evidence outline - rules

8/3/2019 Evidence Outline - Rules

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I. General Provisions...................................................................................................................................3

A. 101-102: Purpose of Evidence Law (T pae 1!..................................................................................3". 10#: Preli$inar% Issues in Evidence &ulins (condi'ional relevance! (T pae 31!............................3

. 10): Li$i'ed Ad$issi*ili'% (T pae )0!..............................................................................................3

+. 10,: &ule of o$ple'eness (T pae ),!..............................................................................................3II. &elevanc% and I's Li$i's.........................................................................................................................#

A. #01-#02: Loical &elevance (T pae 1)3 1,!..................................................................................#

". #03: Pra$a'ic &elevanc% (Pre/udice! (T pae 11!..........................................................................#. #0#: arac'er Evidence (T pae 11!................................................................................................#

+. #0): e'ods of Provin arac'er (T pae 21#! .............................................................................)

E. #0,: 4a*i' and &ou'ine Prac'ice (T pae 22#!....................................................................................)

5. #0: 6u*se7uen' &e$edial easures (T pae 231!............................................................................)G. #0: 6e''le$en's (T pae 2#1!............................................................................................................)

4. #0: Pa%$en' of edical E8penses (T pae 2#!..............................................................................)

I. #10: Plea "arains (T pae 2)0!..........................................................................................................,

9. #11: Lia*ili'% Insurance (T pae 2)!..................................................................................................,. #12: 6e8ual "eavior of o$plainin ;i'ness (T pae 2,3 2!....................................................

L. #13-#1): 6i$ilar ri$es *% +efendan' in 6e8ual Assaul' and oles'a'ion ases (T pae 2!.......III. Privilees...............................................................................................................................................

A. )01: Privilees (T pae 30)!...............................................................................................................

". )02: Privilee ;aiver (T pae 3#!..................................................................................................10. )03 (Proposed


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A. 1001-100: "es' Evidence +oc'rine (T pae 11#1!..........................................................................2#

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I. General Provisions

A. 101-102: Purpose of Evidence Law (T page 1)

Rule 101. ScopeTese rules overn proceedins in 'e cour's of 'e ?ni'ed 6'a'es and *efore ?ni'ed 6'a'es *an@rup'c%

/udes and ?ni'ed 6'a'es $ais'ra'e /udes 'o 'e e8'en' and wi' 'e e8cep'ions s'a'ed in rule 1101.

Rule 102. Purpose and Construction

Tese rules sall *e cons'rued 'o secure fairness in ad$inis'ra'ion eli$ina'ion of un/us'ifia*le e8penseand dela% and pro$o'ion of row' and develop$en' of 'e law of evidence 'o 'e end 'a' 'e 'ru'

$a% *e ascer'ained and proceedins /us'l% de'er$ined.

B. 104: Prei!inar" #ssues in Evidence $uings (condi%iona reevance) (T page &1)

Preliminary Questions

(a) Questions of admissiility !enerally.Preli$inar% 7ues'ions concernin 'e 7ualifica'ion of aperson 'o *e a wi'ness 'e e8is'ence of a privilee or 'e ad$issi*ili'% of evidence sall *e de'er$ined

*% 'e cour' su*/ec' 'o 'e provisions of su*division (*!. In $a@in i's de'er$ina'ion i' is no' *ound *%

'e rules of evidence e8cep' 'ose wi' respec' 'o privilees.

() Relevancy conditioned on fact.;en 'e relevanc% of evidence depends upon 'e fulfill$en' of acondi'ion of fac' 'e cour' sall ad$i' i' upon or su*/ec' 'o 'e in'roduc'ion of evidence sufficien' 'o

suppor' a findin of 'e fulfill$en' of 'e condi'ion.

(c) "earin! of #ury.4earins on 'e ad$issi*ili'% of confessions sall in all cases *e conduc'ed ou' of'e earin of 'e /ur%. 4earins on o'er preli$inar% $a''ers sall *e so conduc'ed wen 'e in'eres's

of /us'ice re7uire or wen an accused is a wi'ness and so re7ues's.

(d) $estimony y accused.Te accused does no' *% 'es'if%in upon a preli$inar% $a''er *eco$e

su*/ec' 'o cross-e8a$ina'ion as 'o o'er issues in 'e case.(e) %ei!&t and crediility.Tis rule does no' li$i' 'e ri' of a par'% 'o in'roduce *efore 'e /ur%

evidence relevan' 'o wei' or credi*ili'%.

'. 10: Li!i%ed Ad!issiii%" (T page 0)

'imited dmissiility

;en evidence wic is ad$issi*le as 'o one par'% or for one purpose *u' no' ad$issi*le as 'o ano'er

par'% or for ano'er purpose is ad$i''ed 'e cour' upon re7ues' sall res'ric' 'e evidence 'o i's proper

scope and ins'ruc' 'e /ur% accordinl%.

*. 10+: $ue of 'o!pe%eness (T page +)

Remainder of or Related %ritin!s or Recorded Statements;en a wri'in or recorded s'a'e$en' or par' 'ereof is in'roduced *% a par'% an adverse par'% $a%

re7uire 'e in'roduc'ion a' 'a' 'i$e of an% o'er par' or an% o'er wri'in or recorded s'a'e$en' wic

ou' in fairness 'o *e considered con'e$poraneousl% wi' i'.

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II. Relevancy and Its 'imits

A. 401-402: Logica $eevance (T page 1&, 1+)

Rule 01. *efinition of +Relevant ,vidence+

&elevan' evidence $eans evidence avin an% 'endenc% 'o $a@e 'e e8is'ence of an% fac' 'a' is of

conse7uence 'o 'e de'er$ina'ion of 'e ac'ion $ore pro*a*le or less pro*a*le 'an i' would *e wi'ou''e evidence.

Rule 02. Relevant ,vidence Generally dmissile- Irrelevant ,vidence Inadmissile

All relevan' evidence is ad$issi*le e8cep' as o'erwise provided *% 'e ons'i'u'ion of 'e ?ni'ed

6'a'es *% Ac' of onress *% 'ese rules or *% o'er rules prescri*ed *% 'e 6upre$e our' pursuan' 'o

s'a'u'or% au'ori'%. Evidence wic is no' relevan' is no' ad$issi*le.

B. 40&: Prag!a%ic $eevanc" (Preudice) (T page 1/1)

,clusion of Relevant ,vidence on Grounds of Pre#udice/ Confusion/ or %aste of $ime

Al'ou relevan' evidence $a% *e e8cluded if i's pro*a'ive value is su*s'an'iall% ou'weied *% 'e

daner of unfair pre/udice confusion of 'e issues or $isleadin 'e /ur% or *% considera'ions of unduedela% was'e of 'i$e or needless presen'a'ion of cu$ula'ive evidence.

'. 404: 'arac%er Evidence (T page 11)

C&aracter ,vidence ot dmissile $o Prove Conduct- ,ceptions- t&er Crimes

(a) C&aracter evidence !enerally

Evidence of a personBs carac'er or a 'rai' of carac'er is no' ad$issi*le for 'e purpose of provin ac'ion

in confor$i'% 'erewi' on a par'icular occasion e8cep':(1! arac'er of accused - In a cri$inal case evidence of a per'inen' 'rai' of carac'er offered *% an

accused or *% 'e prosecu'ion 'o re*u' 'e sa$e or if evidence of a 'rai' of carac'er of 'e alleed

vic'i$ of 'e cri$e is offered *% an accused and ad$i''ed under &ule #0#(a!(2! evidence of 'e

sa$e 'rai' of carac'er of 'e accused offered *% 'e prosecu'ionC(2! arac'er of alleed vic'i$ - In a cri$inal case and su*/ec' 'o 'e li$i'a'ions i$posed *% &ule #12

evidence of a per'inen' 'rai' of carac'er of 'e alleed vic'i$ of 'e cri$e offered *% an accused or *%

'e prosecu'ion 'o re*u' 'e sa$e or evidence of a carac'er 'rai' of peacefulness of 'e alleed vic'i$offered *% 'e prosecu'ion in a o$icide case 'o re*u' evidence 'a' 'e alleed vic'i$ was 'e firs'

aressorC

(3! arac'er of wi'ness - Evidence of 'e carac'er of a wi'ness as provided in rules ,0 ,0 and ,0.

