Wireless Networks:Wireless Networks:EVOLAUTION FROM 1G TO 4GEVOLAUTION FROM 1G TO 4G

BY BY

Abubakar Abdillahi Elmi Abubakar Abdillahi Elmi ID:MCE00905040ID:MCE00905040

Port City International University Port City International University Summer 2016Summer 2016

OUTLINEOUTLINE 1. cellular System concept1. cellular System concept 2. First Generation Analog Wireless Cellular System.2. First Generation Analog Wireless Cellular System. 3. 2G Digital Wireless System3. 2G Digital Wireless System 4. 2.5G Wireless Mobile Technology 4. 2.5G Wireless Mobile Technology 5. Third Generation System 5. Third Generation System 6. ITU IMT-2000 Family of 3G 6. ITU IMT-2000 Family of 3G 7.UTRA FDD7.UTRA FDD 8. UTTRA TDD8. UTTRA TDD 9. CDMA-2000-MC9. CDMA-2000-MC 10. UWC-13610. UWC-136 11. UMTS Architecture 11. UMTS Architecture 12. Core Issues 12. Core Issues 13. 4G wireless Technology 13. 4G wireless Technology 14. Conclusion14. Conclusion

CELLULAR SYSTEM CONCEPTCELLULAR SYSTEM CONCEPT

First Generation Analog Wireless Cellular First Generation Analog Wireless Cellular SystemSystem

Transmit only analog voice informationTransmit only analog voice information Use FDMA Access Technology which uses 30 KHz channels of spectrum Use FDMA Access Technology which uses 30 KHz channels of spectrum

each carrying one telephone ckt.each carrying one telephone ckt.

Types of Analog Cellular System:Types of Analog Cellular System: 1. AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service):1. AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service): - First introduces in U.S.- First introduces in U.S. - 30 KHz radio channel,824 MHz to 849 MHz Uplink freq. and 869 to 894 MHz - 30 KHz radio channel,824 MHz to 849 MHz Uplink freq. and 869 to 894 MHz

Downlink, Provide 832 channelsDownlink, Provide 832 channels 2.TACS (Total Access Communication System):2.TACS (Total Access Communication System): -First introduced in U.K in 1985, Use 25 KHz radio channel-First introduced in U.K in 1985, Use 25 KHz radio channel -890 to 915 MHz uplink and 869 to 894 MHz downlink freq.-890 to 915 MHz uplink and 869 to 894 MHz downlink freq.

Continue……Continue…… 3. NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone):3. NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone): - Developed by telecommunication administration of Nordic countries- Developed by telecommunication administration of Nordic countries - NMT-450 use lower frequency(450 MHz)- NMT-450 use lower frequency(450 MHz) and high transmitting powerand high transmitting power - NMT-900 use higher frequency and low transmitting power - NMT-900 use higher frequency and low transmitting power - Radio channel is of 25 KHz - Radio channel is of 25 KHz

4. NAMPS (Narrowband AMPS) :4. NAMPS (Narrowband AMPS) : - introduced by Motorola in 1991- introduced by Motorola in 1991 - Use 10 KHz BW for radio channel- Use 10 KHz BW for radio channel

5. JMCS (Japanese mobile Cellular System) :5. JMCS (Japanese mobile Cellular System) : - First launched by Japan in 197- First launched by Japan in 197 - MCS-L1 Operate in 800 MHz band and channel BW is 12.5 KHz - MCS-L1 Operate in 800 MHz band and channel BW is 12.5 KHz

6. CNET6. CNET - First started in Germany in 1985 - First started in Germany in 1985 - operate at 450 MHz and channel BW is 20 KHz - operate at 450 MHz and channel BW is 20 KHz 7. MATS-E7. MATS-E - - Combined many of the features used in different cellular systemCombined many of the features used in different cellular system - Used in France and Kuwait - Used in France and Kuwait

