evidence of the roman army in slovenia

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EVIDENCE OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN SLOVENIA

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SLEDOVI RIMSKE VOJSKE NA SLOVENSKEM

KATALOGI IN MONOGRAFIJE 412015


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K A TA L O G I I N M O N O G R A F I J E / C A T A L O G I E T M O NO G R A P H I A E 4 1

EVIDENCE OF THE ROMAN ARMY

IN SLOVENIA

•

SLEDOVI RIMSKE VOJSKENA SLOVENSKEM

Uredniki / Editors

JANKA ISTENIČ, BOŠTJAN LAHARNAR, JANA HORVAT

Ljubljana 2015


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Katalogi in monogra je / Catalogi et monographiae 41

Jezikovni pregled slovenskih besedil /Slovenian language editing Alenka Božič in Marjeta Humar

Recenzenti / Reviewed byJana Horvat, Janka Istenič, Peter Kos, Boštjan Laharnar

Oblikovanje / DesignBarbara Predan

Založnik / PublisherNarodni muzej Slovenije

Zanj / Publishing executiveBarbara Ravnik,

direktorica Narodnega muzeja Slovenije

Tisk / PrintPresent d. o. o.

Naklada / Print run00

Cena / Price

€

© 0 Narodni muzej Slovenije, Ljubljana

Tiskano s nančno pomoč jo Ministrst va za kulturoRepublike Slovenije in Javne agencije za raziskovalnodejavnost Republike Slovenije.

Te publication was made possible with funding fromthe Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Slovenia andthe Slovenian Research Agency.

Glavni in odgovorni urednik serije /Editor-in-chief of the seriesPeter Turk

Technical editor / Tehnična urednica Barbara Jerin

Urejanje slikovnega gradiva / Figures editingIda Murgelj

Uredniški odbor / Editorial boardDragan Božič, Janez Dular, Janka Istenič,

Timotej Knific, Biba Teržan

CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikacijiNarodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana

355(497.4)"652"(082)94(37)

EVIDENCE of the Roman army in Slovenia = Sledovi rimskevojske na Slovenskem / uredniki, editors Janka Istenič, BoštjanLaharnar, Jana Horvat. - Ljubljana : Narodni muzej Slovenije, 2015.- (Katalogi in monogra je = Catalogi et monographiae / Narodnimuzej Slovenije ; 41)

ISBN 978-961-6169-97-4 1. Vzp. stv. nasl. 2. Istenič, Janka

280118528

Vse pravice pridržane. Noben del te izdaje ne sme biti reproduciran,shranjen ali prepisan v kateri koli obliki oz. na kateri koli na čin,bodisi elektronsko, mehansko, s fotokopiranjem, snemanjem alikako druga če, brez predhodnega pisnega dovoljenja izdajatelja(copyright).

All rights reserved. No part of this publ ication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or byany means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording orotherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

EVIDENCE OF THE ROMAN ARMY IN SLOVENIA

SLEDOVI RIMSKE VOJSKE NA SLOVENSKEM

Janka Istenič, Boštjan Laharnar, Jana Horvat (uredniki / editors)


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CONTENTS

Preface

Boštjan LaharnarTe Roman army in the Notranjska region

Janka Isteničwith a contribution by Alenka Miškec (the coin catalogue)

Traces of Octavian's military activities at Gradiščein Cerkno and Vrh gradu near Pečine

Danilo BreščakGraves with weapons from Verdun near Stopiče

Andrej Gaspari, Iris Bekljanov Zidanšek,Rene Masaryk, Matjaž Novšak

Augustan military graves from the areaof Kongresni trg in Ljubljana

Jana Horvat

Early Roman military nds from prehistoricsettlements in the Gorenjska region

Milan SagadinEvidence of the Roman army in Early Roman Kranj

Mitja GuštinRoman camps following the route to Segestica

and the western Balkans

Alenka MiškecTe role of Roman Republican denarii of Mark Antony

in the monetary circulation of the Late Republic

Boštjan Laharnar, Benjamin Štular, Miha Mlinar

Gradič above Kobarid – a Late Republican fortied emporium?

Maja Janežič, Evgen LazarRoman military equipment from the town centre of Poetovio

Irena Lazar

Roman tile workshop at Vransko – archaeology,ager of Celeia and Roman history

Andrej Preložnik, Aleksandra NestorovićGermanic spur from Ptuj

Veronika Pflaum, Judita Lux

Hackamore and other parts of equine equipmentfrom the Roman villa at Mošnje (Abstract)

Julijana VisočnikSoldiers from Roman autonomous towns in Slovenia,

active in other parts of the Roman Empire (Summary)

Anja RagoličDie Zeit des Kaisers Gallienus und

die Rolle des Heeres in Poetovio

Drago SvoljšakRoman fort at Hrušica: ndings of investigations after 1979

Janka Isteničwith a contribution by Andrej Šemrov (the coin catalogue)

Mali Njiv č above Novaki

Slavko CiglenečkiLate Roman army, Claustra Alpium Iuliarum

and the fortications in the south-eastern Alps

Predgovor

Boštjan LaharnarRimska vojska na Notranjskem

Janka Isteničs prispevkom Alenke Miškec (katalog novcev)Sledovi Oktavijanovega voja škega delovanja na Gradiščuv Cerknem in Vrh gradu pri Pečinah

Danilo BreščakGrobovi z orož jem z Verduna pri Stopičah

Andrej Gaspari, Iris Bekljanov Zidanšek,Rene Masaryk, Matjaž Novšak

Avgustejska voja ška grobova s Kongresnega trgav Ljubljani

Jana Horvat

Zgodnjerimske voja ške najdbe s prazgodovinskihnaselbin na Gorenjskem

Milan SagadinSledovi rimske vojske v zgodnjeantičnem Kranju

Mitja GuštinRimski voja ški tabori v smeri proti Segestikiin zahodnemu delu Balkanskega polotoka

Alenka MiškecVloga rimskih republikanskih denarijev Marka Antonijav denarnem obtoku pozne republike

Boštjan Laharnar, Benjamin Štular, Miha Mlinar

Gradič nad Kobaridom, poznorepublikanski utrjeni emporij?

Maja Janežič, Evgen LazarRimska voja ška oprema iz središča Petovione

Irena Lazar

Rimska opekarna na Vranskem – arheologija,celejski ager in rimska zgodovina

Andrej Preložnik, Aleksandra NestorovićGermanska ostroga s Ptuja

Veronika Pflaum, Judita Lux

Hakamora in drugi deli konjske opremeiz rimske vile pri Mošnjah

Julijana VisočnikVojaki iz rimskih avtonomnih mest na Slovenskem,ki so službovali drugod po imperiju

Anja RagoličGalienovo obdobje in vloga vojskev Petovioni

Drago SvoljšakRimska utrdba na Hrušici, izsledki izkopavanj po letu 1979

Janka Isteničs prispevkom Andreja Šemrova (katalog novcev)Mali Njiv č nad Novaki

Slavko CiglenečkiPoznorimska vojska, Claustra Alpium Iuliarum

in utrjena krajina v jugovzhodnih Alpah

0

0

KAZALO


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Preface Predgovor

Proučevanje najrazličnejših vidikov rimske vojske ter z njopovezanih pojavov je ena od osrednjih tem rimske arheo-logije in zgodovine.

Arheološke raziskave, med katerimi je bilo najve

č za šč

it-nih, so v zadnjih dveh desetletjih razkrile številne nove sle-di delovanja rimske vojske na območ ju sedanje Slovenije,od utrdb do drobnih odlomkov voja ške opreme. Hkrati jebilo znova proučeno že prej znano arheološko gradivo. Teraziskave so na novo osvetlile dogajanje na ozemlju seda-nje Slovenije ob koncu prazgodovine in v rimski dobi. Na-predovali smo v razumevanju poteka rimskega osvajanjaozemlja Slovenije v zgodnjerimski dobi ter poglobili po-znavanje posameznih vidikov voja ške obrambe in nadzorav poznorimski dobi, več vemo o arhitekturi in datiranjuvoja ških utrdb, o oskrbi vojske, o poteku prometnih in

oskrbovalnih poti ter o rimski voja ški opremi.

Narodni muzej Slovenije in Inštitut za arheologijo Znan-stvenoraziskovalnega centra Slovenske akademije znanostiin umetnosti sta 17. in 18. novembra 2011 v Ljubljani orga-nizirala znanstveno srečanje, posvečeno novim odkritjemv zvezi z delovanjem rimske vojske na ozemlju Slovenije.Iz srečanja je zrasla zamisel o knjigi, v kateri bi bili naenem mestu predstavljeni najnovejši raziskovalni rezultati.V naslednjih letih smo se posvetili zbiranju prispevkov oizbranih temah, njihovemu recenziranju in urejanju.

V knjigižal manjka obravnava nekaterih pomembnih za-ščitnih izkopavanj, pri katerih stopnja obravnave gradiva

še ne omogoča objave izsledkov. Kljub vsemu upamo, dabo knjiga dragocen prispevek k razumevanju rimske dobena Slovenskem in spodbuda za nadaljnje raziskovalno delo.

Janka Istenič, Jana Horvat in Boštjan Laharnar

Te Roman army and the numerous nds and phenomenaassociated with it, is one of the central issues of Romanarchaeology and history, as well as being a recurring re-search topic.

Te last two decades of archaeological investigation in Slo-venia, much of which was of a rescue nature, have revealednumerous traces of Roman military activities, ranging fromforts to small fragments of military equipment. Concur-rently with eld investigations, knowledge has also beengained from the study of previously recovered archaeologi-cal evidence, all of which sheds new light on events takingplace on the territory of Slovenia at the end of prehistoryand in the Roman period. As a result, we have a better un-derstanding of the way that Roman conquest proceeded,we have gained additional knowledge of individual aspects

of military defence and control in the Late Roman period,and more is known on the architecture and dating of indi-vidual forts and fortlets, on the provisioning of the army,on communication and transport lines, as well as on theRoman military equipment.

