evolution of agriculture. agriculture defined the art, science, and business of managing the growth...
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Evolution of Evolution of AgricultureAgriculture
Agriculture DefinedAgriculture DefinedThe art, science, and business of
managing the growth of plants and animals for human use.
Agriculture DefinedAgriculture DefinedCultivation of the soilGrowing & harvesting cropsBreeding & raising livestockPacking, processing, and
marketing
World AgricultureWorld AgricultureBegan over 10,000 years agoHumans discovered the value of wild
plants and animals and domesticated and bred them◦Cereals◦Meat animals◦Poultry, fish, milk, cheese, nuts, oils,
fruits, vegetables etc
World AgricultureWorld Agriculture50% world’s labor force employed in
agriculture> 60% in Africa< 4% in USA and Canada~ 7% in Western Europe
World AgricultureWorld AgricultureAgricultural income
also comes from nonfood crops◦ Rubber◦ Fiber plants◦ Tobacco◦ Oilseeds for synthetic
chemical compounds◦ Animals for pelt
Where does rubber come Where does rubber come from?from?Rubber comes from a milky white juice
which some trees and plants have instead of sap.
This liquid, called latex, can be found in the roots, stems, branches, bark, leaves, and fruit of over 400 different plants.
Most latex, however, comes from the inner bark of the hevea, or rubber tree, of Brazil.
World AgricultureWorld Agriculture
Everyone depends on agriculture for food, income, and raw materials
Food & Agricultural Food & Agricultural Organization (FAO) Organization (FAO) of the UN concerns itself with agricultural trade and policies
Crash course!Crash course!http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Yocja_N5s1I
Four phases of AgricultureFour phases of Agriculture
1.Prehistoric2.Historical/Roman
period3.Feudal4.Scientific
Prehistoric AgriculturePrehistoric Agriculture
Started near 10,000 BC The main agricultural sites:
◦ southeast and southwest Asia (India, Iran, Iraq, Israel)
◦Nile River in Egypt◦Europe
Prehistoric AgriculturePrehistoric Agriculture
This was the age of agricultural innovations as many new tools and practices were invented due to compulsion of planting, sustaining and harvesting the crops.
Use of wooden and earthen tools Domestication of animals
The Stone Age of The Stone Age of Taiwan Taiwan
Prehistoric AgriculturePrehistoric AgricultureEarly centers of
agriculture continued◦ (China) Yellow
River◦ (India & Pakistan)
Indus River◦ (Mexico) Tehuacan
Valley, NW of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec
http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/
DomesticationDomestication
Dates of domestication vary by regions
Earliest may be ~ 10,000 BC
DomesticationDomesticationa primitive form of genetic
engineering in which certain plants and animals are brought under human control, their objectionable characteristics eliminated, their favorable ones enhanced and in the case of animals, can be induced to reproduce in captivity.
DomesticationDomesticationSheep 9000 BC (Iraq)
Cattle 6th millennium BC ( Iran)
Goats 8000 BC (Iran)
Pigs 8000 BC (Thailand)
Horses 4350 BC (Ukraine)
Llama & alpaca 3rd millennium (Andes of S America)
CropsCropsWheat & barley 8th millennium BC
(Middle East)
Millet & rice 5500 BC (China & SE Asia)
Squash 8000 BC (Mexico)
Legumes 6000 BC (Macedonia)
PastoralismPastoralismMixed farming, combining cultivation of
crops and stock raising was a common Neolithic pattern
Nomadic herders roamed steppes of Europe and Asia where the horse and camel were domesticated
Neolithic FarmersNeolithic FarmersLived in caves, sun-baked mud houses,
reed or wooden housesHouses were grouped into small villages
with surrounding fieldsGrowth of cities was stimulated by
production of surplus crops
Neolithic SettlementsNeolithic SettlementsMore permanent than camps of
hunting populationsNeeded to move periodically
◦ Soils deteriorated ◦ Practiced slash & burn in Europe
Nile settlements more permanent◦ River kept soils fertile
Historical/Roman PeriodHistorical/Roman PeriodRoughly defined from
2500 BC to 500 AD
Agriculture in ancient Rome was not only a necessity, but was idealized among the elite as a way of life.