2G Digital Wireless System 2G Digital Wireless System

It use digital radio signals It use digital radio signals 1G and 2G both use digital signaling to connect radio 1G and 2G both use digital signaling to connect radio

tower to rest of telephone system tower to rest of telephone system Main 2G technologies are TDMA,CDMA & GSM Main 2G technologies are TDMA,CDMA & GSM GSM utilized wider band(200 KHz) Carrier GSM utilized wider band(200 KHz) Carrier

frequencies and each support 8 time slotsfrequencies and each support 8 time slots

2G Digital Wireless System 2G Digital Wireless System

• Advantages : Advantages : 1. Due to digital error checking, sound quality is increased 1. Due to digital error checking, sound quality is increased 2. Allowed digital data service like SMS and email2. Allowed digital data service like SMS and email 3. Digital system emit less power so more cells could be placed in same 3. Digital system emit less power so more cells could be placed in same

amount of spaceamount of space

• Disadvantages : Disadvantages : 1. Weaker digital signal will not reach a cell tower in less populous 1. Weaker digital signal will not reach a cell tower in less populous

areaarea 2. Under worse condition digital has occasional dropout2. Under worse condition digital has occasional dropout

2.5G Wireless Mobile Technology 2.5G Wireless Mobile Technology • It enable high speed data transfer over upgraded existing It enable high speed data transfer over upgraded existing

2G network by Sending data as packets at very fast speed2G network by Sending data as packets at very fast speed

• 2.5G use two technology 2.5G use two technology

• 1. GPRS (General Packet Radio Service):1. GPRS (General Packet Radio Service): - It is packet linked technology that enable high-speed wireless internet - It is packet linked technology that enable high-speed wireless internet - Implemented by adding new packet data nodes and upgrading existing - Implemented by adding new packet data nodes and upgrading existing

node to provide routing path for data between mobile and gateway nodenode to provide routing path for data between mobile and gateway node

• 2. Edge (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evaluation)2. Edge (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evaluation) - - Uses same TDMA frame structure and 200 KHz carrier bandwidth as Uses same TDMA frame structure and 200 KHz carrier bandwidth as

today's GSM networks using high level modulation today's GSM networks using high level modulation - Quaternary- Offset-QAM has been proposed because It provide higher - Quaternary- Offset-QAM has been proposed because It provide higher

data rates and good spectral efficiency data rates and good spectral efficiency

Third Generation System Third Generation System

ITU has defined the demands for third generation mobile network with ITU has defined the demands for third generation mobile network with IMT-2000 standard system that fulfils IMT-2000 standard is UMTSIMT-2000 standard system that fulfils IMT-2000 standard is UMTS

3G networks are wide area cellular telephone network evolved to 3G networks are wide area cellular telephone network evolved to incorporate high speed internet accessincorporate high speed internet access

3G uses 0.5 MHz channel carrier width to deliver higher data rates and 3G uses 0.5 MHz channel carrier width to deliver higher data rates and increased capacity increased capacity

3G cellular services known as UMTS or IMT-2000 has following main 3G cellular services known as UMTS or IMT-2000 has following main characteristics characteristics

- A single family of compatible standard that can be used worldwide- A single family of compatible standard that can be used worldwide - Data rates up to 2 Mbps ( In stationary mode)- Data rates up to 2 Mbps ( In stationary mode) - High spectrum efficiency - High spectrum efficiency

Services and SpeedServices and Speed

ITU IMT-2000 family of 3GITU IMT-2000 family of 3G

UTRA FDDUTRA FDD

Requires the allocation of two frequency bands: one for the uplink and another for the downlink. FDD radio units need duplexers in order to separate the incoming and outgoing signals at the antenna. FDD does not allocate efficiently the available bandwidth for all types of services.

UTRA TDDUTRA TDD

• TDD mode can use the same frequency band for both the uplink and TDD mode can use the same frequency band for both the uplink and the downlink by allocating distinct time slots to the two links . the downlink by allocating distinct time slots to the two links .