In light of this, the National Museum of Slovenia and theInstitute of Archaeology at the Scientic Research Centreof the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts organiseda scientic gathering dedicated to new discoveries concern-ing Roman military activity on the territory of Slovenia. Ittook place on the 17 and 18 November 2011 in Ljubljana.Tis event led to the idea for a publication that would bringtogether the results of recent investigations into the subject.Subsequent years have been dedicated to gathering contri-butions, but also to peer reviewing and editing.

Te book presents a rich collection of contributions, al-though it lacks the results of several important rescue ex-cavations, the desktop assessment of which is not yet at astage that would enable conclusions to be drawn. We nev-ertheless hope that this represents a valuable addition toour knowledge of the Roman period in Slovenia and willprompt further research.

Janka Istenič, Jana Horvat and Boštjan Laharnar


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Izvleček

Med za ščitnimi izkopavanji Kongresnega trga, ki so jih vletih 2009–2010 izvajali Muzej in galerije mesta Ljubljana

v sodelovanju s podjetjem Arhej, je bilo pred severnim ob-zidjem rimske Emone v dveh skupinah odkritih skupno 11 avgustejskih žganih grobov. Ti najzgodnejši znani rimskigrobovi iz Ljubljanske kotline vključujejo tudi dva voja-ška grobova in odpirajo zanimiva vpra šanja v zvezi z izvo-rom pokojnikov in razmerjem zgodnjerimskih grobov doprazgodovinske gomilne nekropole ter okvirno sočasnihrimskih ostalin voja ške in civilne narave na ož jem ljubljan-skem območ ju.

Ključne besede: Slovenija, Ljubljana, Kongresni trg, Emo-na, grobovi, rimska vojska, orož je, auxilia

Abstract

Between 2009 and 2010, the Ljubljana Museum and Galler-ies, together with the company Arhej, carried out extensive

archaeological excavations on Kongresni trg. Eleven Augus-tan cremation graves were found in two groups adjacent tothe northern wall of Roman Emona .Tese are the earliestknown Roman graves from the Ljubljana basin. Amongstthese, there are two military graves.Tese ndings raise in-triguing questions about the origins of the deceased and therelationship between Early Roman graves and the prehistor-ic tumulus necropolis, as well as Roman military and civilnds dating to approximately the same period, and from thecentral Ljubljana area.

Keywords: Slovenia, Ljubljana, Kongresni trg, Emona ,graves, the Roman military, weapons, auxiliary

AVGUSTEJSKAVOJAŠKA GROBOVA S

KONGRESNEGA TRGAV LJUBLJANI

Andrej Gaspari, Iris Bekljanov Zidanšek,

Rene Masaryk, Matjaž Novšak

AUGUSTAN MILITARYGRAVES FROM THE AREA

OF KONGRESNI TRG INLJUBLJANA

Andrej Gaspari, Iris Bekljanov Zidanšek,

Rene Masaryk, Matjaž Novšak

Figure .

Emona with Early Roman

sites, mentioned in the

text. Kongresni trg,

cemetery; foot of the

Grajski grič (Castle Hill),

settlement; Prule, milita-

ry camp; Gradišče/Emo-

na, town (R. Masaryk).

Slika .

Emona z zgodnjerimski-

mi najdišči, omenjenimi

v besedilu. Kongresni

trg, grobišče; vznož je

Grajskega griča, naselbina;

Prule, vojaški tabor; Gradišče/Emona, mesto

(izdelava R. Masaryk).


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Introduction

Extensive archaeological excavations were carried out be-tween 2009 and 2011 before the city’s parking garage wasbuilt ( g. 1 ).Te Museum and Galleries of Ljubljana car-ried out the research in collaboration with the archaeologi-cal company Arhej. Martin Horvat and Matja ž Nov šak ledthe team of archaeologists. Te excavated area comprisesthe area of the old parking lot and the newly built un-derground parking garage and the middle part of ZvezdaPark, as well as part of the street by the entrance to the Ka-

zina building, where the ramp is. Other areas also had tobe investigated, such as those endangered by the renewaland relocation of communal lines and the new arrange-ment. Altogether, 12500 m² were gradually excavated inthe course of three years ( g. 2).

Te more prominent results of these excavations includenew data on tumulus graves from the Early Hallsatt pe-riod, traces of the Roman army’s whereabouts in this areaimmediately after the transition from BC to AD, new in-sight into Emona’s northern defence system and a buildingdating to the Middle Imperial Period found by the main

road towards Celeia . Amongst the more notable

nds aretwo groups of Early Roman cremation graves with 11 ex-

Uvod

V letih 2009–2011 so bila na območ ju Kongresnega trga vLjubljani (sl. 1 ) pred gradnjo mestne parkirne hiše opra-vljena obsežna arheološka izkopavanja. Raziskave je izvajalMuzej in galerije mesta Ljubljana v sodelovanju s podje-tjem Arhej, arheološko ekipo pa sta vodila Martin Horvatin Matja ž Nov šak. Raziskani so bili območ je nekdanjegaparkirišča, kjer je bila zgrajena podzemna parkirna hiša,ter osrednji del parka Zvezda in del ulice pred vstopomv zgradbo Kazine, kjer je zdaj uvozna klančina. Poleg ob-

močij, vezanih na gradnjo parkirne hi

še, je bilo treba iz-kopati tudi predele, ogrožene z obnovo in prestavitvami

komunalnih vodov ter novo ureditvijo širše okolice. V trehletih terenskih posegov je bilo postopno raziskanih skupno12.500 m2 površine (sl. 2).

Odmevnejši rezultati tokratnih izkopavanj Kongresnegatrga in parka Zvezda vključujejo nove podatke o planemin gomilnem grobišču iz starejšega dela halštatskega obdo-bja, odkrite sledove zadrževanja rimske vojske na tem pro-storu v času kmalu po prehodu stare v novo ero, ponovnivpogled v severni obrambni sistem Emone in srednjece-

sarskodobno stavbo ob glavni cesti proti Celeji, posebnomesto pa zavzemata skupini zgodnjerimskih žganih grobov

Figure .

Plan of the early structures

and deposits in the resear-

ched area of Kongresni trg

(R. Masaryk).

Slika .

Načrt zgodnjih struktur in

depozitov na raziskanem

območ ju Kongresnega

trga (izdelava R. Masaryk).


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amined burials. Te southern group with six graves wasdiscovered in a narrow excavation belt in the middle partof the square. Te northern group with ve graves wasfound in the north-western part of the excavated area,right next to the Kazina building.

Te following discussion is a contribution to a scienticmeeting Te Roman Army in the territory of the nowadays Slo-venia . It focuses on two military burials from the northerngroup, which pose intriguing questions about the originsof the deceased, the dynamics surrounding the burials inthe aforementioned area, and the relationship between theEarly Roman graves, the prehistoric tumulus necropolis andapproximately contemporary Roman nds of military andcivilian natures within the central area of today’s Ljubljana.

Stratigraphic records in the area of the

northern group of Early Roman graves

Te earliest archaeological traces in the Kongresni trg areadate back to the Late Bronze Age. Several small pits con-taining fragments of pottery are dated to this period. Inthe north-western part, a group of ve tumuli with rimditches were formed in the Early Iron Age. In addition tothe burials under the tumuli, a few individual, probablyat graves in smaller pits were documented in the immedi-ate vicinity. Diff erent indicators lead to the belief that thetumuli were clearly discernible or at least recognizable atthe end of the 1st century BC ( g. 3).

s skupno11

raziskanimi pokopi. Južna skupina s

šestimižganimi grobovi je bila odkrita v ozkem izkopnem pasu, ki

je prečil osrednji del trga, severna skupina s 5 žganimi gro-bovi pa na severozahodnem delu raziskovanega območ ja,tik ob stavbi Kazine.

Tokratna obravnava se kot prispevek k temi znanstvene-ga srečanja Rimska vojska na območ ju dana šnje Slovenijeosredotoča na dva voja ška žgana pokopa iz severne skupine,ki odpirata zanimiva vpra šanja v zvezi z izvorom pokojni-kov, dinamiko in vzroki pokopavanja na omejeni površini vkratkih časovnih razmikih ter z razmerjem zgodnjerimskih

Figure .

Hallstatt tumuli at the

north-western part of the

researched area (photo D.

Badovinac).

Slika .

Halštatske gomile na

severozahodnem delu

raziskanega območ ja (foto

D. Badovinac).

Figure .

Situation plan of the area

with discussed grave units

(R. Masaryk).

Slika .

Situacijski načrt območ ja

obravnavanih grobnih

celot (izdelava R. Masaryk).