() t&er crimes/ ron!s/ or acts

Evidence of o'er cri$es wrons or ac's is no' ad$issi*le 'o prove 'e carac'er of a person in order 'o

sow ac'ion in confor$i'% 'erewi'. I' $a% owever *e ad$issi*le for o'er purposes suc as proof of$o'ive oppor'uni'% in'en' prepara'ion plan @nowlede iden'i'% or a*sence of $is'a@e or acciden'

provided 'a' upon re7ues' *% 'e accused 'e prosecu'ion in a cri$inal case sall provide reasona*leno'ice in advance of 'rial or durin 'rial if 'e cour' e8cuses pre'rial no'ice on ood cause sown of 'e

eneral na'ure of an% suc evidence i' in'ends 'o in'roduce a' 'rial.

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*. 40: e%ods of Proving 'arac%er (T page 214)

3et&ods of Provin! C&aracter

(a) Reputation or opinion.

In all cases in wic evidence of carac'er or a 'rai' of carac'er of a person is ad$issi*le proof $a% *e

$ade *% 'es'i$on% as 'o repu'a'ion or *% 'es'i$on% in 'e for$ of an opinion. >n cross-e8a$ina'ionin7uir% is allowa*le in'o relevan' specific ins'ances of conduc'.

() Specific instances of conduct.

In cases in wic carac'er or a 'rai' of carac'er of a person is an essen'ial ele$en' of a care clai$or defense proof $a% also *e $ade of specific ins'ances of 'a' personBs conduc'.

E. 40+: 3ai% and $ou%ine Prac%ice (T page 224)

"ait- Routine Practice

Evidence of 'e a*i' of a person or of 'e rou'ine prac'ice of an oraniDa'ion we'er corro*ora'ed or

no' and reardless of 'e presence of e%ewi'nesses is relevan' 'o prove 'a' 'e conduc' of 'e person ororaniDa'ion on a par'icular occasion was in confor$i'% wi' 'e a*i' or rou'ine prac'ice.

. 40/: 5use6uen% $e!edia easures (T page 2&1)

Suse4uent Remedial 3easures

;en af'er an in/ur% or ar$ alleedl% caused *% an even' $easures are 'a@en 'a' if 'a@en previousl%

would ave $ade 'e in/ur% or ar$ less li@el% 'o occur evidence of 'e su*se7uen' $easures is no'ad$issi*le 'o prove nelience culpa*le conduc' a defec' in a produc' a defec' in a produc'Bs desin or

a need for a warnin or ins'ruc'ion. Tis rule does no' re7uire 'e e8clusion of evidence of su*se7uen'

$easures wen offered for ano'er purpose suc as provin ownersip con'rol or feasi*ili'% ofprecau'ionar% $easures if con'rover'ed or i$peac$en'.

7. 40: 5e%%e!en%s (T page 241)

Compromise and ffers to Compromise(a! Proi*i'ed uses. Evidence of 'e followin is no' ad$issi*le on *ealf of an% par'% wen offered 'o

prove lia*ili'% for invalidi'% of or a$oun' of a clai$ 'a' was dispu'ed as 'o validi'% or a$oun' or 'oi$peac 'rou a prior inconsis'en' s'a'e$en' or con'radic'ion:

(1! furnisin or offerin or pro$isin 'o furnis or accep'in or offerin or pro$isin 'o accep'

a valua*le considera'ion in co$pro$isin or a''e$p'in 'o co$pro$ise 'e clai$C and

(2! conduc' or s'a'e$en's $ade in co$pro$ise neo'ia'ions reardin 'e clai$ e8cep' wenoffered in a cri$inal case and 'e neo'ia'ions rela'ed 'o a clai$ *% a pu*lic office or aenc% in

'e e8ercise of reula'or% inves'ia'ive or enforce$en' au'ori'%.

(*! Per$i''ed uses. Tis rule does no' re7uire e8clusion if 'e evidence is offered for purposes no'proi*i'ed *% su*division (a!. E8a$ples of per$issi*le purposes include provin a wi'nessBs *ias or

pre/udiceC nea'in a con'en'ion of undue dela%C and provin an effor' 'o o*s'ruc' a cri$inalinves'ia'ion or prosecu'ion.

3. 40: Pa"!en% of edica E8penses (T page 24)

Payment of 3edical and Similar ,penses

Evidence of furnisin or offerin or pro$isin 'o pa% $edical ospi'al or si$ilar e8penses occasioned

*% an in/ur% is no' ad$issi*le 'o prove lia*ili'% for 'e in/ur%.

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#. 410: Pea Bargains (T page 20)

Inadmissiility of Pleas/ Plea *iscussions/ and Related Statements

E8cep' as o'erwise provided in 'is rule evidence of 'e followin is no' in an% civil or cri$inalproceedin ad$issi*le aains' 'e defendan' wo $ade 'e plea or was a par'icipan' in 'e plea

discussions:

(1! a plea of uil'% wic was la'er wi'drawnC(2! a plea of nolo con'endereC

(3! an% s'a'e$en' $ade in 'e course of an% proceedins under &ule 11 of 'e 5ederal &ules of ri$inal

Procedure or co$para*le s'a'e procedure reardin ei'er of 'e foreoin pleasC or

(#! an% s'a'e$en' $ade in 'e course of plea discussions wi' an a''orne% for 'e prosecu'in au'ori'%wic do no' resul' in a plea of uil'% or wic resul' in a plea of uil'% la'er wi'drawn.

4owever suc a s'a'e$en' is ad$issi*le (i! in an% proceedin werein ano'er s'a'e$en' $ade in 'e

course of 'e sa$e plea or plea discussions as *een in'roduced and 'e s'a'e$en' ou' in fairness *econsidered con'e$poraneousl% wi' i' or (ii! in a cri$inal proceedin for per/ur% or false s'a'e$en' if

'e s'a'e$en' was $ade *% 'e defendan' under oa' on 'e record and in 'e presence of counsel.

9. 411: Liaii%" #nsurance (T page 2)'iaility Insurance

Evidence 'a' a person was or was no' insured aains' lia*ili'% is no' ad$issi*le upon 'e issue we'er'e person ac'ed nelien'l% or o'erwise wronfull%. Tis rule does no' re7uire 'e e8clusion of

evidence of insurance aains' lia*ili'% wen offered for ano'er purpose suc as proof of aenc%

ownersip or con'rol or *ias or pre/udice of a wi'ness.

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. 412: 5e8ua Beavior of 'o!paining ;i%ness (T page 2+&, 2/)

Se ffense Cases- Relevance of lle!ed 5ictim6s Past Seual 7e&avior or lle!ed Seual

Predisposition

(a) ,vidence !enerally inadmissile.

Te followin evidence is no' ad$issi*le in an% civil or cri$inal proceedin involvin alleed se8ual$isconduc' e8cep' as provided in su*divisions (*! and (c!:

(1! Evidence offered 'o prove 'a' an% alleed vic'i$ enaed in o'er se8ual *eavior.

(2! Evidence offered 'o prove an% alleed vic'i$Bs se8ual predisposi'ion.

() ,ceptions.

(1! In a cri$inal case 'e followin evidence is ad$issi*le if o'erwise ad$issi*le under 'ese rules:

(A! evidence of specific ins'ances of se8ual *eavior *% 'e alleed vic'i$ offered 'o prove 'a' aperson o'er 'an 'e accused was 'e source of se$en in/ur% or o'er p%sical evidenceC

("! evidence of specific ins'ances of se8ual *eavior *% 'e alleed vic'i$ wi' respec' 'o 'e

person accused of 'e se8ual $isconduc' offered *% 'e accused 'o prove consen' or *% 'eprosecu'ionC and

(! evidence 'e e8clusion of wic would viola'e 'e cons'i'u'ional ri's of 'e defendan'.(2! In a civil case evidence offered 'o prove 'e se8ual *eavior or se8ual predisposi'ion of an% alleed

vic'i$ is ad$issi*le if i' is o'erwise ad$issi*le under 'ese rules and i's pro*a'ive value su*s'an'iall%ou'weis 'e daner of ar$ 'o an% vic'i$ and of unfair pre/udice 'o an% par'%. Evidence of an alleed

vic'i$Bs repu'a'ion is ad$issi*le onl% if i' as *een placed in con'rovers% *% 'e alleed vic'i$.