• Each time slot can be allocated either to the uplink or to the downlink.Each time slot can be allocated either to the uplink or to the downlink.• TDD terminals do not need TDD terminals do not need duplexerduplexer hence have less hardware hence have less hardware

complexity than FDD terminals.complexity than FDD terminals.• TDD requires better time synchronization between the users than FDDTDD requires better time synchronization between the users than FDD

the base station cannot be allowed to transmit at the same time as the base station cannot be allowed to transmit at the same time as the mobiles stations.the mobiles stations.

a guard period must be included in the protocol to make sure only a guard period must be included in the protocol to make sure only one link is active at the same time. one link is active at the same time.

W-CDMAW-CDMA

1. Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) or the Universal Mobile 1. Wideband-CDMA (W-CDMA) or the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)Telecommunications System (UMTS)• From GSM/IS-136/PDC.From GSM/IS-136/PDC.• Evolved since 1996.Evolved since 1996.• From European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)From European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI)• Backwards compatible with GSM, IS-136, PDC, HSCSD, GPRS, and Backwards compatible with GSM, IS-136, PDC, HSCSD, GPRS, and

EDGEEDGE Equipment for the previous technologies will work in UMTS.Equipment for the previous technologies will work in UMTS. Network structure same as GSM.Network structure same as GSM. Bit level packaging same as GSM.Bit level packaging same as GSM.

W-CDMA (W-CDMA (Continue…)Continue…)

Up to 2.048 Mbps per user.Up to 2.048 Mbps per user.• If user is stationary.If user is stationary.• Up to 8 Mbps in the future.Up to 8 Mbps in the future.

Needs a minimum spectrum allocation of 5 MHzNeeds a minimum spectrum allocation of 5 MHz• Instead of 200 kHz for GSMInstead of 200 kHz for GSM• Requires complete change of RF equipment at each base station.Requires complete change of RF equipment at each base station.• 6 times more efficient use of spectrum than GSM6 times more efficient use of spectrum than GSM• Uses CDMAUses CDMA

CDMA-2000CDMA-2000 cdma2000cdma2000

• From IS-95/IS-95BFrom IS-95/IS-95B• Works within original 2G CDMA channel bandwidth of Works within original 2G CDMA channel bandwidth of

1.25 MHz1.25 MHz• Allows wireless carriers to introduce 3G in a gradual Allows wireless carriers to introduce 3G in a gradual

manner.manner. Can introduce 3G capabilities at each cellCan introduce 3G capabilities at each cell Do not have to change out entire base stationsDo not have to change out entire base stations Do not have to use different spectrum.Do not have to use different spectrum.

UWC-136UWC-136

Universal Wireless Communications, or UWC-136, is a proposed standard Universal Wireless Communications, or UWC-136, is a proposed standard from the Universal Wireless Communication Consortium (UWCC)-A from the Universal Wireless Communication Consortium (UWCC)-A consortium of more than 85 telecommunications carrier and wireless consortium of more than 85 telecommunications carrier and wireless product vendors-for a 3G (Third-generation) wireless communication.product vendors-for a 3G (Third-generation) wireless communication.

UWC-136 is a pure Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) technology UWC-136 is a pure Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) technology that is designed to be backward compatible with the existing IS-136 that is designed to be backward compatible with the existing IS-136 TDMA digital cellular phone system defined by the ANSI-136 and IS-41 TDMA digital cellular phone system defined by the ANSI-136 and IS-41 standard and still widely used in North America. standard and still widely used in North America.

UMTS architecture:UMTS architecture:

Core Issues Core Issues

Expensive input free for service licensesExpensive input free for service licenses Expense of 3G phones Expense of 3G phones Lack of buy-in by 2G mobile users for new 3G Lack of buy-in by 2G mobile users for new 3G

service service Lack of coverage because it is still a new serviceLack of coverage because it is still a new service Lack of member state support for financially troubled Lack of member state support for financially troubled

operators.operators.