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SU / SE Interpretation / Interpretacija Description / Opis

9000destruction / recent interventions–uničenje oz. moderni posegi

9319monastery / vicedominio gardens–samostanski ali vicedomski vrtovi

very dark greyish brown crumbly silt, containing smaller carbonate pebbles andsandstone rocks from quarries, fragments of ceramic building material, pottery

and bones–zelo temnosivkastorjav drobljiv peščeni melj, ki je vseboval manjše apnenčeveprodnike in peščenjakove lomljence, odlomke keramičnega gradbenegamateriala, lončenine ter kosti

2661

destruction / recent intervention, terrainlevelling for monastery / vicedominio gardens–uničenje oz. novoveški poseg, izravnavaterena za samostanske ali vicedomskevrtove

9322

dark soil / paleosol

–»temen« sediment oz. paleohumus

crumbly, very dark greyish clayey silt, containing carbonate pebblesup to 3 cm in dimension and fragments of the ceramic building material–drobljiv, zelo temnosivkastorjav glinasti melj, ki je vseboval apnenčasteprodnike velikosti do 3 cm in odlomke keramičnega gradbenegamateriala

9366levelling / ll layer–nasutje oz. izravnava

very dark greyish sandy clay with carbonate and sandstone pebbles up to 10 cmin dimension and fragments of ceramic building material, pottery and pieces ofcharcoal–zelo temnosivkastorjava peščena glina z apnenčevimi in peščenjakovimi prodnikivelikosti do 10 cm ter odlomki keramičnega gradbenega materiala, lončenine inkoščki oglja

9020levelling layer / oor–nasutje oz. tlak

carbonate pebbles up to 10 cm in dimension; spaces in between were lled withcrumbly brown sandy silt–apnenčasti prodniki oz. oblice velikosti do 10 cm; vmesni prostori so bili

zapolnjeni z drobljivim rjavim peščenim meljem

9381

levelling / ll layer–zasutje oz. izravnava

crumbly dark greyish brown sandy silt with carbonate and sandstone pebbles upto 10 cm in dimension drobljiv –temnosivkastorjav peščeni melj z apnenčevimi in peščenjakovimi prodnikivelikosti do 10 cm

9401

destruction / Roman Age intervention,terrain levelling in the time of expansionof the northern necropolis of Emona –uničenje oz. rimskodobni poseg,izravnava terena ob širitvi severnegaemonskega grobišča

9386=9388 levelling / ll layer–zasutje oz. izravnava

crumbly brown sandy silt with carbonate and sandstone pebbles up to

20 cm in dimension and fragments of pottery –drobljiv rjav peščeni melj z apnenčevimi in peščenjakovimi prodniki velikostido 20 cm ter odlomki lončenine

9385

collapse / ground settling above grave1042–udor oz. posedanje tal nad grobom 1042

Grave 1038–Grob 1038

Grave 1039–Grob 1039

Table .

Stratigraphic matrix of

the discussed area and

descriptions of the strati-

graphic units (R. Masaryk).

Preglednica .

Stratigrafska matrika

obravnavanega območ ja

in opisi stratigrafskih enot

(izdelava R. Masaryk).


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9362/9363pit and in-ll– jama in zasutje

irregular shaped pit with semi-circular cross section(preserved dimensions 1.8 × 0.6 m), steep walls and atbottom (depth 0.7 m), lled with crumbly brown sandysilt with carbonate pebbles up to 5 cm in dimension andfragments of pottery –v tlorisu nepravilna polkrožna jama (ohr. vel. 1,8 × 0,6 m)s strmimi stenami in ravnim dnom (gl. 0,7 m), zapolnjena

z drobljivim rjavim peščenim meljem z apnenčevimiprodniki velikosti do 5 cm in odlomki lončenine

Grave 1042– Grob 1042

9324levelling / ll layer–nasutje oz. izravnava

crumby very dark greyish sandy silt with carbonate andsandstone pebbles up to 15 cm in dimension, sandstonequarries up to 20 cm in dimension and fragments of theceramic building material up to 5 cm in dimension–drobljiv zelo temnosivkastorjav peščeni melj z apnenčevimiin peščenjakovimi prodniki velikosti do 15 cm,peščenjakovimi lomljenci velikosti do 20 cm ter odlomkikeramičnega gradbenega materiala velikosti do 5 cm

9382 /9343; 9350

pit and in-ll– jama in zasutji

larger pit, irregular in ground shape (preserved dimensions4 × 1.6 m) with partially vertical, partially slanted walls andslightly concave bottom (depth 0.8 m), lled with crumblybrown sandy silt with carbonate pebbles up to 10 cm indimension and fragments of pottery and with dark greyishbrown sandy silt with carbonate pebbles up to 10 cm indimension and fragments of pottery –več ja, v tlorisu nepravilna jama (ohr. vel. 4 × 1,6 m) zdeloma navpičnimi, deloma poševnimi stenami in rahlousločenim dnom (gl. 0,8 m), zapolnjena z drobljivimrjavim peščenim meljem z apnenčevimi prodnikivelikosti do 10 cm in odlomki lončenine ter drobljivimtemnosivkastorjavim peščenim meljem z apnenčevemiprodniki velikosti do 10 cm in odlomki lončenine

9379=9507sediment–sediment

crumbly dark brown sandy silt, containing carbonate andsandstone pebbles up to 5 cm in dimension and a fewpieces of ceramic building material–drobljiv temno rjav peščeni melj, ki je vseboval apnenčevein peščenjakove prodnike velikosti do 5 cm ter nekajdrobcev keramičnega gradbenega materiala

9528coat of the tumulus 1001–pla šč gomile 1001

carbonate and sandstone pebbles up to 15 cm in dimension;spaces in between were lled with crumbly very darkbrown sandy silt–apnenčeve in peščenjakove oblice velikosti do 15 cm;vmesni prostori so bili zapolnjeni z drobljivim zelotemnorjavim peščenim meljem

9521paleosol / A-horizon–naravna tla oz.paleohumus / horizont A

crumbly dark brown clayey silt, containing carbonate and

sandstone pebbles up to 10 cm in dimension–drobljiv temnorjav glinasti melj, ki je vseboval apnenčevein peščenjakove prodnike velikosti do 10 cm

9027

upper part of thegeological base /B-horizon–zgornji del geološkepodlage / horizont B

crumbly dark brown sandy silt with carbonate andsandstone pebbles up to 15 cm in dimension–drobljiv temnorjav peščeni melj z apnenčevimi inpeščenjakovimi prodniki velikosti do 15 cm

9045

geological base /C-horizon–geološka podlaga /horizont C

carbonate and sandstone pebbles up to 7 cm in dimensionand dark brown sandy silt–apnenčevi in peščenjakovi prodniki velikosti do 7 cm tertemnorjav peščeni melj


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Te eastern part of tumulus 1001 was covered with sedi-ment SU 9379=9507 ( g. 4; table 1 ). A pit (SU 9463) ofan Early Roman grave (1042) was excavated from the sur-face of burial SU 9350 above the eastern part of a larger pitSU 9382. Burnt residues (SU 9453) and grave contents (SU9451) were placed in a wooden case (SU 9460) in the grave

pit and afterwards covered with two deposits: an earlier (SU9433) and a later one (SU 9437). For a while, sediment SU9450 lled the empty space in the case, covered the gravecontents and burnt material, until the north-eastern part ofthe case (SU 9385) collapsed.Te two deposits of the gravepit then subsided, while a thicker layer of sediment on theopposite side of the pit suggests that it remained hollow forquite some time.Te southern part of grave pit 1042 andits in-lls (SU 9433 and SU 9437) were removed during theexcavation of pit SU 9362. Only the northern part of thepit and its in-lls (SU 9363) remained, whereas the rest wasdestroyed through recent interventions.

Gravel (SU 9349=9405), the tumulus of grave 1039, layabove the northern part of in-ll SU 9350, the western partof the grave pit of grave 1042 (in-ll SU 9437) and abovein-ll SU 9350.Te gravel covered a wooden case (imprint9390) that was placed upon a layer of deposit (SU 9350).Sediment (SU 9367) then gradually covered the layer ofburnt remains (SU 9404) and grave contents (SU 9389).Te sedimentation process progressed simultaneously withthe deformation and settling of the grave pit and tumulusdeposit, until the hollow space lled up entirely.

Te tumulus cover was partly covered with the same grav-el deposit (SU 9325) that spread across deposit SU 9324 and in-ll SU 9363 in the southern part. We presume thatlater interventions removed the cover of the tumulus 1001 from its primary position to a secondary one. A group ofnds (grave 1038) is among the remains found above thepreserved segment of the deposit over the tumulus coverabove grave 1039.

grobov do prazgodovinske gomilne nekropole in okvirnosočasnih rimskih ostalin voja ške in civilne narave na ož jemljubljanskem območ ju.

Stratigrafski izvid na območ ju severne

skupine zgodnjerimskih grobov

Najstarejše arheološke sledi na Kongresnem trgu sodijo vpozno bronasto dobo. Iz tega časa so dokumentirani od-lomki lončenine iz posameznih manjših jam. Na severo-zahodnem delu območ ja je v starejši železni dobi nastalaskupina petih gomil z obodnimi jarki. Poleg pokopov podgomilami je bilo v neposredni okolici dokumentiranih več posameznih, domnevno planih grobov v manjših jamah.Na podlagi raznovrstnih pokazateljev je mogoče sklepati,da so bile ob koncu 1. stoletja pr. n. št. gomile še jasnovidne oziroma prepoznavne (sl. 3).

Nad vzhodnim delom več je jame neznane namembnosti(SE 9382), ki je bila izkopana s površine sedimenta (SE9379=9507), odloženega na vzhodnem poboč ju gomi-le 1001 po njenem nastanku (sl. 4; preglednica 1 ), je bilas površine njenega zasutja (SE 9350) izkopana jama (SE9463) zgodnjerimskega groba 1042. Po odložitvi žganine(SE 9453) in grobnih pridatkov (SE 9451) v leseno skrinjooziroma zaboj (odtis SE 9460) sta grobno jamo zapolnilistarejše in mlajše nasutje (SE 9433, SE 9437). V votlemprostoru grobne skrinje se je nekaj časa nabiral sediment(SE 9450), ki je prekril del grobnih pridatkov in žganine,dokler se severovzhodni del skrinje ni udrl (SE 9385). Ob

tem dogodku sta se zasutji grobne jame posedli, v na-sprotnem kotu skrinje pa se je verjetno nekaj časa ohranilvotel prostor, kar nakazuje debelejša plast tam odložene-ga sedimenta. Južni del groba 1042 oziroma njegove jamein zasutij (SE 9433, SE 9437) je bil odstranjen z izkopom

jame (SE 9362). Od jame in njenega zasutja (SE 9363) se je ohranil le skrajni severni del, ostanek pa je bil uničen zrecentnim posegom.