(c) Procedure to determine admissiility.

(1! A par'% in'endin 'o offer evidence under su*division (*! $us' --

(A! file a wri''en $o'ion a' leas' 1# da%s *efore 'rial specificall% descri*in 'e evidence and

s'a'in 'e purpose for wic i' is offered unless 'e cour' for ood cause re7uires a differen''i$e for filin or per$i's filin durin 'rialC and

("! serve 'e $o'ion on all par'ies and no'if% 'e alleed vic'i$ or wen appropria'e 'e alleed

vic'i$Bs uardian or represen'a'ive.(2! "efore ad$i''in evidence under 'is rule 'e cour' $us' conduc' a earin in ca$era and afford 'evic'i$ and par'ies a ri' 'o a''end and *e eard. Te $o'ion rela'ed papers and 'e record of 'e

earin $us' *e sealed and re$ain under seal unless 'e cour' orders o'erwise.


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L. 41&-41: 5i!iar 'ri!es " *efendan% in 5e8ua Assau% and oes%a%ion 'ases (T page

2/)

Rule 18. ,vidence of Similar Crimes in Seual ssault Cases

(a! In a cri$inal case in wic 'e defendan' is accused of an offense of se8ual assaul' evidence of 'e

defendan'Bs co$$ission of ano'er offense or offenses of se8ual assaul' is ad$issi*le and $a% *econsidered for i's *earin on an% $a''er 'o wic i' is relevan'.

(*! In a case in wic 'e Govern$en' in'ends 'o offer evidence under 'is rule 'e a''orne% for 'e

Govern$en' sall disclose 'e evidence 'o 'e defendan' includin s'a'e$en's of wi'nesses or asu$$ar% of 'e su*s'ance of an% 'es'i$on% 'a' is e8pec'ed 'o *e offered a' leas' fif'een da%s *efore 'e

sceduled da'e of 'rial or a' suc la'er 'i$e as 'e cour' $a% allow for ood cause.

(c! Tis rule sall no' *e cons'rued 'o li$i' 'e ad$ission or considera'ion of evidence under an% o'errule.

(d! 5or purposes of 'is rule and &ule #1) offense of se8ual assaul' $eans a cri$e under 5ederal law

or 'e law of a 6'a'e (as defined in sec'ion )13 of 'i'le 1 ?ni'ed 6'a'es ode! 'a' involved--(1! an% conduc' proscri*ed *% cap'er 10A of 'i'le 1 ?ni'ed 6'a'es odeC

(2! con'ac' wi'ou' consen' *e'ween an% par' of 'e defendan'Bs *od% or an o*/ec' and 'e eni'als oranus of ano'er personC

(3! con'ac' wi'ou' consen' *e'ween 'e eni'als or anus of 'e defendan' and an% par' of ano'erpersonBs *od%C

(#! derivin se8ual pleasure or ra'ifica'ion fro$ 'e inflic'ion of dea' *odil% in/ur% or p%sical pain

on ano'er personC or()! an a''e$p' or conspirac% 'o enae in conduc' descri*ed in pararaps (1!-(#!.

Rule 1. ,vidence of Similar Crimes in C&ild 3olestation Cases

(a! In a cri$inal case in wic 'e defendan' is accused of an offense of cild $oles'a'ion evidence of

'e defendan'Bs co$$ission of ano'er offense or offenses of cild $oles'a'ion is ad$issi*le and $a%

*e considered for i's *earin on an% $a''er 'o wic i' is relevan'.(*! In a case in wic 'e Govern$en' in'ends 'o offer evidence under 'is rule 'e a''orne% for 'eGovern$en' sall disclose 'e evidence 'o 'e defendan' includin s'a'e$en's of wi'nesses or a

su$$ar% of 'e su*s'ance of an% 'es'i$on% 'a' is e8pec'ed 'o *e offered a' leas' fif'een da%s *efore 'e

sceduled da'e of 'rial or a' suc la'er 'i$e as 'e cour' $a% allow for ood cause.(c! Tis rule sall no' *e cons'rued 'o li$i' 'e ad$ission or considera'ion of evidence under an% o'er

rule.

(d! 5or purposes of 'is rule and &ule #1) cild $eans a person *elow 'e ae of four'een andoffense of cild $oles'a'ion $eans a cri$e under 5ederal law or 'e law of a 6'a'e (as defined in

sec'ion )13 of 'i'le 1 ?ni'ed 6'a'es ode! 'a' involved--

(1! an% conduc' proscri*ed *% cap'er 10A of 'i'le 1 ?ni'ed 6'a'es ode 'a' was co$$i''ed in

rela'ion 'o a cildC(2! an% conduc' proscri*ed *% cap'er 110 of 'i'le 1 ?ni'ed 6'a'es odeC

(3! con'ac' *e'ween an% par' of 'e defendan'Bs *od% or an o*/ec' and 'e eni'als or anus of a cildC

(#! con'ac' *e'ween 'e eni'als or anus of 'e defendan' and an% par' of 'e *od% of a cildC()! derivin se8ual pleasure or ra'ifica'ion fro$ 'e inflic'ion of dea' *odil% in/ur% or p%sical pain

on a cildC or

(,! an a''e$p' or conspirac% 'o enae in conduc' descri*ed in pararaps (1!-()!.


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B. 02: Priviege ;aiver (T page &4)

ttorney:Client Privile!e and %or; Product- 'imitations on %aiver

Te followin provisions appl% in 'e circu$s'ances se' ou' 'o disclosure of a co$$unica'ion or

infor$a'ion covered *% 'e a''orne%-clien' privilee or wor@-produc' pro'ec'ion.

(a) *isclosure 3ade in a


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B. +0+: 9uror 'o!pe%enc": #!peac!en% of =erdic%s (T page 44+)

Competency of >uror as %itness

(a) t t&e trial.

A $e$*er of 'e /ur% $a% no' 'es'if% as a wi'ness *efore 'a' /ur% in 'e 'rial of 'e case in wic 'e

/uror is si''in. If 'e /uror is called so 'o 'es'if% 'e opposin par'% sall *e afforded an oppor'uni'% 'o

o*/ec' ou' of 'e presence of 'e /ur%.() In4uiry into validity of verdict or indictment.

?pon an in7uir% in'o 'e validi'% of a verdic' or indic'$en' a /uror $a% no' 'es'if% as 'o an% $a''er or

s'a'e$en' occurrin durin 'e course of 'e /ur%Bs deli*era'ions or 'o 'e effec' of an%'in upon 'a' or

an% o'er /urorBs $ind or e$o'ions as influencin 'e /uror 'o assen' 'o or dissen' fro$ 'e verdic' orindic'$en' or concernin 'e /urorBs $en'al processes in connec'ion 'erewi'. "u' a /uror $a% 'es'if%

a*ou' (1! we'er e8'raneous pre/udicial infor$a'ion was i$properl% *rou' 'o 'e /ur%Bs a''en'ion (2!

we'er an% ou'side influence was i$properl% *rou' 'o *ear upon an% /uror or (3! we'er 'ere was a$is'a@e in en'erin 'e verdic' on'o 'e verdic' for$. A /urorBs affidavi' or evidence of an% s'a'e$en' *%

'e /uror $a% no' *e received on a $a''er a*ou' wic 'e /uror would *e precluded fro$ 'es'if%in.

'. +0/-+0: #!peac!en% of ;i%nesses (T page 4++, 4+, 00, 2&)Rule ?0@. %&o 3ay Impeac&

Te credi*ili'% of a wi'ness $a% *e a''ac@ed *% an% par'% includin 'e par'% callin 'e wi'ness.

Rule ?0A. ,vidence of C&aracter and Conduct of %itness

(a) pinion and reputation evidence of c&aracter.

Te credi*ili'% of a wi'ness $a% *e a''ac@ed or suppor'ed *% evidence in 'e for$ of opinion or

repu'a'ion *u' su*/ec' 'o 'ese li$i'a'ions: (1! 'e evidence $a% refer onl% 'o carac'er for 'ru'fulness

or un'ru'fulness and (2! evidence of 'ru'ful carac'er is ad$issi*le onl% af'er 'e carac'er of 'e

wi'ness for 'ru'fulness as *een a''ac@ed *% opinion or repu'a'ion evidence or o'erwise.