4G Wireless Technology4G Wireless Technology

This technology is expected to be available by 2010This technology is expected to be available by 2010 4G being developed with following objectives 4G being developed with following objectives - Speed up to 50 times higher 3G - Speed up to 50 times higher 3G - To accomplish multi-service capacity integrating all the mobile - To accomplish multi-service capacity integrating all the mobile

technologies that existtechnologies that exist - This network must be available to users any time, any where- This network must be available to users any time, any where - Low bit cost is essential where higher volume of data are transmitted - Low bit cost is essential where higher volume of data are transmitted - To be able to use 4G mobile networks, mobile terminal must be able to - To be able to use 4G mobile networks, mobile terminal must be able to

choose from available wireless networks the one to use with specific choose from available wireless networks the one to use with specific serviceservice

- Terminal mobility is key factor to the success of 4G network. - Terminal mobility is key factor to the success of 4G network.

SummarySummary 3G wireless services are rapidly spreading the global market place with CDMA as the 3G wireless services are rapidly spreading the global market place with CDMA as the

preferred technology solutionpreferred technology solution The following are the key 3G Technologies that have emerged to be the key commercial The following are the key 3G Technologies that have emerged to be the key commercial

players:players:• CDMA2000 1XCDMA2000 1X• CDMA2000 1xEV-DOCDMA2000 1xEV-DO• UMTS/WCDMAUMTS/WCDMA

WCDMA is one of them, which provides:- WCDMA is one of them, which provides:- • Larger Bandwidth – Higher Data rate – Lower costLarger Bandwidth – Higher Data rate – Lower cost• Greater subscriber capacityGreater subscriber capacity• IMT-2000 Radio interface standard offers 3G standardIMT-2000 Radio interface standard offers 3G standard• Hand Over, Power Control problems are addressedHand Over, Power Control problems are addressed• QoS offered But Customers really want them?QoS offered But Customers really want them?

4G still in a formative stage (commercial 2010)4G still in a formative stage (commercial 2010) Frequency bands less than 5 GHz preferred for wide-area, mobile servicesFrequency bands less than 5 GHz preferred for wide-area, mobile services 4G system bandwidth between 20 and 100 MHz4G system bandwidth between 20 and 100 MHz Lower cost per bit than 3GLower cost per bit than 3G

ReferencesReferencesWebsites:-Websites:- http://www.sss-mag.com www.electronicdesign.com www.3g-generation.com www.3gtoday.com http://www.pctechguide.com

Articles:-Articles:- Latest Trends and New Enhancements in 3G Wireless Communications- By Rao Yallapragada, QualCommLatest Trends and New Enhancements in 3G Wireless Communications- By Rao Yallapragada, QualComm WCDMA—The Radio Interface for Future Mobile Multimedia Communications-By Erik Dahlman, Per WCDMA—The Radio Interface for Future Mobile Multimedia Communications-By Erik Dahlman, Per

Beming, Jens Knutsson, Fredrik Ovesj¨o, Magnus Persson, and Christiaan RoobolBeming, Jens Knutsson, Fredrik Ovesj¨o, Magnus Persson, and Christiaan Roobol UMTS -Mobile Telematics 2004-Anne NevinUMTS -Mobile Telematics 2004-Anne Nevin Fourth Generation Cellular Systems:Fourth Generation Cellular Systems:

Spectrum Requirements-By Joseph M. Nowack-Motorola LabsSpectrum Requirements-By Joseph M. Nowack-Motorola Labs IMT Project. What is IMT-2000, Geneva-2001IMT Project. What is IMT-2000, Geneva-2001 WCDMA-Physical Layer- By Peter Chong, Ph.D. (UBC, Canada)WCDMA-Physical Layer- By Peter Chong, Ph.D. (UBC, Canada) 3G-4G wireless, 3G-4G wireless, COMPT 880 Presentation- By COMPT 880 Presentation- By Simon Xin Cheng,Simon Fraser UniversitySimon Xin Cheng,Simon Fraser University

THANK YOU!THANK YOU!

Wireless Networks CSG250