Wheat, vineyards, olives, milk, oxen, mules, sheep, goats, wide variety of vegetables & herbs
Roman PeriodRoman Period
Trade in wine and olive oil mentioned in Egyptian records
Rye & oats in N. EuropeDates/figs important source of
sugar in Near EastCotton spun in India Linen & silk in China
Roman PeriodRoman Period
Metal tools longer lasting & more efficient◦Ox-drawn plow (iron tipped)◦Horses for work
Roman PeriodRoman Period
Irrigation in China, Egypt, & Near East◦ Allowed more land to be cultivated
Introduction of fertilizers◦ Animal manures◦ Crop rotations
Feudal AgricultureFeudal AgricultureThe feudal age of
agriculture ranges from 500 BC to 1700 AD, reaching its height near 1000 AD
The usual practice of this age was of intensive agricultural throughout Europe, middle east and southeastern Asia.
Feudal AgricultureFeudal AgricultureIrrigation extended in Egypt & SpainGrain production was sufficient in
Egypt to sell wheat internationallyIrrigation from mountain streams
increased vineyards in SpainSpain - silkworm was raised
Feudal AgricultureFeudal AgricultureManorial system
◦900 to 2000 acres◦Self-contained community◦Large home for the lord◦One or more villages as part of the manor◦Peasants were the actual farmers Raised crops and livestock and paid taxes
to the lord◦Large mill for grinding grain & vegetable
gardens
Feudal AgricultureFeudal Agriculture◦Woolen garments from sheep◦Linen textiles from flax and the oil also◦Food served in feudal castle varied
according to season & hunting ability◦Hunting done by the lord◦Castle residents ate meat from poultry,
cattle and etc produced by peasant farmers
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HCPp7XWZfHo&feature=results_video&playnext=1&list=PL5026430812B05DA2
Scientific AgricultureScientific AgricultureBy 16th century populations were
growing
This led to exploration of new methods and practices in agriculture.
It also resulted in commercial agriculture that was based solely on profit than subsistence purposes.
Scientific AgricultureScientific Agriculture
Agriculture trade assumed global proportions and many new economies thrived on specialized production of one or other agricultural products.
Scientific AgricultureScientific AgricultureColonial agriculture
◦Produce cash crops & feed home country◦Cultivation of sugar, cotton, tobacco, tea,
animals for wool and hide etc◦From 15th to 19th centuries slaves were used◦Slaves worked in Caribbean on sugar
plantations & in N America
Scientific AgricultureScientific AgricultureScientific revolution occurred from the
Renaissance and Age of Enlightenment in Europe◦Plant breeding◦Breeding cattle & sheep◦Crop rotations◦Drainage brought more land into cultivation
Scientific AgricultureScientific AgricultureLivestock breeding in
1700sLimestone on soils in late
1700sCast-iron plowSeed drill in early 1700sReaper by Cyrus
McCormick in 1831
Scientific AgricultureScientific Agriculture By late 1800s steam power replaced
animal power in drawing plows and operating threshing machinery
Science and technology developed for industrial purposes in agriculture
◦ Resulting in agribusinesses of the mid-20th century
Poisons for pests developed in 19th century
Improvements in transportation (19 & 20th)
Scientific AgricultureScientific AgricultureAfter World War II (1945)
◦Green revolution Selective breeding of
cropsDNA technology
Intensive cultivation methods
◦Machinery development
http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/
Agriculture in USAAgriculture in USA20th century
◦Steam, gasoline, diesel, electric power◦Chemical fertilizers manufactured◦Loss of soil combated◦Selected breeding of plants & animals Hybridization of corn in 1930s
◦Improvements in storage, processing, transportation & marketing
◦Chemical control of pests
Agriculture in USAAgriculture in USA In 1980s high technology
farming◦ Hybrids for many crops◦ Better methods of soil
conservation◦ Irrigation systems
improved◦ Growing use of fertilizers◦ Genetic engineering of
many crops
http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/
Modern inventionsModern inventions
The modern inventions in biotechnology and genetics that have completely changed agriculture production.
New variants of seeds and plants are manufactured in laboratories and genetically modified to suit consumption and commercial needs.
This has enabled the world to meet the food demands of for a population that is crossing 7 billion mark.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UIOwRvoOL80&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-P9WzZ3ZGF4&feature=related
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7A4oAyKOGHg&feature=related
Israel Agriculture http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kn1X7K9G_H8&feature=related