Nad severnim delom zasutja (SE 9363), zahodnim delomgrobne jame groba 1042 in njenih zasutij je ležalo prodnonasutje (SE 9349=9405), pla šč gomile groba 1039. Ta je pre-

krival leseno skrinjo oziroma zaboj (odtis9390

), postavljenna površino nasutja več je jame (SE 9350). V skrinji se je včasu po odložitvi žganine (SE 9404) in grobnih pridatkov(SE 9389) nabiral sediment (SE 9367). Proces sedimenti-ranja je potekal ob sočasnem deformiranju in posedanjugrobne skrinje in gomilnega nasutja do popolne zapolnitvevotlega prostora.

Površino pla šča gomile je deloma prekrivalo enako prodnonasutje (SE 9325), ki se je na zahodu širilo nad nasutji SE9324 in SE 9363. Za slednje domnevamo, da gre za sekun-darno lego dela primarnega pla šča gomile 1001, ki so ga

poškodovali mlaj

ši posegi. V tem nasutju je le

žal skupeknajdb, ki smo ga ozna čili za grob 1038.

Figure .

Grave with

contents in situ (photo D.

Badovinac).

Slika .

Grob s pridatki in situ

(foto D. Badovinac).


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Te accumulation of layer SU 9381 can be linked to thearrangement and expansion of the northern Emona ne-cropolis.Te upper part of tumulus 1001 and the levee eastof graves 1042, 1039 and 1038 were removed during theaforementioned procedure (SU 9401). At the same time,a oor-surface from the time of Early Roman graves (SU

1017 and SU 1033) was also damaged.

Three Early Roman graves of the northern

group

. Grave 0

.. Description ( figs. –)

Te ground plan of burial pit SU 9463 (preserved size 1.6 × 1.4 m, preserved depth 0.54 m) had an irregular shapeand was damaged by later interventions on the north and

south side. It was excavated from the surface of the depositSU 9350, and the lower part was dug into the geologicalbase. Te deeper section of the pit was surrounded by ashelf, measuring 0.33 to 0.4 m high and up to 0.3 m wide,along the western and southern sides and had merged withthe pit walls along the eastern side. Te bottom of thedeeper part of the pit was at and slightly inclined towardsthe west and south. A layer of crumbly, dark yellowishbrown clay sand that contained small and large (north-eastern part) limestone and sandstone pebbles (sedimentSU 9450) covered the pit.Te sediment was enclosed andsurrounded by a layer of limestone and sandstone pebbles,

mixed up with patches of brown sandy silt (SU 9433) fromall sides.Te same layer also covered the actual sediment.Te border between the sediment and gravel layer SU 9433 was quite distinct: it was vertical (the height of the contactsurface was up to 0.06 m), and was similar to the shapeof the bottom of the pit, so that the ground plan of thesediment’s surface was rectangular, slightly opened towardsthe north (width 0.7 to 0.8 m, preserved length 0.8 m).Rather than leaning on the walls of the pit, the sedimentwas separated from them by a 0.03 to 0.15 m wide spacing,which was the widest on the east side.Te assumption thatthe distinct border between sediment and gravel was cre-

ated by the arti

cial division of organic material (probablywooden planks of a chest or case placed into the pit) canbe dened as inter-facies or print SU 9460. On the easternside of the pit, the print appeared as a vertical wall of gravel(SU 9433) with a preserved height of 0.37 m. Tis casewas probably the only larger in-ll of a grave pit that waspreserved in its primary position. After the wooden casehad collapsed into the pit’s interior, it covered sedimentSU 9450. Sediment SU 9450 accumulated within the casepartially covered the burnt remains (SU 9453) and gravecontents (SU 9451).Te burnt remains were lying in thesouth-eastern part of the area, which was outlined with

print SU9460

. In addition to fragments of incineratedbones, the burnt remains also contained bronze and iron

Dokumentirano je bilo tudi nasipavanje plasti (SE 9381), kibi jo bilo mogoče povezati tudi z urejanjem okolice ob širi-tvi območ ja severnega emonskega grobišča. Med tem pose-gom (SE 9401) sta bila odstranjeni zgornji del gomile 1001 ter peščena sipina vzhodno od skupine grobov 1042, 1039 in 1038. Takrat je bila uničena tudi hodna površina iz časa

nastanka sosednjih zgodnjerimskih grobov 1017 in 1033.

Trije zgodnjerimski grobovi severne skupine

. Grob 0

.. Opis (sl. –)

Grobna jama (SE 9463; ohr. vel. 1,6 × 1,4 m; ohr. gl. 0,54 m) je imela v tlorisu nepravilno obliko, na severni in južnistrani je bila poškodovana z mlajšimi posegi. Izkopana jebila iz površine zasutja SE 9350, njen spodnji del je bil vko-

pan v geološko osnovo. Globlji del jame je bil na zahodu in jugu obdan z 0,33–0,4 m visoko in do 0,3 m široko polico,ki se je na vzhodni strani združila s steno jame. Ravno dnoglobljega dela jame je prekrivala plast drobljivega, temno-rumenkastorjavega glinenega peska, ki je vseboval manjšein več je prodnike iz apnenca in peščenjaka (sediment SE9450). Sediment je bil z vseh strani ostro zamejen in obdans plastjo apnenčevih in peščenjakovih prodnikov, preme-šanih z mazavim rjavim peščenim meljem (SE 9433); istaplast je sediment tudi prekrivala. Meja med sedimentom inplastjo proda SE 9433 je bila izrazita, navpična (višina stičnepovršine do 0,06 m) in je posnemala obliko dna jame, tako

da je imela tudi površina sedimenta v tlorisu obliko pravo-kotnika, rahlo razprtega proti severu (š. 0,7–0,8 m; ohr. d.0,8 m). Sediment se ni naslanjal na stene jame, temveč jebil od njih ločen z 0,03–0,15 m širokim razmikom, ki je bilnajveč ji na vzhodni strani. Zaradi domneve, da je izrazitomejo med sedimentom in prodom ustvarila umetna ločnicaiz organskega materiala, verjetno lesene deske v jamo po-stavljenega zabojnika oziroma skrinje, je bila ta opredeljena

Figure .

Ground plan of the grave

with contents

(R. Masaryk).

Slika .

Tlorisna situacija groba

s pridatki (izdelava

R. Masaryk).


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Plate .

Kongresni trg, grave . iron, bronze; bronze; rest iron. Scale = : ; rest : (drawing D. Knific Lunder, L. Skalerič).

Tabla .

Kongresni trg, grob . železo, bron; bron; drugo železo. M = : ; drugo : (risba D. Knific Lunder, L. Skalerič).

Grob


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8. Fitting; bronze. W 1.3 cm; th. 0.2 cm. SU 9453. PN6651b.9. Fitting; iron, wood. W 1 cm; th. 0.6 cm. SU 9453. PN6654.10. Fittings (13 fragments); bronze. wgt. 12.2 g. SU 9453.

PN 6651a.

Plate 2.11. Ring; bronze. Dm 2.4 cm; W 0.4 cm; wgt. 2 g. SU9453. PN 6650.12. Fibula; bronze. L 8.0 cm; H 2.5 cm; wgt. 26 g. SU 9453.

PN 6648.13. Wire; bronze. Pr. L 3.6 cm; dm. 2.1 cm; wgt. 1 g. SU9453. PN 6652.14. ACO beaker; ceramics. H 8.6 cm; dm. of the rim 9.2

cm; wgt. 73.8 g. SU 9451. PN 6641.15. Plate Consp. Dm. 18.2 cm; ceramics. H 3 cm; dm. of

the rim 16.4 cm; wgt. 218 g. SU 9451. PN 6647.

16. Two-handled pot; ceramics. H 20.3 cm; dm. of the rim10.9 cm; wgt. 900.6 g. SU 9451. PN 6643.17. One-handled jug; ceramics. H 21.3 cm; dm. of the rim5.4 cm; wgt. 670.8 g. SU 9451. PN 6642.

.. Commentary on the grave contents

Te sword with a scabbard ( pl. 1 : 1 – 3)Te sword is 71.2 cm long and is marked by an elongatedhilt tang with a triangular contour (15.5 cm) and a wideblade (up to 5.2 cm) with a lenticular cross-section, whichnarrows slightly just before the transition to a long tip.

Tis characterizes the sword into the group of relativelylong and narrow gladii of the Mainz-type Sisak version.2 Te high frequency and homogeneity of the type suggesta canonized shape of swords within the abovementionedcategory, which is probably connected with the Augustanmilitary reform.

Te long hilt and straight transition to the blade of lentic-ular cross-section characterizes the swords of the Sisak ver-sion as similar to the group of approximately 75 cm longand somewhat narrower gladii from Augustan graves (gr.58, 68, 70 and 105) at the Lepontian necropolis at Gravel-

lona Toce in Piemonte.3

Tese are comparable to the LateRepublican and Early Augustan swords4 because the bladesare distinctly narrowed.Te early emergence of the Sisakversion allegedly dates to around 20/15 BC and is evidentin the fact that the middle of the blade typically displays anarrow groove5 or a pair of wider parallel grooves.6 Someearlier versions of gladii have a pair of somewhat separated

2 Miks 200, pls. : A2, , 10: A 01.3 Pernet 2010, 22, pls. 10, 10, 10.4 Miks 200, pl. ; Poux 200, 31–322; e.g. Istenič 200a, fig.