() Specific instances of conduct.

6pecific ins'ances of 'e conduc' of a wi'ness for 'e purpose of a''ac@in or suppor'in 'e wi'nessBcarac'er for 'ru'fulness o'er 'an convic'ion of cri$e as provided in rule ,0 $a% no' *e proved *%e8'rinsic evidence. Te% $a% owever in 'e discre'ion of 'e cour' if pro*a'ive of 'ru'fulness or

un'ru'fulness *e in7uired in'o on cross-e8a$ina'ion of 'e wi'ness (1! concernin 'e wi'nessB

carac'er for 'ru'fulness or un'ru'fulness or (2! concernin 'e carac'er for 'ru'fulness orun'ru'fulness of ano'er wi'ness as 'o wic carac'er 'e wi'ness *ein cross-e8a$ined as 'es'ified.

Te ivin of 'es'i$on% we'er *% an accused or *% an% o'er wi'ness does no' opera'e as a waiver of

'e accusedBs or 'e wi'nessB privilee aains' self-incri$ina'ion wen e8a$ined wi' respec' 'o $a''ers'a' rela'e onl% 'o carac'er for 'ru'fulness.

13


14/25

Rule ?0B. Impeac&ment y ,vidence of Conviction of Crime

(a) General rule.

5or 'e purpose of a''ac@in 'e carac'er for 'ru'fulness of a wi'ness(1! evidence 'a' a wi'ness o'er 'an an accused as *een convic'ed of a cri$e sall *e ad$i''ed

su*/ec' 'o &ule #03 if 'e cri$e was punisa*le *% dea' or i$prison$en' in e8cess of one %ear under

'e law under wic 'e wi'ness was convic'ed and evidence 'a' an accused as *een convic'ed of suca cri$e sall *e ad$i''ed if 'e cour' de'er$ines 'a' 'e pro*a'ive value of ad$i''in 'is evidence

ou'weis i's pre/udicial effec' 'o 'e accusedC and

(2! evidence 'a' an% wi'ness as *een convic'ed of a cri$e sall *e ad$i''ed reardless of 'epunis$en' if i' readil% can *e de'er$ined 'a' es'a*lisin 'e ele$en's of 'e cri$e re7uired proof or

ad$ission of an ac' of disones'% or false s'a'e$en' *% 'e wi'ness.

() $ime limit.

Evidence of a convic'ion under 'is rule is no' ad$issi*le if a period of $ore 'an 'en %ears as elapsedsince 'e da'e of 'e convic'ion or of 'e release of 'e wi'ness fro$ 'e confine$en' i$posed for 'a'

convic'ion wicever is 'e la'er da'e unless 'e cour' de'er$ines in 'e in'eres's of /us'ice 'a' 'e

pro*a'ive value of 'e convic'ion suppor'ed *% specific fac's and circu$s'ances su*s'an'iall% ou'weis

i's pre/udicial effec'. 4owever evidence of a convic'ion $ore 'an 10 %ears old as calcula'ed erein isno' ad$issi*le unless 'e proponen' ives 'o 'e adverse par'% sufficien' advance wri''en no'ice of in'en'

'o use suc evidence 'o provide 'e adverse par'% wi' a fair oppor'uni'% 'o con'es' 'e use of sucevidence.

(c) ,ffect of pardon/ annulment/ or certificate of re&ailitation.

Evidence of a convic'ion is no' ad$issi*le under 'is rule if (1! 'e convic'ion as *een 'e su*/ec' of apardon annul$en' cer'ifica'e of rea*ili'a'ion or o'er e7uivalen' procedure *ased on a findin of 'e

rea*ili'a'ion of 'e person convic'ed and 'a' person as no' *een convic'ed of a su*se7uen' cri$e 'a'

was punisa*le *% dea' or i$prison$en' in e8cess of one %ear or (2! 'e convic'ion as *een 'e

su*/ec' of a pardon annul$en' or o'er e7uivalen' procedure *ased on a findin of innocence.

(d) >uvenile ad#udications.

Evidence of /uvenile ad/udica'ions is enerall% no' ad$issi*le under 'is rule. Te cour' $a% owever

in a cri$inal case allow evidence of a /uvenile ad/udica'ion of a wi'ness o'er 'an 'e accused ifconvic'ion of 'e offense would *e ad$issi*le 'o a''ac@ 'e credi*ili'% of an adul' and 'e cour' is

sa'isfied 'a' ad$ission in evidence is necessar% for a fair de'er$ina'ion of 'e issue of uil' or

innocence.

(e) Pendency of appeal.

Te pendenc% of an appeal 'erefro$ does no' render evidence of a convic'ion inad$issi*le. Evidence

of 'e pendenc% of an appeal is ad$issi*le.

*. +10: $eigion (no% assigned)

Reli!ious 7eliefs or pinions

Evidence of 'e *eliefs or opinions of a wi'ness on $a''ers of reliion is no' ad$issi*le for 'e purposeof sowin 'a' *% reason of 'eir na'ure 'e wi'nessB credi*ili'% is i$paired or enanced.

1#


15/25

E. +11: Presen%ing Tes%i!on" (T page /+)

3ode and rder of Interro!ation and Presentation

(a) Control y court.

Te cour' sall e8ercise reasona*le con'rol over 'e $ode and order of in'erroa'in wi'nesses and

presen'in evidence so as 'o (1! $a@e 'e in'erroa'ion and presen'a'ion effec'ive for 'e ascer'ain$en'of 'e 'ru' (2! avoid needless consu$p'ion of 'i$e and (3! pro'ec' wi'nesses fro$ arass$en' or undue

e$*arrass$en'.

() Scope of cross:eamination.

ross-e8a$ina'ion sould *e li$i'ed 'o 'e su*/ec' $a''er of 'e direc' e8a$ina'ion and $a''ers

affec'in 'e credi*ili'% of 'e wi'ness. Te cour' $a% in 'e e8ercise of discre'ion per$i' in7uir% in'o

addi'ional $a''ers as if on direc' e8a$ina'ion.

(c) 'eadin! 4uestions.

Leadin 7ues'ions sould no' *e used on 'e direc' e8a$ina'ion of a wi'ness e8cep' as $a% *e necessar%

'o develop 'e wi'nessB 'es'i$on%. >rdinaril% leadin 7ues'ions sould *e per$i''ed on cross-e8a$ina'ion. ;en a par'% calls a os'ile wi'ness an adverse par'% or a wi'ness iden'ified wi' an

adverse par'% in'erroa'ion $a% *e *% leadin 7ues'ions.

. +12: *ocu!en%s $efresing e!or" (T page +02)

%ritin! sed to Refres& 3emory

E8cep' as o'erwise provided in cri$inal proceedins *% sec'ion 3)00 of 'i'le 1 ?ni'ed 6'a'es ode ifa wi'ness uses a wri'in 'o refres $e$or% for 'e purpose of 'es'if%in ei'er--

(1! wile 'es'if%in or

(2! *efore 'es'if%in if 'e cour' in i's discre'ion de'er$ines i' is necessar% in 'e in'eres's of /us'ice

an adverse par'% is en'i'led 'o ave 'e wri'in produced a' 'e earin 'o inspec' i' 'o cross-e8a$ine'e wi'ness 'ereon and 'o in'roduce in evidence 'ose por'ions wic rela'e 'o 'e 'es'i$on% of 'e

wi'ness. If i' is clai$ed 'a' 'e wri'in con'ains $a''ers no' rela'ed 'o 'e su*/ec' $a''er of 'e

'es'i$on% 'e cour' sall e8a$ine 'e wri'in in ca$era e8cise an% por'ions no' so rela'ed and orderdeliver% of 'e re$ainder 'o 'e par'% en'i'led 'ere'o. An% por'ion wi'eld over o*/ec'ions sall *e

preserved and $ade availa*le 'o 'e appella'e cour' in 'e even' of an appeal. If a wri'in is no' produced

or delivered pursuan' 'o order under 'is rule 'e cour' sall $a@e an% order /us'ice re7uires e8cep' 'a'in cri$inal cases wen 'e prosecu'ion elec's no' 'o co$pl% 'e order sall *e one s'ri@in 'e 'es'i$on%

or if 'e cour' in i's discre'ion de'er$ines 'a' 'e in'eres's of /us'ice so re7uire declarin a $is'rial.

