EVOLUTION

OF PRIMITIVE

DWELLINGS

Prof. Crisencio Paner, MSc.

PREHISTORIC DWELLINGS Early humans are often thought of as dwelling in

caves, largely because that is where we find traces of them.

The flints they used, the bones they gnawed, even their own bones - these lurk for ever in a cave but get scattered or demolished elsewhere.

Primitive cave dwelling, Dar al Uqur Road, Jabal Shams

PREHISTORIC DWELLINGS

Caves are winter shelter.

On a summer's day, which of us chooses to remain inside? The response of our ancestors seems to have been the same.

But living outside, with the freedom to roam widely for the purposes of hunting and gathering, suggests the need for at least a temporary shelter.

And this, even at the simplest level, means the beginning of something approaching architecture.

PREHISTORIC DWELLINGS The modern history of the cave homes in Spain's

northern Andalucia stretches back hundreds of years.

If you wander the hills and valleys surrounding Galera you will be amazed to see just how many abandoned cave houses there are.

Just forty years ago almost all of these rather primitive dwellings were inhabited and it is only since then that they have been abandoned.

PREHISTORIC DWELLINGS Confronted with the need for a shelter against sun

or rain, the natural instinct is to lean some form of

protective shield against a support - a leafy

branch, for example, against the trunk of a tree.

PREHISTORIC DWELLINGS

If there is no tree trunk available, the branches

can be leant against each other, creating the

inverted V-shape of a natural tent.

The bottom of each branch will need some support

to hold it firm on the ground.

Maybe a ring of stones.

Large Yakut conical birch bark summer tent similar to ancient

Yakut Urasa

PREHISTORIC DWELLINGS

The first reliable traces of human dwellings, found from as early as 30,000 years ago, follow precisely these logical principles.

There is often a circular or oval ring of stones, with evidence of local materials being used for a tent-like roof.

Prehistoric home unearthed in Scotland

circular or oval ring of stones

PREHISTORIC DWELLINGS Such materials may be reeds daubed with mud in

wet areas; or, in the open plains, mammoth bones and tusks lashed together to support a covering of hides.

A good example of such an encampment, from about 25,000 years ago, has been found at Dolni Vestonice in eastern Europe.

Early encampment at Dolni Vestonice

FROM TENTS TO ROUND HOUSES: 8000 BC Once human beings settle down to the business of

agriculture, instead of hunting and gathering,

permanent settlements become a factor of life.

The story of architecture can begin.

The tent-like structures of earlier times evolve

now into round houses.

FROM TENTS TO ROUND HOUSES: 8000 BC Jericho is usually quoted as the earliest known town.

A small settlement here evolves in about 8000 BC into a town covering 10 acres.

And the builders of Jericho have a new technology - bricks, shaped from mud and baked hard in the sun.

In keeping with a circular tradition, each brick is curved on its outer edge.

FROM TENTS TO ROUND HOUSES: 8000 BC The round tent-like house reaches a more complete form in

Khirokitia, a settlement of about 6500 BC in Cyprus.

Most of the rooms here have a dome-like roof in corbelled stone or brick.

One step up from outside, to keep out the rain, leads to several steps down into each room; seats and storage spaces are shaped into the walls; and in at least one house there is a ladder to an upper sleeping platform.

FROM TENTS TO ROUND HOUSES: 8000 BC The round house has remained a traditional

shape.

Buildings very similar to those in Khirokitia are still lived in today in parts of southern Italy, where they are known as trulli.

FROM TENTS TO ROUND HOUSES: 8000 BC

Whether it is a mud hut with a thatched roof in tribal Africa, or an igloo of the Eskimo, the circle remains the obvious form in which to build a roofed house from the majority of natural materials.

STRAIGHT WALLS WITH WINDOWS: 6500 BC But straight lines and rectangles have proved of more

practical use.

One of the best preserved neolithic towns is Catal Huyuk, covering some 32 acres in southern Turkey.

Here the houses are rectangular, with windows but no doors. They adjoin each other, like cells in a honeycomb, and the entrance to each is through the roof.

ICE AGE TENT Reconstructions of Ukrainian shelters depict a low

domical shape covered with animal skins and the tent

is restrained by heaped mammoth bones.