; Istenič 200b, cat. no. . Verdun, gr. 4 and 112 (Breščak 1), Kolpa in Sisak (Rad-

man-Livaja 2004, pl. 10: 3). E.g. Salzburg-Liefering (Hell 1, fig. 1: 1).

5. Sulična ost; železo. Ohr. d. 24,1 cm; š. lista 4,0 cm; deb.lista 0,3 cm; pr. tula 2,1 cm; t. 158,8 g. SE 9451. PN6669.6. Ščitna grba, železo. Pr. 15,6 cm; pr. kalote 10,2 cm; v.11,5 cm; deb. 0,18 cm; t. 163 g. SE 9451. PN 6645.7. Nož; železo. D. 28,3 cm; d. ročajnega trna 11,3 cm; š.

rezila 2,7 cm; t. 105 g. SE 9451. PN 6666.8. Okov; bron. Š. 1,3 cm; deb. 0,2 cm. SE 9453. PN 6651b.9. Okov; železo, les. Š. 1 cm; deb. 0,25 cm. SE 9453. PN6654.10. Okovi (13 odlomkov); bron. T. 12,2 g. SE 9453. PN 6651a.

Tabla 2.11. Obroček; bron. Pr. 2,4 cm; š. 0,4 cm; t. 2 g. SE 9453.

PN 6650.12. Fibula; bron. D. 8,0 cm; v. 2,5 cm; t. 26 g. SE 9453. PN6648.13. Žica; bron. Ohr. d. 3,6 cm; pr. 0,15 cm; t. 1 g. SE 9453.

PN 6652.14. Kozarec tipa Aco; keramika. V. 8,6 cm; pr. ustja 9,2 cm;t. 73,8 g. SE 9451. PN 6641.15. Krožnik oblike Consp. 18.2; keramika. V. 3 cm; pr. ustja16,4 cm; t. 218 g. SE 9451. PN 6647.16. Dvoročajni lonec; keramika. V. 20,3 cm; pr. ustja 10,9

cm; t. 900,6 g. SE 9451. PN 6643.17. Enoročajni vrč; keramika. V. 21,3 cm; pr. ustja 5,4 cm;

t. 670,8 g. SE 9451. PN 6642.

.. Komentar k pridatkom

Meč z nožnico (t. 1 : 1 – 3)Meč z dolžino 71,2 cm ozna čujeta podolgovat nastavek zaročaj trikotnega obrisa (15,5 cm) in do 5,2 cm široko rezi-lo lečastega preseka, ki se rahlo zoži tik pred prehodomv dolgo konico. Na šteto ga uvršča v skupino razmeromadolgih in ozkih gladijev različice Sisak tipa Mainz,2 ki je napodlagi oblikovne homogenosti in številčnosti verjetno žekanonizirana oblika mečev omenjenega tipa, najverjetnejepovezana z Avgustovo reformo vojske.

Dolg nastavek za ročaj in raven prehod v rezilo lečastegapreseka približuje meče različice Sisak skupini okoli 75 cm

dolgih in nekoliko ož jih gladijev iz avgustejskih grobov58, 68, 70 in 105 na lepontski nekropoli Gravellona Tocev Piemontu,3 ki po izrazitem zoženju rezila spominjajo napoznorepublikanske in zgodnjeavgustejske izvedbe.4 Zgo-dnji nastanek različice Sisak, domnevno okrog 20/15 pr. n.št., se ka že tudi v na žlebljenosti sredine rezila, ki pri zna čil-nih predstavnikih nastopa v obliki ozkega žleba 5 oziroma

2 Miks 200, t. : A2, , 10: A01.3 Pernet 2010, 22, t. 10, 10, 10.4 Miks 200, t. ; Poux 200, 31–322; npr. Istenič 200a, sl. ;

Istenič 200b, kat. št. .

Verdun, gr. 4 in 112 (Breščak 1), Kolpa v Sisku (Radman-Livaja 2004, t. 10: 3)


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Plate .

Kongresni trg, grave . – bronze; rest ceramics. Scale – = : ; rest : (drawing D. Knific Lunder).

Tabla .

Kongresni trg, grob . – bron; drugo keramika. M – = : ; drugo : (risba D. Knific Lunder).

Grob


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narrow grooves.7 Some swords with a distinctly sharp pointand a relatively long hilt tang from central and northernEuropean areas of the Barbaricum8 and similar examplesfrom the south-eastern Alpine region also have9 only onegroove. Istenič presumes that the latter are a product ofnorthern Italic workshops for the elite warriors of Celtic

and Germanic tribes. She dates these swords to approxi-mately between 40/30 and 15 BC.10

Rare stamps indicate the Roman origins of the Mainz type gladii from Early Imperial graves in the Empire and theterritory of Barbaricum.11 One of these, for example, is therectangular stamp with SEX.VOLUS.F inscription at thetop of the blade of a 71.6 cm long sword of a Sisak ver-sion from a destroyed incineration cemetery at Bell nearKoblenz.12 Te Roman origin of the Mainz type can alsobe supposed from equally rare grave nds of swords withmetal hilt guards or complicated handcrafted versions

of scabbards.13

Gladii of the legionaries had quality scab-bards with openwork or relief ornamented mouth ttingand/or the chape, as well as decorated hilts. Tese weredocumented mainly amongst river nds, whereas swordsfrom graves are usually accompanied with poorer remainsof scabbards.Tis however does not necessarily mean thatthis fact relates (solely) to diff erent conditions for the pres-ervation of brass or bronze. Most of the graves thereforecontain side ttings or button ends, clamps and rings forattaching scabbards, whereas hilt guards and other swordelements are usually missing. A 72.3 cm long sword fromthe Ljubljanica River in Kamin, probably similar in shape

to the example from the Kongresni trg, was found in ascabbard with transverse clamps, a mouth and a chapewith openwork ornament of brass and tinned plates.14 Scabbards of a 70 cm long sword of the Sisak variant fromgrave 112 in Verdun15 and a 72.5 cm long sample from theKolpa riverbed in Sisak 16 off er a more suitable comparisonsfor the discussed grave nd.

Te scabbard from grave 1042 at Kongresni trg ends in amassive rounded button of bronze alloy, which is rivetedto a thorn-shaped extension of iron side tting. Based onknown comparisons and their scarcity in Vindonissa, this

shape of the button is typical for scabbards of pre-Tiberian

Pernet et al. 200, 4; Pernet 2010, pls. : 1, 132: 1. Biborski 1, –0, fig. ; Łuczkiewicz 2000, 3, 3, fig.

(with further references). Istenič 2010, 140, fig. 3.10 Istenič 2010.11 Biborski 1, 3–, fig. 12.12 Schumacher 1, 34, 13, pl. 3: a.13 E.g. Třebusice, gr. 420 (Droberjar 200, fig. 10: 1, 22), Zem-

plín, gr. 13 (Budinský-Krička, Lamiová-Schmiedlová 10, pl.21: 4), Ilok, gr. (Dizdar 2010); refer to: Künzl 1, 3–3.

14 Istenič 200b, cat. no. 2.1 Breščak 1; Križ et al. 200, cat. no. .3.2; Breščak, in this

book.1 Baćani 2010.

para tesno skupaj potekajočih širokih žlebov.6 Nekaterestarejše izvedbe gladijev imajo par nekoliko razmaknjenihozkih žlebov,7 en sam žleb pa se pojavlja tudi na nekaterihmečih z izrazito ostro konico in razmeroma dolgim ročaj-nim trnom iz srednje- in severnoevropskih območij Barba-rika 8 in njim sorodnih primerkih z jugovzhodnoalpskega

območ ja,9

za katere J. Istenič domneva, da so izdelki sever-noitalskih delavnic, namenjeni bojevniškim elitam kelt-skih in germanskih plemen, in jih datira v čas med okrog40/30 in 15 pr. n. št.10

Rimski izvor gladijev tipa Mainz iz zgodnjecesarskih gro-bišč v imperiju in Barbariku11 nakazujejo sicer redki žigi,npr. pravokotni žig z napisom SEX.VOLUS.F na zgor-njem delu rezila 71,6 cm dolgega primerka različice Sisak izuničenega žganega grobišča Bell pri Koblenzu,12 ter enakoredke grobne najdbe mečev s kovinskimi braniki ali ro-kodelsko zahtevnejšimi izvedbami nožnic.13 V primerjavi

z (legionarskimi?) gladiji s kvalitetnimi nožnicami s predr-tim ali reliefnim okrasom okova ustja in/ali koničnika terokra šenimi ročaji, ki so zastopani pretežno med rečniminajdbami, meče iz grobov spremljajo navadno skromnej-ši ostanki nožnic, pri čemer ni nujno, da je ta okoliščinapovezana (le) z različnimi pogoji za ohranitev medenineoziroma brona. V grobovih so tako najpogosteje ohranjenile robni okovi in posamični gumbasti zaključki, spojke inobročki za obešanje nožnic, največkrat pa manjkajo tudibraniki in drugi kovinski deli mečev. Meč iz Ljubljanicev Kaminu z dolžino 72,3 cm, ki je tudi po obliki verjetnozelo podoben primerku s Kongresnega trga, je bil najden

v nožnici s prečnimi okovi, ustjem in koničnikom s pre-drtim okrasom iz medenine ter pokositrenima platicama.14 Ustreznejši primerjavi za to grobno najdbo s Kongresnegatrga ponujajte nožnici okoli 70 cm dolgega meča varianteSisak iz groba 112 iz Verduna 15 in 72,5 cm dolgega primerkaiz struge Kolpe v Sisku.16

Nožnica iz groba 1042 na Kongresnem trgu se na spo-dnjem koncu zaključuje z masivnim zaobljenim gumbomiz bronaste zlitine, zakovičenim na trnast podaljšek žele-znih robnih okovov. Glede na nam znane primerjave, patudi njihovo redkost v Vindonissi, je ta oblika gumbov

Npr. Salzburg-Liefering (Hell 1, sl. 1: 1). Pernet et al. 200, 4; Pernet 2010, t. : 1, 132: 1. Biborski 1, –0, sl. ; Łuczkiewicz 2000, 3, 3, sl.