7. +1&: 5owing Prior #nconsis%en% 5%a%e!en%s (T page &2)

Prior Statements of %itnesses

(a) ,aminin! itness concernin! prior statement.

In e8a$inin a wi'ness concernin a prior s'a'e$en' $ade *% 'e wi'ness we'er wri''en or no' 'e

s'a'e$en' need no' *e sown nor i's con'en's disclosed 'o 'e wi'ness a' 'a' 'i$e *u' on re7ues' 'esa$e sall *e sown or disclosed 'o opposin counsel.

() ,trinsic evidence of prior inconsistent statement of itness.

E8'rinsic evidence of a prior inconsis'en' s'a'e$en' *% a wi'ness is no' ad$issi*le unless 'e wi'ness is

afforded an oppor'uni'% 'o e8plain or den% 'e sa$e and 'e opposi'e par'% is afforded an oppor'uni'% 'o

in'erroa'e 'e wi'ness 'ereon or 'e in'eres's of /us'ice o'erwise re7uire. Tis provision does no'appl% 'o ad$issions of a par'%-opponen' as defined in rule 01(d!(2!.

1)


16/25

5. pinions and ,pert $estimony

A. /01-/0: >pinions and E8per% Tes%i!on" (T page +21)

Rule @01. pinion $estimony y 'ay %itnesses

If 'e wi'ness is no' 'es'if%in as an e8per' 'e wi'nessB 'es'i$on% in 'e for$ of opinions or inferences

is li$i'ed 'o 'ose opinions or inferences wic are (a! ra'ionall% *ased on 'e percep'ion of 'e wi'nessand (*! elpful 'o a clear unders'andin of 'e wi'nessB 'es'i$on% or 'e de'er$ina'ion of a fac' in issue

and (c! no' *ased on scien'ific 'ecnical or o'er specialiDed @nowlede wi'in 'e scope of &ule 02.

Rule @02. $estimony y ,perts

If scien'ific 'ecnical or o'er specialiDed @nowlede will assis' 'e 'rier of fac' 'o unders'and 'e

evidence or 'o de'er$ine a fac' in issue a wi'ness 7ualified as an e8per' *% @nowlede s@ill e8perience'rainin or educa'ion $a% 'es'if% 'ere'o in 'e for$ of an opinion or o'erwise if (1! 'e 'es'i$on% is

*ased upon sufficien' fac's or da'a (2! 'e 'es'i$on% is 'e produc' of relia*le principles and $e'ods

and (3! 'e wi'ness as applied 'e principles and $e'ods relia*l% 'o 'e fac's of 'e case.

Rule @08. 7ases of pinion $estimony y ,pertsTe fac's or da'a in 'e par'icular case upon wic an e8per' *ases an opinion or inference $a% *e 'ose

perceived *% or $ade @nown 'o 'e e8per' a' or *efore 'e earin. If of a '%pe reasona*l% relied upon *%e8per's in 'e par'icular field in for$in opinions or inferences upon 'e su*/ec' 'e fac's or da'a need

no' *e ad$issi*le in evidence in order for 'e opinion or inference 'o *e ad$i''ed. 5ac's or da'a 'a' are

o'erwise inad$issi*le sall no' *e disclosed 'o 'e /ur% *% 'e proponen' of 'e opinion or inferenceunless 'e cour' de'er$ines 'a' 'eir pro*a'ive value in assis'in 'e /ur% 'o evalua'e 'e e8per'Bs opinion

su*s'an'iall% ou'weis 'eir pre/udicial effec'.

Rule @0. pinion on ltimate Issue

(a! E8cep' as provided in su*division (*! 'es'i$on% in 'e for$ of an opinion or inference o'erwise

ad$issi*le is no' o*/ec'iona*le *ecause i' e$*races an ul'i$a'e issue 'o *e decided *% 'e 'rier of fac'.(*! o e8per' wi'ness 'es'if%in wi' respec' 'o 'e $en'al s'a'e or condi'ion of a defendan' in a cri$inalcase $a% s'a'e an opinion or inference as 'o we'er 'e defendan' did or did no' ave 'e $en'al s'a'e or

condi'ion cons'i'u'in an ele$en' of 'e cri$e cared or of a defense 'ere'o. 6uc ul'i$a'e issues are

$a''ers for 'e 'rier of fac' alone.

Rule @09. *isclosure of


17/25

5I."earsay

A. 01: 3earsa" (prior s%a%e!en% " %es%if"ing wi%ness, ad!ission " par%" opponen%) (T page

/1, /&, //)

*efinitionsTe followin defini'ions appl% under 'is ar'icle:

(a) Statement.

A s'a'e$en' is (1! an oral or wri''en asser'ion or (2! nonver*al conduc' of a person if i' is in'ended *%

'e person as an asser'ion.

() *eclarant.

A declaran' is a person wo $a@es a s'a'e$en'.

(c) "earsay.

4earsa% is a s'a'e$en' o'er 'an one $ade *% 'e declaran' wile 'es'if%in a' 'e 'rial or earin

offered in evidence 'o prove 'e 'ru' of 'e $a''er asser'ed.

(d) Statements &ic& are not &earsay.

A s'a'e$en' is no' earsa% if--(1) "rior statement by witness.Te declaran' 'es'ifies a' 'e 'rial or earin and is su*/ec' 'o cross-e8a$ina'ion concernin 'e s'a'e$en' and 'e s'a'e$en' is (A! inconsis'en' wi' 'e declaran'Bs

'es'i$on% and was iven under oa' su*/ec' 'o 'e penal'% of per/ur% a' a 'rial earin or o'er

proceedin or in a deposi'ion or ("! consis'en' wi' 'e declaran'Bs 'es'i$on% and is offered 'o re*u' ane8press or i$plied care aains' 'e declaran' of recen' fa*rica'ion or i$proper influence or $o'ive or

(! one of iden'ifica'ion of a person $ade af'er perceivin 'e personC or

(2)dmission by #artyo##onent.Te s'a'e$en' is offered aains' a par'% and is(A! 'e par'%Bs own s'a'e$en' in ei'er an individual or a represen'a'ive capaci'% or

("! a s'a'e$en' of wic 'e par'% as $anifes'ed an adop'ion or *elief in i's 'ru' or

(! a s'a'e$en' *% a person au'oriDed *% 'e par'% 'o $a@e a s'a'e$en' concernin 'e su*/ec' or

(+! a s'a'e$en' *% 'e par'%Bs aen' or servan' concernin a $a''er wi'in 'e scope of 'e aenc% ore$plo%$en' $ade durin 'e e8is'ence of 'e rela'ionsip or

(E! a s'a'e$en' *% a coconspira'or of a par'% durin 'e course and in fur'erance of 'e conspirac%.

Te con'en's of 'e s'a'e$en' sall *e considered *u' are no' alone sufficien' 'o es'a*lis 'e declaran'Bsau'ori'% under su*division (! 'e aenc% or e$plo%$en' rela'ionsip and scope 'ereof under

su*division (+! or 'e e8is'ence of 'e conspirac% and 'e par'icipa'ion 'erein of 'e declaran' and 'e

par'% aains' wo$ 'e s'a'e$en' is offered under su*division (E!.

B. 02: 3earsa" $ue (no% assigned)

"earsay Rule

4earsa% is no' ad$issi*le e8cep' as provided *% 'ese rules or *% o'er rules prescri*ed *% 'e 6upre$e

our' pursuan' 'o s'a'u'or% au'ori'% or *% Ac' of onress.

1


18/25

'. 0&: ?nres%ric%ed 3earsa" E8cep%ions (T page &4), *ocu!en%s (T page /&)

"earsay ,ceptions- vailaility of *eclarant Immaterial

Te followin are no' e8cluded *% 'e earsa% rule even 'ou 'e declaran' is availa*le as a wi'ness:

(1! Present sense impression.A s'a'e$en' descri*in or e8plainin an even' or condi'ion $ade wile

'e declaran' was perceivin 'e even' or condi'ion or i$$edia'el% 'ereaf'er.(2! ,cited utterance.A s'a'e$en' rela'in 'o a s'ar'lin even' or condi'ion $ade wile 'e declaran'

was under 'e s'ress of e8ci'e$en' caused *% 'e even' or condi'ion.