Later shelters are crude teepees reminiscent of those

used by present day reindeer herders in Northern

Asia.

Mousterian domical shelter comprising a wood frame

covered with skins (44,000 years old).

ICE AGE TENT The support structure of the Keti is of particular

interest because it consists of a two-pole

foundation with two additional poles, one on

either side of the entrance, a single pole at the

back and two rings, one at bench height and

another at head height.

ICE AGE TENT A kibitka is a tent of the nomad tribes of the

Kirghiz Tartars.

The frame consists of twelve stakes, each 6.5 feet

high, set up in a circle 12 feet in diameter on

which is laid a wheel-shaped roof-frame,

consisting also of twelve stakes, united at one

extremity but free at the other, so that the stakes

radiate like spokes.

ICE AGE TENT The whole is covered with thick cloth made of

sheep's wool, with the exception of an aperture

in the centre for the escape of smoke.

The door is formed by the removal of a stake.

HUT A hut is a structure of a lower quality than a

house (durable, well built dwelling) but higher

quality than a shelter (place of refuge or safety)

such as a tent and is used as temporary or

seasonal shelter or in primitive societies as a

permanent dwelling .

Early Japanese hut

HUT Huts are vernacular architecture in that they are built

of readily available materials such as wood, snow, ice,

stone, grass, palm leaves, branches, hides, fabric,

and/or mud using techniques passed down through the

generations.

Huts exist in practically all nomadic cultures.

Some huts are transportable and can stand most

conditions of weather.

Huts may be built on the ground, underground or in-

between.

Early English hut

TYPES OF HUTS The nipa hut also known as bahay kubo, is an

indigenous house used in the Philippines.

The native house has traditionally been

constructed with bamboo tied together and

covered with a thatched roof using nipa/anahaw

leaves.

TYPES OF HUTS Nipa huts were the native houses of the indigenous

people of the Philippines before the Spaniards arrived.

They are still used today, especially in rural areas.

Different architectural designs are present among the different ethnolinguistic groups in the country, although

all of them conform to being stilt houses, similar to those

found in neighboring countries such as Indonesia,

Malaysia, and other countries of Southeast Asia.

TYPES OF HUTS A nipa hut is an icon of Philippine culture as it

represents the Filipino value of bayanihan,

which refers to a spirit of communal unity or

effort to achieve a particular objective.

TYPES OF HUTS

Barabara - An earth sheltered winter home of

the Aleut people

TYPES OF HUTS

Bothy - Originally a one room hut for men

farm workers in the United Kingdom, now a

mountain hut for overnight hikers.

TYPES OF HUTS

Burdei or bordei - a dugout or pit-house with a

sod roof in Ukraine, Canada

TYPES OF HUTS

Cabana - an open shelter

Choza also spelled chozo - Spanish for hut,

term also used in Mexico

Cabana hut

Choza hut

TYPES OF HUTS

Clochán - A dry stone hut in Ireland

Earth lodge - Native American dwelling

Clochan Earth lodge

TYPES OF HUTS

Hytte - A cabin or hut in Norway

Hytte hut- exterior and interior

TYPES OF HUTS

Kolba – Afghanistan

Mitato - A small, dry stone hut in Greece

Kolba Mitato

TYPES OF HUTS

Orri - A French dry stone and sod hut

Rondavel - Central and South Africa

Orri Rondavel

TYPES OF HUTS

Tipi - Central North America tent

Tule hut - Coastal North America, West Coast,

Northern California

Tipi Tule hut

TYPES OF HUTS

Quinzhee - A shelter made in a pile of snow

Yurt - Central and North Asia

Quinzhee Yurt

THANK YOU! BACKGROUND OF PROF. CRISENCIO M. PANER: •Ph.D. in Biological Science (Candidate), UST •M.S. in Microbiology, UST •B.S. Biochemistry, UST •Italian Government Scholar •College Scholar •Certificate in Education •10th Placer Licensure Exams for Teachers •20 years of experience as a teacher (College, High School, Elementary) •Expert in Internet, Computer (Software, Hardware, and Repair) •Researcher and Blogger •Art Restorer/Conservator PLS. CHECKOUT ALSO THE FOLLOWING BLOGS OF MINE: http://allaboutweightmanagement.blogspot.com

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