DefirJitions and h,.itl)ry 32 D(!finitiOnJ and hútory

'organizarions'. Imernarional relarions, wherher berween govetll ¡rffERNATIONAt ORGANIZATIONS UP TO

groups or individuals, are nor rorally random and chaoric bur are ~et¡tJl, fJ FIRST WORI,D WAR. . f . , Or th ¡1fJ' :

main parr, organízed. One form of rhe orgaOlzarlOn o Jnrernarional C'

liots of the rise of international organizations rarely begin hisroricallyrions can be seen in ínsrirurions - 'rhe collective forms or basic srru fela_ (

Ac~19 at the y"er~3:j}J~~ Peace Conference, but ir is a good rime and place roof social org:nizarion as esrablished by law or by human ~rad~~~~

wherher rhese be trade, commerce, dlplom

I~ Gathered rogether were the represenrarives of rhe vicrorious powers(Duverger 19/2: 68) - ' l' d .

¡rortJ Inrerna­dy tO write a pe'ace treaty; many natlOna IOterest groups; anconferences or inrernational organizations. An inre,rnarional organizar~ey,

f '" h e lOn rtll .1 non-governmental organizarions (INGOs) wanting ro advance publicin rhis conrexr represenrs a tiorm o . LOsr~rurlOn r l. a~ tele.rs ro a formal

'fOn¡u

sysrem of rules and objecrives, a rarJOnalIzed adnuOlsrrarlve Insrrum ~ch, rhe lor of rhe workers, the cause of peace or the laws of war. 'The . . ent

(Selznick 1957: 8) and whjch has 'a formal rechnlca[ and marerial Organi. Sl1nes' representatives were also concerned ro creare a new, permanent world

zaríon: consrirurions, local chaprE:rs, physical equipmem, machines ownization that wou~d deal with rhe problem of peace and security and

emblems, lerrerhead srarionery, a sraff, an adminisrrarive hiernrchy and s~ ~mic and SOCial questlofi.!l They drew on almosr a c~ntury of expe­

forrh' (Duverger 1972: 68). lnis Claude (1964: 4) makes rhe (ollowing tience of peacetime co-operarion berween European srates ó.nd some

half-eentuey of the ,work of the public inrernational unions. Their· acrivitydisrincrion: 'Imernarional organization is a process; inrernational organiza.

\Vas uoderpinned by rhe exisrence of privare internarional associations, wasliom are represenrarive aspecrs of the phase of thar process which has been

reached ar a given rime.' (oreshadowed in die Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907 and in plans

Sorne wrjrers confusingly refer ro such inrernacional organizarions as adw.nced before and during rhe war, and was moulded by the wartime expe­

rience of có-operadon. The organizations rhey established - rhe League ofinternarional insrirurions; reference is also ofren made ro 'the instituríoos'

Nations and rhe ILO being the leading ones - had strucrures determined byof an organizarion, such as its assembly, council and secretariaL This use of

chis background. Thjs brief hisrory wiU examine the 1ead-up ro rhe crearion'insricutions' ro refet ro rhe derailed srructure of an imernacional organiza­

of che League of Nations: the rise of INGOs, rhe parallel growrh of publicríon or as a synonym for internacional organizations is more restricred rhan

rhe sociological meaning of rhe word. As can be seen from Duverger's defi. international unioos wirh rheir major imerest in economic and social ques­

niríon, ir has a wider use rhar encompasses rhe norion of a sysrem of lions, and the role of intetgovernmenral 'Jrganizations (lGOs) in dealing

wirh pcace and security up until1919. Thr hisrorical developmenr of inter­relarionships rhar may nor manifesr rhemselves; in formal organizations of

bricks and morrar, headed norepaper, a ready acronym such as NATO or 'national organizatibns since rhat dare will then be examined to demonstrare

rhe growth of INGOs, economic and social lGOs, and IGOs involved withWHO, and an imernational sraff. An insriturional framework adds

'srability, durabiJity and cohesiveness' ro individual relationships which peace and securi ty.1 The gathering at Versailles in 1919 was primarily an inrergovernmemal

orherwise mighr be 'sporadic, ephemeral, and unsrable' (Duvetger 1972:

meeting of heads I of srate and government, foreign ministers and their68). In personal life rhese jnsrirurions rhar bind people rogerher may be

advisers. Ir was mbsdy concerned wirh the question of inrernational peacerepresenred by an organizarion such as rhe Mothers' Union, the Roman

Carholic Church, or a rrade union organizaríon, but may also take the forOl and security, whild econoOlic and social qüesrions were given only perfunc­

of rhe less formal srrucrures of rhe family, of a religion or of privare prop­ coey consideration.IThe conference was faced wíth the rask of writing a peace

erty. At an inrernarional level, telations may be given a 'srability, l. rreaty and organiiing relations between srares after rhe mosr momenrous

bteakdown in inté,rstate relationships in history: rhe First World War. Thisdurabllity and cohesíveness'; in orhet worcb rhey may be organized, by rhe

practice of diplomaric merhod or adherence ro the renecs of internacional war had arrived áfter a cenrury of compararive peace since the defear of

Napoleon, during Iwhich time a number of forCl}s of internarional organiza­law or by regular rrading - al! insrirurion in rhe wider sense _ as well as

rían had burgeoned. The rise of the phenomenon of inrergovernmentalby rhe aniviries of such imernacional organizarions as rhe World

Movemenr of Morhers, rhe World Council of Churches or che Inrernacional arganizarions con~erned with internarional peace and security and with

Labour Organizarion (ILO). ~conomic and socitl issues needs sorne explanarion.

An understand ng of the reasons why rhese organizations srarted ro growThis book is concerned nor so much with rhe broader norions of imer­

narional organization and inrernarional insrirurions buc wich rhe more in rhe ninereenth !century can be reached by asking rhe quesrion: why were

concrere manifesrarion of regularized inre rnarional rela~ions as seen in rhere no inrerstarc:; organizations prior ro thar rime] The mosr obvious reason

imernarional organizarions wirh rheir formal and marerial exisrence sepa­ is that these orga;nizatlOns had to awalt ~he crearion of a relarively srable

rare from, rhough for rhe most parr dependenr on, srares and groups sysrem of sovereikn states in Europe. The crucial rurning point was the

wirhin srares. Peace of Westph~lia, 1648, ending the Thirry Years War. which had roen