(z nadaljnjimi referencami). Istenič 2010, 140, sl. 3.10 Istenič 2010.11 Biborski 1, 3–, sl. 12.12 Schumacher 1, 34, 13, t. 3: a.13 Npr. Třebusice, gr. 420 (Droberjar 200, sl. 10: 1, 22), Zem-

plín, gr. 13 (Budinský-Krička, Lamiová-Schmiedlová10, t.21: 4), Ilok, gr. (Dizdar 2010); glej Künzl 1, 3–3.

14 Istenič 200b, kat. št. 2.1 Breščak 1; Križ et al. 200, kat. št. .3.2; Breščak, v tem

zborniku.1 Baćani 2010.

Figure .

Items from the grave

(photo D. Badovinac).

Slika .

Pridatki iz groba

(foto D. Badovinac).


19/51


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origin.17 Te proled segment of the square section at the juncture between side ttings indicates a similarity withLate Republican and Early Augustan versions of scabbardends with smaller rounded or globular buttons, which passinto the ttings without particular narrowing or neck; usu-ally, they have a square or rectangle section in this spot. 18

Amongst dated comparisons for the described transitionbetween ttings and the button are the samples such asbronze endings cast in one piece from camp Dangstetten(around 20/15–9/7 BC),19 from a Mid-Augustan contextat Magdalensberg,20 related ending from Augustan grave97 from the necropolis of Ornavasso-In Persona 21 and asilver chape from Kalkriese.22 However, the closest anal-ogy is an iron chape from a group of military nds from

Augsburg-Oberhausen, which can be approximately datedto the Late Augustan-Early Tiberian period.23

Spearheads ( pl. 1 : 4– 5 )

A at spearhead, lenticular in cross-section has been docu-mented in earlier periods; however, it was not prominentin the earlier part of the Late La Tène period that was char-acterized by longer samples with a distinct middle rib orblades with an accentuated rhombic cross-section.24 Flatspearheads with a lenticular cross-section and with rela-tively short points appeared again in larger numbers in thelater part of the LT D2 and in the Early Imperial peri-od.25 Comparisons for the longer spearhead with a narrowblade,26 which is rounded at one side and has a at trian-gular cross-section on the opposite, and a shorter samplewith a wider blade27 originate from Early Imperial camps

and military graves.

Te analysis of nds from central and northern Gallia andthe Augustan Limes in the Rhine and upper Danube River

1 E.g. Müller 2002, 10, pl. 3: 41–420; Dular 11, pl. : 21.1 Poux 200, 322–323, fig. 1; e.g. Giubiasco, gr.41, Gravellona

Toce, gr. 10, Mihovo, gr. 14/3 (Pernet 2010, pls. 103: 2, 10:2, 11: 1); refer to: Istenič 2003, fig. .

1 Fingerlin 1, 211/; Miks 200, cat. no. B 14, 31.20 Deimel 1, 24, pl. : 11.21 Pernet 2010, pl. 132: 1.22 Franzius 1, , fig. 11.23 Refer to: Deschler-Erb 200, fig. 4 (pls. 12, 1b).24 Božič 11, 31, pls. 3: 32, : 1, , : 2, 3.2 Schumacher 1, fig. 12: , ; Riquier 200, figs. : 1, 14: 2,

1: 1.2 Camps: Dangstetten (Fingerlin 1, /4), Windisch (Unz,

Deschler-Erb 1, pl. 1: 24, 2), Augst (Deschler-Erb1, pls. 4: , : –1), Gardun (Ivčević 2010a), Kolpa inSisak (Radman-Livaja 2004, pl. 4: 13); cemeteries (Waurick14, figs. : 12, 11a: ; Nicolay 200, pl. 2: 243., 2.4; Per-net et al. 200, fig. 2.20: 1l; Guštin 11, pls. 1: , 30: 2, 3).

2 Camps: Dangstetten (Fingerlin 1, 121/3), Haltern (Har-necker 1, pls. : 00, : 03), Kalkriese (Harnecker,Franzius 200, pl. 1: ), Hedemünden (Grote 200, fig. 4),Windisch (Hagendorn et al. 2003, pl. : ME3), Sredno po-lje near Čatež (Guštin 2002, fig. 3: 3); Gardun (Ivčević 2010b);cemeteries (Waurick 14, figs. : 13, : 2, 11, 12, 14: 3; Pernet

et al. 200, fig. 2.20: 1t; Riquier 200, fig. : 1; Nicolay 200,pl. 33: 21.2).

zna čilna za nožnice iz predtiberijskih celot.17 Prolirani se-gment kvadratnega preseka na stiku robnih okovov naka-zuje sorodnost s poznorepublikansko-zgodnjeavgustejski-mi različicami zaključkov nožnic z manjšimi okroglimi aligobastimi gumbi, ki navadno prehajajo v robne okove brezizrazitega zoženja oziroma vratu in imajo na tem mestu

navadno kvadraten ali pravokoten presek.18

Med kronolo-ško oprijemljive primerjave za tako oblikovan prehod medrobnima okovoma in gumbom sodijo npr. v enem kosuulita bronasta zaključka iz tabora Dangstetten (ok. 20/15–9/7 pr. n. št.)19 in srednjeavgustejske celote s Štalenske gore(Magdalensberg),20 sorodni zaključek iz avgustejskega gro-ba 97 z nekropole Ornavasso-In Persona 21 ter srebrni ko-ničnik nožnice iz Kalkrieseja,22 najbliž ja znana analogija pa

je železni koničnik z bronastim gumbom iz konvoluta voja ških najdb iz Augsburg-Oberhausna, okvirno datiranegav poznoavgustejsko-zgodnjetiberijski čas.23

Sulični osti (t. 1 : 4– 5 )Sploščen, lečast presek manjše od obeh osti je sicer znanže iz starejših obdobij, vendar se je po odsotnosti v sta-rejšem delu poznega latena, ko so prevladovali dolgi pri-merki z izrazitim sredinskim rebrom ali listi poudarjenegarombičnega preseka,24 v več jem številu ponovno pojavil pripretežno krajših osteh mlajšega dela stopnje LT D2 in zgo-dnjecesarskega časa.25

Primerjave za daljšo sulično ost z ozkim listom,26 pri kate-rem je ena stran zaobljena, druga pa ima sploščen trikotnipresek, in za krajši primerek s širšim listom27 tako izvirajo

predvsem iz zgodnjecesarskih taborov ter voja ških grobov.

Analiza najdb iz osrednje in severne Galije ter z območ jaavgustejskega limesa v Porenju in zgornjem Podonavju jeopozorila na tendenco krajšanja suličnih osti v 1. stoletju

1 Npr. Müller 2002, 10, t. 3: 41–420; Dular 11, t. : 21.1 Poux 200, 322–323, sl. 1; npr. Giubiasco, gr. 41, Gravellona

Toce, gr. 10, Mihovo, gr. 14/3 (Pernet 2010, t. 103: 2, 10:2, 11: 1); glej Istenič 2003, sl. .

1 Fingerlin 1, 211/; Miks 200, kat. št. B14, 31.20 Deimel 1, 24, t. : 11.21 Pernet 2010, t. 132: 1.22 Franzius 1, , sl. 11.23 Glej Deschler-Erb 200, sl. 4 (t. 12, 1b).24 Božič 11, 31, t. 3: 32, : 1, , : 2, 3.2 Schumacher 1, sl. 12: , ; Riquier 200, sl. : 1, 14: 2, 1: 1.2 Tabori: Dangstetten (Fingerlin 1, /4), Windisch (Unz,

Deschler-Erb 1, t. 1: 24, 2), Augst (Deschler-Erb 1,t. 4: , : –1), Gardun (Ivčević 2010a), Kolpa v Sisku (Rad-man-Livaja 2004, t. 4: 13); grobišča (Waurick 14, sl. : 12,11a: ; Nicolay 200, t. 2: 243., 2.4; Pernet et al. 200, sl.2.20: 1l; Guštin 11, t. 1: , 30: 2, 3).

2 Tabori: Dangstetten (Fingerlin 1, 121/3), Haltern (Har-necker 1, t. : 00, : 03), Kalkriese (Harnecker, Fran-zius 200, t. 1: ), Hedemünden (Grote 200, sl. 4), Windisch(Hagendorn et al. 2003, t. : ME3), Sredno polje pri Ča-težu (Guštin 2002, sl. 3: 3), Gardun (Ivčević 2010b); grobišča

(Waurick 14, sl. : 13, : 2, 11, 12, 14: 3; Pernet et al. 200, sl.2.20: 1t; Riquier 200, sl. : 1; Nicolay 200, t. 33: 21.2).


