EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION

A Change in A Change in

Allele Frequency Allele Frequency

Over TimeOver Time

AA populationpopulation includes all the includes all the membersmembers ofof ONEONE speciesspecies living in a living in a

specific areaspecific areahttp://www.e-cobo.com/wallpapers/forest/forest_4.jpg

HYBRIDSHYBRIDS

TigonTigon

LigerLiger

Savannah Savannah

ZorseZorse

http://www.epou.org/hybrids.htm

Crossing overCrossing over && independentindependent assortmentassortment lead tolead to

recombinationrecombinationhttp://www.anselm.edu/homepage/jpitocch/genbio/recombvar.JPGhttp://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/images/comeiosis.gif

Adaptive RadiationAdaptive Radiationhttp://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/unity/c1x17b-finches.jpg

Geographic IsolationGeographic Isolationhttp://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_11/18_08.GIFhttp://www.agen.ufl.edu/~chyn/age2062/lect/lect_11/18_07.GIF

2 species of squirrelssquirrels separated by the Grand CanyonGrand Canyon

Reproductive IsolationReproductive Isolationhttp://faculty.southwest.tn.edu/rburkett/GB%20Properties%20of%20Life.htm

TheseThese frogsfrogs all belong to aall belong to a differentdifferent speciesspecies

PANGEAPANGEAhttp://geology.csupomona.edu/drjessey/class/Gsc101/pangea.gif

~ 250 million years ago~ 250 million years ago

The HardyThe Hardy--Weinberg Weinberg PrinciplePrinciple

Gene frequencies in a population will remain CONSTANTCONSTANT as long as::

The population is The population is LARGELARGEThere is There is NO migrationNO migrationThere are There are NO mutationsNO mutationsMating is Mating is RANDOMRANDOM

http://www.umbc.edu/bioclass/biol100/powerpoints/lecture10/sld013.htm

http://www.umbc.edu/bioclass/biol100/powerpoints/lecture10/sld014.htm

An Example of the HardyAn Example of the Hardy--Weinberg Weinberg PrinciplePrinciple

http://www.umbc.edu/bioclass/biol100/powerpoints/lecture10/sld015.htm

http://www.umbc.edu/bioclass/biol100/powerpoints/lecture10/sld016.htm

Another Example of the HardyAnother Example of the Hardy--Weinberg PrincipleWeinberg Principle

Gradualism Gradualism vsvs. Punctuated . Punctuated EquilibriumEquilibrium

http://www.biol.andrews.edu/fb/spring/chap.24/2413.jpghttp://intranet.landmark.edu/blord/bio101/power_point/evolution_files/slide0001_image002.jpg

http://www.algonet.se/~tourtel/hovind_seminar/seminar_part4b.html

Current Examples of Current Examples of EvolutionEvolution

http://www.scienceinafrica.co.za/pics/07_2005/mosquito.jpghttp://www.news.wisc.edu/newsphotos/images/Petri_dish96_10.jpg

http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/4/biology/abpi/history/images/antibiotic.jpghttp://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/livestock/animalcare/amr/facts/04-081f1.jpg

DDT-resistant mosquitoesDDT-resistant mosquitoes

Penicillin-resistant bacteriaPenicillin-resistant bacteria

Industrial MelanismIndustrial Melanismhttp://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2001_gbio/folder_structure/ev/m2/s1/assets/images/evm2s1_8.jpg

http://www.micro.utexas.edu/courses/levin/bio304/popgen/moths.gif

Can Can livingliving organisms come organisms come from from nonlivingnonliving things things??

http://us.inmagine.com/168nwm/itstock/itf139/itf139053.jpghttp://www.wonderquest.com/images/2003-10-31-house-fly.jpghttp://www.slic2.wsu.edu:82/hurlbert/micro101/images/maggots.gif

Francesco Redi’s Experiment (1600s1600s)

Louis PasteurLouis Pasteur ((18601860) put an end to ) put an end to the idea of spontaneous the idea of spontaneous

generationgenerationhttp://vilenski.org/science/notebook/unit1/historyoflife/pastuer_image.jpg

http://www.foundersofscience.net/images/pswanflsk.JPG

Swan FlaskSwan Flask

Earth’s Earth’s PrimitivePrimitive AtmosphereAtmosphere

http://planete-terre.tripod.com/images/preca.jpgHH22

HH22OO

CHCH44

NHNH33

Earth’s Earth’s ModernModern AtmosphereAtmosphere

http://wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/476/488316/Instructor_Resources/Chapter_06/FG06_04.JPGhttp://www.msnucleus.org/membership/html/jh/earth/atmosphere/images/3oxygen.gif

HH22OONN22

OO22

COCO22

(OO33)

Miller Miller && Urey’s Experiment Urey’s Experiment (19531953)

http://physics.uoregon.edu/~jimbrau/BrauImNew/Chap28/FG28_02.jpg

HH22

HH22OOCHCH44 NHNH33

CoacervatesCoacervates == the 1the 1stst livingliving organismsorganisms

http://www.daviddarling.info/images/coacervate.jpghttp://projects.edtech.sandi.net/miramesa/Organelles/coacervate.html

http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/biog105/pages/demos/106/unit04/media/early-prebionts.1.jpg

Oldest Traces of LifeOldest Traces of Lifehttp://bill.srnr.arizona.edu/classes/182/oldestlife.HTM

The oldest known traces of life. A The oldest known traces of life. A 3.5 billion3.5 billion year-old year-old fossilized fossilized photosynthetic bacteriumphotosynthetic bacterium similar to contemporary similar to contemporary cyanobacteriacyanobacteria ((blue green algaeblue green algae)) from Western Australia. from Western Australia. New discoveries have pushed the origin of cellular organisms New discoveries have pushed the origin of cellular organisms further into the past, leaving less time for pre-cellular phases further into the past, leaving less time for pre-cellular phases of evolution.of evolution.

glucoseglucose → alcoholalcohol + COCO22 + energyenergy

--- Photosynthesis Photosynthesis ((AutotrophsAutotrophs)) COCO22 + H H22O O + lightlight → glucoseglucose + OO22

--- Aerobic Cell Respiration Aerobic Cell Respiration

glucoseglucose + OO22 → COCO22 + HH22OO + energyenergy

((FermentatioFermentationn))

enzymesenzymes

enzymesenzymes

enzymesenzymes

((AerobesAerobes))

--- Anaerobic Cell Anaerobic Cell RespirationRespiration