(3! $&en eistin! mental/ emotional/ or p&ysical condition.A s'a'e$en' of 'e declaran'Bs 'ene8is'in s'a'e of $ind e$o'ion sensa'ion or p%sical condi'ion (suc as in'en' plan $o'ive desin

$en'al feelin pain and *odil% eal'! *u' no' includin a s'a'e$en' of $e$or% or *elief 'o prove 'e

fac' re$e$*ered or *elieved unless i' rela'es 'o 'e e8ecu'ion revoca'ion iden'ifica'ion or 'er$s ofdeclaran'Bs will.

(#! Statements for purposes of medical dia!nosis or treatment. 6'a'e$en's $ade for purposes of

$edical dianosis or 'rea'$en' and descri*in $edical is'or% or pas' or presen' s%$p'o$s pain orsensa'ions or 'e incep'ion or eneral carac'er of 'e cause or e8'ernal source 'ereof insofar as

reasona*l% per'inen' 'o dianosis or 'rea'$en'.()! Recorded recollection.A $e$orandu$ or record concernin a $a''er a*ou' wic a wi'ness once

ad @nowlede *u' now as insufficien' recollec'ion 'o ena*le 'e wi'ness 'o 'es'if% full% and accura'el%sown 'o ave *een $ade or adop'ed *% 'e wi'ness wen 'e $a''er was fres in 'e wi'nessB $e$or%

and 'o reflec' 'a' @nowlede correc'l%. If ad$i''ed 'e $e$orandu$ or record $a% *e read in'o

evidence *u' $a% no' i'self *e received as an e8i*i' unless offered *% an adverse par'%.(,! Records of re!ularly conducted activity.A $e$orandu$ repor' record or da'a co$pila'ion in

an% for$ of ac's even's condi'ions opinions or dianoses $ade a' or near 'e 'i$e *% or fro$

infor$a'ion 'rans$i''ed *% a person wi' @nowlede if @ep' in 'e course of a reularl% conduc'ed*usiness ac'ivi'% and if i' was 'e reular prac'ice of 'a' *usiness ac'ivi'% 'o $a@e 'e $e$orandu$

repor' record or da'a co$pila'ion all as sown *% 'e 'es'i$on% of 'e cus'odian or o'er 7ualified

wi'ness or *% cer'ifica'ion 'a' co$plies wi' &ule 02(11! &ule 02(12! or a s'a'u'e per$i''incer'ifica'ion unless 'e source of infor$a'ion or 'e $e'od or circu$s'ances of prepara'ion indica'elac@ of 'rus'wor'iness. Te 'er$ *usiness as used in 'is pararap includes *usiness ins'i'u'ion

associa'ion profession occupa'ion and callin of ever% @ind we'er or no' conduc'ed for profi'.

(! sence of entry in records ;ept in accordance it& t&e provisions of para!rap& (?). Evidence'a' a $a''er is no' included in 'e $e$oranda repor's records or da'a co$pila'ions in an% for$ @ep'

in accordance wi' 'e provisions of pararap (,! 'o prove 'e nonoccurrence or none8is'ence of 'e

$a''er if 'e $a''er was of a @ind of wic a $e$orandu$ repor' record or da'a co$pila'ion wasreularl% $ade and preserved unless 'e sources of infor$a'ion or o'er circu$s'ances indica'e lac@ of

'rus'wor'iness.

D

1


19/25

(! Pulic records and reports.&ecords repor's s'a'e$en's or da'a co$pila'ions in an% for$ of

pu*lic offices or aencies se''in for' (A! 'e ac'ivi'ies of 'e office or aenc% or ("! $a''ers o*served

pursuan' 'o du'% i$posed *% law as 'o wic $a''ers 'ere was a du'% 'o repor' e8cludin owever incri$inal cases $a''ers o*served *% police officers and o'er law enforce$en' personnel or (! in civil

ac'ions and proceedins and aains' 'e Govern$en' in cri$inal cases fac'ual findins resul'in fro$ an

inves'ia'ion $ade pursuan' 'o au'ori'% ran'ed *% law unless 'e sources of infor$a'ion or o'ercircu$s'ances indica'e lac@ of 'rus'wor'iness.

(! Records of vital statistics.&ecords or da'a co$pila'ions in an% for$ of *ir's fe'al dea's dea's

or $arriaes if 'e repor' 'ereof was $ade 'o a pu*lic office pursuan' 'o re7uire$en's of law.(10! sence of pulic record or entry.To prove 'e a*sence of a record repor' s'a'e$en' or da'a

co$pila'ion in an% for$ or 'e nonoccurrence or none8is'ence of a $a''er of wic a record repor'

s'a'e$en' or da'a co$pila'ion in an% for$ was reularl% $ade and preserved *% a pu*lic office or

aenc% evidence in 'e for$ of a cer'ifica'ion in accordance wi' rule 02 or 'es'i$on% 'a' dilien'searc failed 'o disclose 'e record repor' s'a'e$en' or da'a co$pila'ion or en'r%.

(11! Records of reli!ious or!aniEations.6'a'e$en's of *ir's $arriaes divorces dea's lei'i$ac%

ances'r% rela'ionsip *% *lood or $arriae or o'er si$ilar fac's of personal or fa$il% is'or%

con'ained in a reularl% @ep' record of a reliious oraniDa'ion.(12! 3arria!e/ aptismal/ and similar certificates.6'a'e$en's of fac' con'ained in a cer'ifica'e 'a'

'e $a@er perfor$ed a $arriae or o'er cere$on% or ad$inis'ered a sacra$en' $ade *% a cler%$anpu*lic official or o'er person au'oriDed *% 'e rules or prac'ices of a reliious oraniDa'ion or *% law

'o perfor$ 'e ac' cer'ified and purpor'in 'o ave *een issued a' 'e 'i$e of 'e ac' or wi'in a

reasona*le 'i$e 'ereaf'er.(13!


20/25

(1! 'earned treatises.To 'e e8'en' called 'o 'e a''en'ion of an e8per' wi'ness upon cross-

e8a$ina'ion or relied upon *% 'e e8per' wi'ness in direc' e8a$ina'ion s'a'e$en's con'ained in

pu*lised 'rea'ises periodicals or pa$ple's on a su*/ec' of is'or% $edicine or o'er science or ar'es'a*lised as a relia*le au'ori'% *% 'e 'es'i$on% or ad$ission of 'e wi'ness or *% o'er e8per'

'es'i$on% or *% /udicial no'ice. If ad$i''ed 'e s'a'e$en's $a% *e read in'o evidence *u' $a% no' *e

received as e8i*i's.(1! Reputation concernin! personal or family &istory.&epu'a'ion a$on $e$*ers of a personBs

fa$il% *% *lood adop'ion or $arriae or a$on a personBs associa'es or in 'e co$$uni'% concernin

a personBs *ir' adop'ion $arriae divorce dea' lei'i$ac% rela'ionsip *% *lood adop'ion or$arriae ances'r% or o'er si$ilar fac' of personal or fa$il% is'or%.

(20! Reputation concernin! oundaries or !eneral &istory.&epu'a'ion in a co$$uni'% arisin *efore

'e con'rovers% as 'o *oundaries of or cus'o$s affec'in lands in 'e co$$uni'% and repu'a'ion as 'o

even's of eneral is'or% i$por'an' 'o 'e co$$uni'% or 6'a'e or na'ion in wic loca'ed.(21! Reputation as to c&aracter.&epu'a'ion of a personBs carac'er a$on associa'es or in 'e

co$$uni'%.

(22! >ud!ment of previous conviction.Evidence of a final /ud$en' en'ered af'er a 'rial or upon a plea

of uil'% (*u' no' upon a plea of nolo con'endere! ad/udin a person uil'% of a cri$e punisa*le *%dea' or i$prison$en' in e8cess of one %ear 'o prove an% fac' essen'ial 'o sus'ain 'e /ud$en' *u' no'

includin wen offered *% 'e Govern$en' in a cri$inal prosecu'ion for purposes o'er 'ani$peac$en' /ud$en's aains' persons o'er 'an 'e accused. Te pendenc% of an appeal $a% *e

sown *u' does no' affec' ad$issi*ili'%.

(23! >ud!ment as to personal/ family or !eneral &istory/ or oundaries. 9ud$en's as proof of$a''ers of personal fa$il% or eneral is'or% or *oundaries essen'ial 'o 'e /ud$en' if 'e sa$e

would *e prova*le *% evidence of repu'a'ion.