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area revealed to the tendency of shortening spearheads inthe 1st century BC. Te analysis also demonstrated thatthe samples produced according to Roman standards, areusually much shorter than La Tène spearheads from theperiod prior to the Gallic wars. Spearhead lengths fromthe time before LT D2 phase, samples with etched orna-

mentation and nds from the sites associated with theGallic Wars are between 25 and 50 cm, whereas the lengthof spears between the Caesarian and Augustan period sta-bilized mostly between 15 and 25 cm.28 Shorter spearheadswith a straight-cut blade base and willow leaf shaped blade(both have a lenticular or at rhombic cross-section) fromthe period after the rst half of the 1st century BC werefound in the south-eastern pre-Alpine area. Spearheadswith an octagonally facetted socket and a classically shapedblade with a rib or a narrow blade and a attened rhombiccross-section are particular numerous in central and south-eastern Slovenia. As direct versions of LT D1 forms, these,

to 40 cm long spearheads are typical for the later part ofthe LT D2 / phase Mokronog IIIb,29 and are preserved allthrough the Early Imperial period.30

According to literary and iconographic sources, spears(hastae ) were a typical weapon of auxiliary infantry andcavalry.31 According to depictions on tombstones fromthe Early Imperial period in the Rhine River area, pairs ofspearheads were often part of a permanent set of auxiliaryinfantry armament, which would mean that at least one ofthem was intended for throwing.32 Two can be seen on thetombstone of Firmus , a member of the Rhaetian cohort

who was found in Andernach and on the stela of AnnaiusDaversus , a member of the cohors III Delmatarum fromBingen-Bingenbrück.33

Te shield boss ( pl. 1 : 6 )Te shield boss with the largest diameter (15.6 cm) andheight (11.5 cm) is characterized by a narrow horizontalange with 12/13 fastening holes, a vertical edge and a rela-tively high, rounded conical dome.Te fastening nails, thettings and the handgrip were not found. Based on theshape and dimensions, the shield boss was probably a partof a smaller round shield with at plate.

Te boss is similar to the Bohnsack type 8, according to itscross-section and number of attachments.Tis type is typ-ical for the armament of Germanic warriors in the area ofPrzeworsk and Oksywie cultures and southwest Slovakiain the A 3 stage of the pre-Roman Iron Age (LT D2). It also

2 Riquier 200, fig. 1; Poux 200, 33–340.2 Breščak 1; Križ et al. 200, cat. no. .2.; Breščak, in this

book.30 E.g. Breščak 1; Križ et al. 200, cat. no. .3.1; Dular 11,

pls. : , 1, : 20, : 3, : 3.31 Junkelmann 12, 13–14; Breščak, in this book.32

Bishop, Coulston 13, .33 Bishop, Coulston 13, fig. 143: 3, 4.

pr. n. št. in pokazala, da so primerki, izdelani po rimskihstandardih, v splošnem bistveno krajši od latenskih osti izčasa pred galskimi vojnami. Težišče dolžin osti iz časa predstopnjo LT D2, primerkov z jedkanim okrasom in najdb sprizorišč spopadov iz obdobja galskih vojn je med 25 in 50 cm, dolžina osti iz rimskih celot med Cezarjem in Avgu-

stom pa se je ustalila pretežno med 15 in 25 cm.28

Tudi na jugovzhodno(pred)alpskem območ ju so se za čele po sredi-ni 1. stoletja pr. n. št. pojavljati krajše sulične osti z ravnospodrezano bazo lista ter vrbovolistni primerki (oboji ima-

jo lečast ali sploščen rombični presek), posebej v osrednjiin jugovzhodni Sloveniji pa so pogoste osti z osemkotnofasetiranim tulom in klasičnim listom z rebrom ali ož jimlistom sploščenega rombičnega preseka. Kot neposredneizvedenke oblik stopnje LT D1 so te, do 40 cm dolge osti,zna čilne za mlajši del stopnje LT D229 obdržale pa so se šev zgodnjecesarski čas.30

Sulice (hastae ) veljajo, sodeč po literarnih in ikonografskihvirih, v okviru rimske vojske za zna čilno orož je pomožnepehote in konjenice.31 Glede na upodobitve na zgodnje-cesarskih nagrobnikih iz Porenja so bili pari suličnih ostineredko sestavni deli stalnega kompleta oborožitve pomo-žnih vojakov, kar bi pomenilo, da je bila vsaj ena od njijunamenjena metanju.32 Po dve, druga drugi podobni osti zrazmeroma dolgima tuloma, nasajeni na okoli 1,8–2,0 mdolgih drogovih, sta prikazani npr. na nagrobniku Firmu-sa, pripadnika kohorte Retijcev, ki je bil najden v Ander-nachu, in na steli Annaiusa Daversusa, pripadnika enotecohors III Delmatarum iz Bingen-Bingenbrücka.33

Ščitna grba (t. 1 : 6 )Ščitno grbo z največ jim premerom 15,6 cm in višino 11,5 cm ozna čujejo ozek vodoravni okrajek z 12 oziroma 13 pre-drtinami za pritrjevanaje navpični rob in razmeroma viso-ka, konično zaobljena kalota. Žeblji za pritrjevanje, robniokovi ščita in prečka niso bili najdeni. Glede na dimenzijein obliko je bila grba najverjetneje del manjšega okroglegaščita z ravno ploščo.

Grba je po prolaciji in številu pritrditev zelo blizu tipuBohnsack 8, ki je v stopnji A 3 predrimske železne dobe (LT

D2) zna čilen za oborožitev germanskih bojevnikov na ob-moč ju kultur Przeworsk- in Oksywie ter jugozahodne Slo-va ške, sočasno pa se pojavljal tudi na območ ju med vzho-dnimi Alpami in srednjim Porenjem, kjer je bil posamičnonajden še v zgodnjerimskih grobovih.34 Bockius in Łucki-

2 Riquier 200, sl. 1; Poux 200, 33–340.2 Breščak 1; Križ et al. 200, kat. št. .2.; Breščak, v tem

zborniku.30 Npr. Breščak 1; Križ et al. 200, kat. št. .3.1; Dular 11,

t. : , 1, : 20, : 3, : 3.31 Junkelmann 12, 13–14; Breščak, v tem zborniku.32 Bishop, Coulston 13, .33 Bishop, Coulston 13, sl. 143: 3, 4.34

Bockius, Łuckiewicz 2004, 0, sl. 1: 3–4, seznam 13/B, karta31; Pieta 200, 3, t. 12: 2, 13: 1.


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occurs in the area between the eastern Alps and the centralRhine River area, where it is individually still attested toin Early Roman graves.34 Amongst the later samples of theexamined type, Bockius and Łuckiewicz list shield bossesfrom grave A in Goeblingen-Nospelt (Luxemburg), whichdates to 30–15 BC, as well as later grave inventories from

Andernach (gr. 9; Tiberian period),35

Lautenbach (gr. 5),36

Wederath (gr. 2095) and Antran (Late Augustan period).37 Geographically speaking, the closest example to the exam-ined type originate from Mihovo.38 Te shield boss fromthe reconstructed grave group in Salzburg-Liefering, oc-curring with a gladius of the Sisak variant and a spearheadwith the middle rib,39 is remarkably similar to the one fromLjubljana; however, it has a slightly slanted ange. A lowershield boss (dm. 14.5 cm, H 9.2 cm) from the cremationgrave of an auxiliary soldier of Celtic origin from Sv. Trojicanear Starigrad, roughly dated between last decades of the 1st century BC and the rst two decades of the 1st century AD,

has highly similar typological characteristics as well.40

Middle Augustan and later military graves from centraland south-eastern Slovenia contain shield bosses with asomewhat lower conical dome, a vertical or slightly slantededge and a narrow at ange with a smaller number of fas-tening points (5–7), as well as a total diameter of 16.5–18.5 cm. Tese are probably already a fully standardized piec-es of auxiliary units’ equipment (like the Weisenau typehelmets).41 Geographically, the closest shield boss of thistype (dm. 18 cm, H 7.5 cm) along with its iron handgripwith a characteristic D cross-section was found in the Ti-

berian-Early Claudian assemblage in Polhov gradec,42

mostprobably belonging to the grave inventory of a prominentmember of indigenous elite.43 Very similar shield bossesknown from approximately contemporary graves in Zem-plín (grave 128; phase Eggers B1a),44 Katzelsdorf (tumulus2, Tiberian-Claudian period) in Lower Austria 45 and frombattleeld site at Oberesch fallow near Kalkriese.46

Knife ( pl. 1 : 7 )Te massive iron knife is 28.3 cm long and has a hilt tangwith a rectangular cross-section and a long blade with acurved S-shaped tip.Tis is probably a derivative of Late

34 Bockius, Łuckiewicz 2004, 0, fig. 1: 3–4, list 13/B, map 31;Pieta 200, 3, pls. 12: 2, 13: 1).

3 Pernet 2010, pl. 13: .3 Schumacher 1, 11, pl. 13: a.3 Pernet 2010, pl. 132: 1.3 Windl 1, 1, pl. 0: .3 Hell 1, fig. 1: 3.40 Radman-Livaja 2010a; Tonc, Radman-Livaja, Dizdar 2013,

fig. : 2.41 For reference to the situation in the area of Treveri refer to:

Pernet 2010, 13, 1.42 Ložar 13, fig. 22d.43 Mráv 200.44 Budinský-Krička, Lamiová-Schmiedlová 10, pl. 1: .4

Urban 14, , fig. 14: 2.4 Harnecker, Franzius 200, pl. 4.

ewicz med mlajšimi primerki obravanega tipa navajata grbeiz groba A v Goeblingen-Nospeltu (Luksemburg), datira-nega v 30–15 pr. n. št., ter poznejših celot iz Andernacha(gr. 9; tiberijsko obd.),35 Lautenbacha (gr. 5),36 Wederatha(gr. 2095) in Antrana (poznoavgustejsko obdobje).37 Ge-ografsko najbliž ji primerek tega tipa izvira iz Mihovega,38

ljubljanski zelo podobna grba z rahlo nagnjenim okraj-kom pa sestavlja del rekonstruirane grobne celote z dvoj-no zvitim gladijem tipa Sisak in sulično ostjo s sredinskimrebrom iz Salzburg-Lieferinga.39 Zelo podobne tipološkezna čilnosti ima tudi nekoliko niž ja grba s poševnim okraj-kom (pr. 14,5 cm, v. 9,2 cm) iz žganega groba avksiliarnegavojaka keltskega porekla iz Sv. Trojice pri Starigradu, ki jeokvirno datiran med zadnja desetletja 1. stoletja pr. n. št. inprvi dve desetletji 1. stoletja n. št.40

