones
– Sodium, Chlorine, & PotassiumSodium, Chlorine, & Potassiumnerve function, water regulationnerve function, water regulation
Food TypesFood Types
HeterotrophicHeterotrophic– HerbivoresHerbivores– CarnivoresCarnivores– OmnivoresOmnivores– InsectivoresInsectivores
Feeding AdaptationsFeeding Adaptations
Suspension Suspension FeedersFeeders
Feeding AdaptationsFeeding Adaptations
Substrate FeedersSubstrate Feeders
Feeding AdaptationsFeeding Adaptations
Fluid FeedersFluid Feeders
Feeding AdaptationsFeeding Adaptations
Bulk FeedersBulk Feeders
Intracellular DigestionIntracellular Digestion
Inside cellsInside cells All animalsAll animals Exclusive in:Exclusive in:
– ProtistaProtista– PoriferaPorifera
Extracellular DigestionExtracellular Digestion
Outside cellsOutside cells All animals above the spongesAll animals above the sponges Two TypesTwo Types
– __________________________________– __________________________________
Gastrovascular CavityAlimentary Canal
Gastrovascular Gastrovascular CavityCavity
One openingOne opening Found in Found in
Cnidaria and Cnidaria and PlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthes
Alimentary CanalAlimentary Canal
Two openingsTwo openings Allows for specializationAllows for specialization
– MouthMouth– PharynxPharynx– EsophagusEsophagus– CropCrop– GizzardGizzard– StomachStomach– IntestineIntestine– AnusAnus
Mammalian DigestionMammalian Digestion Accessory GlandsAccessory Glands
– salivary glandssalivary glands– pancreaspancreas– liver (emulsification)liver (emulsification)– gallbladdergallbladder
Peristalsis Peristalsis SphinctersSphincters ““Food”Food”
– bolusbolus– acid chymeacid chyme– fecesfeces
Macromolecule DigestionMacromolecule Digestion
Carbo Protein NucleicAcids
Fat
Mouth Initial
Stomach Initial
Intestine Main Main InitialMain
InitialMain
Dentition and Dentition and DietDiet
Nonmammal Nonmammal vertebratesvertebrates
CarnivoresCarnivores– canines canines
(grasping/puncturing)(grasping/puncturing)– incisors (tearing)incisors (tearing)– molars and premolarsmolars and premolars
(crushing and grinding)(crushing and grinding)
HerbivoresHerbivores OmnivoresOmnivores
Digestive TractsDigestive Tracts
CarnivoresCarnivores– ________ ________
digestive digestive systemsystem
– small small cecumcecum
HerbivoresHerbivores– ________ ________
digestive digestive systemsystem
– large cecumlarge cecum
shorter
Longer