(2#! Ft&er eceptions.FTransferred 'o &ule 0

20


21/25

*. 04: 3earsa" E8cep%ion: *ecaran% ?navaiae (T page &)

"earsay ,ceptions- *eclarant navailale

(a) *efinition of unavailaility.

?navaila*ili'% as a wi'ness includes si'ua'ions in wic 'e declaran'--

(1! is e8e$p'ed *% rulin of 'e cour' on 'e round of privilee fro$ 'es'if%in concernin 'e su*/ec'$a''er of 'e declaran'Bs s'a'e$en'C or

(2! persis's in refusin 'o 'es'if% concernin 'e su*/ec' $a''er of 'e declaran'Bs s'a'e$en' despi'e an

order of 'e cour' 'o do soC or(3! 'es'ifies 'o a lac@ of $e$or% of 'e su*/ec' $a''er of 'e declaran'Bs s'a'e$en'C or

(#! is una*le 'o *e presen' or 'o 'es'if% a' 'e earin *ecause of dea' or 'en e8is'in p%sical or $en'al

illness or infir$i'%C or()! is a*sen' fro$ 'e earin and 'e proponen' of a s'a'e$en' as *een una*le 'o procure 'e

declaran'Bs a''endance (or in 'e case of a earsa% e8cep'ion under su*division (*!(2! (3! or (#! 'e

declaran'Bs a''endance or 'es'i$on%! *% process or o'er reasona*le $eans.A declaran' is no' unavaila*le as a wi'ness if e8e$p'ion refusal clai$ of lac@ of $e$or% ina*ili'% or

a*sence is due 'o 'e procure$en' or wrondoin of 'e proponen' of a s'a'e$en' for 'e purpose ofpreven'in 'e wi'ness fro$ a''endin or 'es'if%in.

() "earsay eceptions.

Te followin are no' e8cluded *% 'e earsa% rule if 'e declaran' is unavaila*le as a wi'ness:

(1!Former testimony.Tes'i$on% iven as a wi'ness a' ano'er earin of 'e sa$e or a differen'

proceedin or in a deposi'ion 'a@en in co$pliance wi' law in 'e course of 'e sa$e or ano'erproceedin if 'e par'% aains' wo$ 'e 'es'i$on% is now offered or in a civil ac'ion or proceedin a

predecessor in in'eres' ad an oppor'uni'% and si$ilar $o'ive 'o develop 'e 'es'i$on% *% direc' cross

or redirec' e8a$ina'ion.(2! *tatement under belief of im#ending death.In a prosecu'ion for o$icide or in a civil ac'ion or

proceedin a s'a'e$en' $ade *% a declaran' wile *elievin 'a' 'e declaran'Bs dea' was i$$inen'

concernin 'e cause or circu$s'ances of wa' 'e declaran' *elieved 'o *e i$pendin dea'.(3! *tatement against interest.A s'a'e$en' wic was a' 'e 'i$e of i's $a@in so far con'rar% 'o 'edeclaran'Bs pecuniar% or proprie'ar% in'eres' or so far 'ended 'o su*/ec' 'e declaran' 'o civil or cri$inal

lia*ili'% or 'o render invalid a clai$ *% 'e declaran' aains' ano'er 'a' a reasona*le person in 'e

declaran'Bs posi'ion would no' ave $ade 'e s'a'e$en' unless *elievin i' 'o *e 'rue. A s'a'e$en''endin 'o e8pose 'e declaran' 'o cri$inal lia*ili'% and offered 'o e8culpa'e 'e accused is no'

ad$issi*le unless corro*ora'in circu$s'ances clearl% indica'e 'e 'rus'wor'iness of 'e s'a'e$en'.

(#! *tatement of #ersonal or family history.(A! A s'a'e$en' concernin 'e declaran'Bs own *ir'adop'ion $arriae divorce lei'i$ac% rela'ionsip *% *lood adop'ion or $arriae ances'r% or o'er

si$ilar fac' of personal or fa$il% is'or% even 'ou declaran' ad no $eans of ac7uirin personal

@nowlede of 'e $a''er s'a'edC or ("! a s'a'e$en' concernin 'e foreoin $a''ers and dea' also of

ano'er person if 'e declaran' was rela'ed 'o 'e o'er *% *lood adop'ion or $arriae or was soin'i$a'el% associa'ed wi' 'e o'erBs fa$il% as 'o *e li@el% 'o ave accura'e infor$a'ion concernin 'e

$a''er declared.

()! F+ther e&ce#tions.FTransferred 'o &ule 0(,!Forfeiture by wrongdoing.A s'a'e$en' offered aains' a par'% 'a' as enaed or ac7uiesced in

wrondoin 'a' was in'ended 'o and did procure 'e unavaila*ili'% of 'e declaran' as a wi'ness.

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E. 0: u%ipe 3earsa" (T page 1000)

"earsay %it&in "earsay

4earsa% included wi'in earsa% is no' e8cluded under 'e earsa% rule if eac par' of 'e co$*ineds'a'e$en's confor$s wi' an e8cep'ion 'o 'e earsa% rule provided in 'ese rules.

. 0+: 'rediii%" of 3earsa" *ecaran% (T page 1001)ttac;in! and Supportin! Crediility of *eclarant

;en a earsa% s'a'e$en' or a s'a'e$en' defined in &ule 01(d!(2!(! (+! or (E! as *een ad$i''ed in

evidence 'e credi*ili'% of 'e declaran' $a% *e a''ac@ed and if a''ac@ed $a% *e suppor'ed *% an%evidence wic would *e ad$issi*le for 'ose purposes if declaran' ad 'es'ified as a wi'ness. Evidence

of a s'a'e$en' or conduc' *% 'e declaran' a' an% 'i$e inconsis'en' wi' 'e declaran'Bs earsa%

s'a'e$en' is no' su*/ec' 'o an% re7uire$en' 'a' 'e declaran' $a% ave *een afforded an oppor'uni'% 'oden% or e8plain. If 'e par'% aains' wo$ a earsa% s'a'e$en' as *een ad$i''ed calls 'e declaran' as a

wi'ness 'e par'% is en'i'led 'o e8a$ine 'e declaran' on 'e s'a'e$en' as if under cross-e8a$ina'ion.

7. 0/: 3earsa" E8cep%ion: 'a%ca (T page 100&)

Residual ,ceptionA s'a'e$en' no' specificall% covered *% &ule 03 or 0# *u' avin e7uivalen' circu$s'an'ial uaran'ees

of 'rus'wor'iness is no' e8cluded *% 'e earsa% rule if 'e cour' de'er$ines 'a' (A! 'e s'a'e$en' isoffered as evidence of a $a'erial fac'C ("! 'e s'a'e$en' is $ore pro*a'ive on 'e poin' for wic i' is

offered 'an an% o'er evidence wic 'e proponen' can procure 'rou reasona*le effor'sC and (! 'e

eneral purposes of 'ese rules and 'e in'eres's of /us'ice will *es' *e served *% ad$ission of 'es'a'e$en' in'o evidence. 4owever a s'a'e$en' $a% no' *e ad$i''ed under 'is e8cep'ion unless 'e

proponen' of i' $a@es @nown 'o 'e adverse par'% sufficien'l% in advance of 'e 'rial or earin 'o

provide 'e adverse par'% wi' a fair oppor'uni'% 'o prepare 'o $ee' i' 'e proponen'Bs in'en'ion 'o offer'e s'a'e$en' and 'e par'iculars of i' includin 'e na$e and address of 'e declaran'.

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5II. ut&entication and Identification

A. 01: Au%en%ica%ion (T page 10+)

Re4uirement of ut&entication or Identification

(a) General provision.Te re7uire$en' of au'en'ica'ion or iden'ifica'ion as a condi'ion preceden' 'o ad$issi*ili'% is sa'isfied

*% evidence sufficien' 'o suppor' a findin 'a' 'e $a''er in 7ues'ion is wa' i's proponen' clai$s.

() Illustrations.

"% wa% of illus'ra'ion onl% and no' *% wa% of li$i'a'ion 'e followin are e8a$ples of au'en'ica'ion

or iden'ifica'ion confor$in wi' 'e re7uire$en's of 'is rule:(1! ,estimony of witness with -nowledge.Tes'i$on% 'a' a $a''er is wa' i' is clai$ed 'o *e.

(2!oneert o#inion on handwriting.one8per' opinion as 'o 'e enuineness of andwri'in *ased

upon fa$iliari'% no' ac7uired for purposes of 'e li'ia'ion.

(3! Com#arison by trier or eert witness.o$parison *% 'e 'rier of fac' or *% e8per' wi'nesses wi'speci$ens wic ave *een au'en'ica'ed.

(#!Distincti/e characteristics and the li-e.Appearance con'en's su*s'ance in'ernal pa''erns or o'erdis'inc'ive carac'eris'ics 'a@en in con/unc'ion wi' circu$s'ances.()! 0oice identification.Iden'ifica'ion of a voice we'er eard firs'and or 'rou $ecanical or

elec'ronic 'rans$ission or recordin *% opinion *ased upon earin 'e voice a' an% 'i$e under

circu$s'ances connec'in i' wi' 'e alleed spea@er.(,! ,ele#hone con/ersations.Telepone conversa'ions *% evidence 'a' a call was $ade 'o 'e nu$*er

assined a' 'e 'i$e *% 'e 'elepone co$pan% 'o a par'icular person or *usiness if (A! in 'e case of a

person circu$s'ances includin self-iden'ifica'ion sow 'e person answerin 'o *e 'e one called or("! in 'e case of a *usiness 'e call was $ade 'o a place of *usiness and 'e conversa'ion rela'ed 'o

*usiness reasona*l% 'ransac'ed over 'e 'elepone.

(!"ublic records or re#orts.Evidence 'a' a wri'in au'oriDed *% law 'o *e recorded or filed and in

fac' recorded or filed in a pu*lic office or a purpor'ed pu*lic record repor' s'a'e$en' or da'aco$pila'ion in an% for$ is fro$ 'e pu*lic office were i'e$s of 'is na'ure are @ep'.

(!ncient documents or data com#ilation.Evidence 'a' a docu$en' or da'a co$pila'ion in an% for$

(A! is in suc condi'ion as 'o crea'e no suspicion concernin i's au'en'ici'% ("! was in a place were i'if au'en'ic would li@el% *e and (! as *een in e8is'ence 20 %ears or $ore a' 'e 'i$e i' is offered.

(!"rocess or system.Evidence descri*in a process or s%s'e$ used 'o produce a resul' and sowin

'a' 'e process or s%s'e$ produces an accura'e resul'.(10!ethods #ro/ided by statute or rule.An% $e'od of au'en'ica'ion or iden'ifica'ion provided *%

Ac' of onress or *% o'er rules prescri*ed *% 'e 6upre$e our' pursuan' 'o s'a'u'or% au'ori'%.

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5III. Contents of %ritin!s/ Recordin!s/ and P&oto!rap&s

A. 1001-100: Bes% Evidence *oc%rine (T page 1141)

Rule 1001. *efinitions

5or purposes of 'is ar'icle 'e followin defini'ions are applica*le:(1! %ritin!s and recordin!s.;ri'ins and recordins consis' of le''ers words or nu$*ers or 'eir

e7uivalen' se' down *% andwri'in '%pewri'in prin'in po'os'a'in po'orapin $ane'ici$pulse $ecanical or elec'ronic recordin or o'er for$ of da'a co$pila'ion.

(2! P&oto!rap&s.Po'oraps include s'ill po'oraps H-ra% fil$s video 'apes and $o'ion

pic'ures.(3! ri!inal.An oriinal of a wri'in or recordin is 'e wri'in or recordin i'self or an% coun'erpar'

in'ended 'o ave 'e sa$e effec' *% a person e8ecu'in or issuin i'. An oriinal of a po'orap

includes 'e nea'ive or an% prin' 'erefro$. If da'a are s'ored in a co$pu'er or si$ilar device an%

prin'ou' or o'er ou'pu' reada*le *% si' sown 'o reflec' 'e da'a accura'el% is an oriinal.(#! *uplicate.A duplica'e is a coun'erpar' produced *% 'e sa$e i$pression as 'e oriinal or fro$

'e sa$e $a'ri8 or *% $eans of po'orap% includin enlare$en's and $inia'ures or *% $ecanicalor elec'ronic re-recordin or *% ce$ical reproduc'ion or *% o'er e7uivalen' 'ecni7ues wicaccura'el% reproduces 'e oriinal.

Rule 1002. Re4uirement of ri!inal

To prove 'e con'en' of a wri'in recordin or po'orap 'e oriinal wri'in recordin or

po'orap is re7uired e8cep' as o'erwise provided in 'ese rules or *% Ac' of onress.

Rule 1008. dmissiility of *uplicates

A duplica'e is ad$issi*le 'o 'e sa$e e8'en' as an oriinal unless (1! a enuine 7ues'ion is raised as 'o

'e au'en'ici'% of 'e oriinal or (2! in 'e circu$s'ances i' would *e unfair 'o ad$i' 'e duplica'e in

lieu of 'e oriinal.

Rule 100. dmissiility of t&er ,vidence of Contents

Te oriinal is no' re7uired and o'er evidence of 'e con'en's of a wri'in recordin or po'orap isad$issi*le if--

(1! ri!inals lost or destroyed.All oriinals are los' or ave *een des'ro%ed unless 'e proponen' los'

or des'ro%ed 'e$ in *ad fai'C or(2! ri!inal not otainale.o oriinal can *e o*'ained *% an% availa*le /udicial process or procedureC

or

(3! ri!inal in possession of opponent.A' a 'i$e wen an oriinal was under 'e con'rol of 'e par'%

aains' wo$ offered 'a' par'% was pu' on no'ice *% 'e pleadins or o'erwise 'a' 'e con'en'swould *e a su*/ec' of proof a' 'e earin and 'a' par'% does no' produce 'e oriinal a' 'e earinC or

(#! Collateral matters.Te wri'in recordin or po'orap is no' closel% rela'ed 'o a con'rollin

issue.

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Rule 1009. Pulic Records

Te con'en's of an official record or of a docu$en' au'oriDed 'o *e recorded or filed and ac'uall%

recorded or filed includin da'a co$pila'ions in an% for$ if o'erwise ad$issi*le $a% *e proved *%cop% cer'ified as correc' in accordance wi' rule 02 or 'es'ified 'o *e correc' *% a wi'ness wo as

co$pared i' wi' 'e oriinal. If a cop% wic co$plies wi' 'e foreoin canno' *e o*'ained *% 'e

e8ercise of reasona*le dilience 'en o'er evidence of 'e con'en's $a% *e iven.

Rule 100?. Summaries

Te con'en's of volu$inous wri'ins recordins or po'oraps wic canno' convenien'l% *ee8a$ined in cour' $a% *e presen'ed in 'e for$ of a car' su$$ar% or calcula'ion. Te oriinals or

duplica'es sall *e $ade availa*le for e8a$ina'ion or cop%in or *o' *% o'er par'ies a' reasona*le

'i$e and place. Te cour' $a% order 'a' 'e% *e produced in cour'.

Rule 100@. $estimony or %ritten dmission of Party

on'en's of wri'ins recordins or po'oraps $a% *e proved *% 'e 'es'i$on% or deposi'ion of 'e

par'% aains' wo$ offered or *% 'a' par'%Bs wri''en ad$ission wi'ou' accoun'in for 'e

nonproduc'ion of 'e oriinal.

Rule 100A. ury

;en 'e ad$issi*ili'% of o'er evidence of con'en's of wri'ins recordins or po'oraps under 'ese

rules depends upon 'e fulfill$en' of a condi'ion of fac' 'e 7ues'ion we'er 'e condi'ion as *een

fulfilled is ordinaril% for 'e cour' 'o de'er$ine in accordance wi' 'e provisions of rule 10#. 4oweverwen an issue is raised (a! we'er 'e asser'ed wri'in ever e8is'ed or (*! we'er ano'er wri'in

recordin or po'orap produced a' 'e 'rial is 'e oriinal or (c! we'er o'er evidence of con'en's

correc'l% reflec's 'e con'en's 'e issue is for 'e 'rier of fac' 'o de'er$ine as in 'e case of o'er issues

of fac'.

evidence outline - rules

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