V srednjeavgustejskih in mlajših voja ških grobovih iz osre-dnje in jugovzhodne Slovenije so običajnejše ščitne grbe z

nekoliko niž jo kopasto kaloto, navpičnim ali rahlo uslo-čenim oziroma poševnim prehodom med kaloto in okraj-kom ter ozkim ravnim okrajkom z manjšim številom pre-drtin (5–7) in skupnim premerom 16,5–18,5 cm, ki so ver-

jetno (podobno kot čelade tipa Weisenau) že popolnomastandardiziran kos opreme pomožnih enot.41 Geografskonajbliž ja grba tega tipa (pr. 18 cm, v. 7,5 cm) je bila skupajs pripadajočo železno prečko D-preseka odkrita v sklopubogatih tiberijsko-zgodnjeklavdijskih najdb iz PolhovegaGradca,42 pri katerih gre najverjetneje za inventar žgane-ga groba izpostavljenega predstavnika staroselske elite.43 Sorodne grbe podobnih dimenzij so znane npr. iz okvir-

no sočasnih grobnih celot iz Zemplína (grob 128; stopnjaEggers B1a) v zgornjem Potisju,44 iz Katzelsdorfa (gomila2; tiberijsko-klavdijsko obdobje) v Spodnji Avstriji45 ter sprizorišča bitke na ledini Oberesch pri Kalkrieseju.46

Nož (t. 1 : 7 )Masiven, 28,3 cm dolg železni nož ima trnast ročajni nasta-vek pravokotnega preseka, ki z zgornjim robom prehaja vdolgo rezilo z esasto ukrivljeno konico. Verjetno gre za iz-peljanko poznolatenskih ukrivljenih nožev z nesklenjenimobročkom,47 znanih tudi iz zgodnjerimskih celot.48 Več nožev s trnastim nastavkom, podobnih primerku iz groba

3 Pernet 2010, t. 13: .3 Schumacher 1, 11, t. 13: a.3 Pernet 2010, t. 132: 1.3 Windl 1, 1, t. 0: .3 Hell 1, sl. 1: 3.40 Radman-Livaja 2010a; Tonc, Radman-Livaja, Dizdar 2013, sl.

: 2.41 Za situacijo na območ ju Treverov glej Pernet 2010, 13, 1.42 Ložar 13, sl. 22d.43 Mráv 200.44 Budinský-Krička, Lamiová-Schmiedlová 10, t. 1: .4 Urban 14, , sl. 14: 2.4 Harnecker, Franzius 200, t. 4.4 Stare 13, t. : ; Dular 11, t. 2: 2, : .4

Npr. Dangstetten (Fingerlin 1, 4/; Fingerlin 1,103/11).


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La Tène curved knives with open rings,47 which are alsoknown from Early Roman contexts.48 A few knives with ahilt tang, similar to the sample from grave 1042, are foundamongst the material from destroyed cremation gravesin Pockhorn, Mölltal. Tese are dated between approxi-mately the end of the La Tène period and the 1st century

AD.49

Further analogies originate from Ljubljana 50

and theLjubljanica riverbed near Vrhnika;51 however, these are notchronologically determinable.

Fittings ( pl. 1 : – 10)Fifteen fragments of 0.3 to 0.5 cm wide metal strips werefound in the grave: 14 bronze and one iron fragment be-long to similar rectangular clamps of approximately 2 × 1 cm. Bronze clamps of a similar size have also been foundin graves at Beletov vrt.Tey appear in the grave 15152 to-gether with a bula (type Idrija Ia) which Božič links towomen’s attire of the Mokronog IIIb phase,53 as well as in

gr. 162 with the tip of a long narrow spearhead and a LateLa Tène bronze bula of the Beletov vrt type54 and in gr.188 with the pin and spring of a bronze bula, as well as ingr. 204 with a pair of Pannonian brooches (“kraftig proli-erte Fibel”) with a high bow.55 Te purpose of such clampsis not known; however, based on its position within theburnt remains next to the ring and bula, it might havebeen a belt ornament.

Ring ( pl. 2: 11 )Te bronze ring has a cross-section in the shape of the at-tened letter D (dm. 2.3 cm). What distinguishes it from

the other rings with similar cross-section (which have beeninterpreted as nger rings) is the unusually large insidediameter (20 mm),56 whereas the diameter in most ringswith a D cross-section reaches only up to about 14.3–19.1 mm.57 Te average of 89 measured rings from Augst andKaiseraugst lies in the group up to 15.9 mm.58

Te example from Kongresni trg has a slightly thinned edgein one place, which is undoubtedly a trace of wear, similarto those on the rings (dm 1.8 cm) of the lower clamp of the

gladius scabbard from the gr. 11/12 in Idrija pri Ba či.59 Tesuspension rings of more luxurious scabbards of the Mainz

type gladii have a more massive cross-section. Te inner4 Stare 13, pl. : ; Dular 11, pls. 2: 2, : .4 E.g. Dangstetten (Fingerlin 1, 4/; Fingerlin 1,

103/11).4 Gugl 2001, 320, fig. : –, 11.0 Petru 12, pl. : 3, .1 Unpublished. Collection Potočnik. Museum and Galleries of

Ljubljana.2 Knez 12, pl. 3: .3 Božič 200, 103.4 Knez 12, pl. : 4; refer to Božič 200, 114. Knez 12, pl. 2: . E.g. Deimel 1, pl. 4: . Deimel 1, 3, pl. 4: 1–1; Müller 2002, 1, pl. 2: 1–3.

Riha 10, 1, figs. 1: type 2.34, 1. Guštin 11, pl. 12: 3.

1042, se pojavlja med gradivom iz uničenih žganih grobovv kraju Pockhorn v Mölltalu, okvirno datiranih v čas medkoncem latenskega obdobja in 1. stoletjem n. št.49 Nadalj-nje, vendar kronološko neoprijemljive analogije izvirajo izLjubljane50 in struge Ljubljanice pri Vrhniki.51

Objemke (t. 1 : – 10)V grobu je bilo najdenih 15 odlomkov trakaste pločevi-ne s širino 0,3–0,5 cm. Štirinajst bronastih in en železenodlomek pripadajo podobnim pravokotnim objemkam zvelikostjo približno 2 × 1 cm. Bronaste objemke podobnihdimenzij so znane iz grobov na Beletovem vrtu, kjer se vprimeru gr. 15152 pojavijo skupaj s bulo tipa Idrija Ia, ki

jo Božič na Dolenjskem povezuje z žensko nošo stopnjeMokronog IIIb,53 v gr. 162 s konico dolge ozke sulične ostiin poznolatensko bronasto bulo tipa Beletov vrt,54 v gr.188 z iglo in peresovino bronaste bule, v gr. 204 pa s pa-rom močno proliranih bul z visokim lokom.55 Njihova

namembnost ni znana, glede na lego v žganini skupaj zobročkom in bulo pa bi lahko šlo za jermenski okras.

Obroček (t. 2: 11 )Bronasti obroček s presekom v obliki sploščene črke D(pr. 2,3 cm) se od obročkov s podobnim presekom, ki seinterpretirajo kot prstani, loči po neobičajno velikem no-tranjem premeru, ki zna ša 20 mm,56 medtem ko pri večiniprstanov z D-presekom sega od 14,3 do 19,1 mm.57 Povpre-č je 89 izmerjenih prstanov iz Augsta in Kaiseragusta leži vskupini do 15,9 mm.58

Primerek iz groba na Kongresnem trgu ka že na enem me-stu neznatno stanjšan obod, ki je nedvomno sled obrabe,podobno kot na obročkih (pr. ok. 1,8 cm) spodnje spoj-ke nožnice gladija iz gr. 11/12 v Idriji pri Ba či.59 Obročkiza pripenjanje razkošnejših nožnic tipa Mainz imajo zatomasivnejši presek, ki je na notranji strani praviloma izbo-čen v obliki črke D, na zunanji pa vzdolžno proliran spoudarjenim sredinskim rebrom. Štirje obročki iz gr. 3 vReki pri Cerknem, ki so se uporabljali najverjetneje za pri-penjanje rimske nožnice za skrajšan meč latenske sheme,imajo premer 2,3 cm, vendar opazno masivnejši D-presekz grebenom;60 slednji ozna čuje tudi dva obročka nožnice

gladija iz Gravellona Toce, gr. 70, s premerom 2,3 cm,61

4 Gugl 2001, 320, sl. : –, 11.0 Petru 12, t. : 3, .1 Neobjavljeno. Zbirka Potočnik. Muzej in galerije mesta Ljub-

ljane.2 Knez 12, t. 3: .3 Božič 200, 103.4 Knez 12, t. : 4; glej Božič 200, 114. Knez 12, t. 2: . Npr. Deimel 1, t. 4: . Deimel 1, 3, t. 4: 1–1; Müller 2002, 1, t. 2: 1–3. Riha 10, 1, sl. 1: tip 2.34, 1. Guštin 11, t. 12: 3.0

Guštin 11, 2, t. 2: 1.1 Pernet 2010, t. 10: 1.


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arch is generally in the shape of a D and the outside is pro-led with a reinforced midrib.Te diameters of four ringsfrom gr. 3 in Reka near Cerkno are 2.3 cm, whereas the Dcross-section is noticeably more massive and has distinctrib.60 Tese four rings probably served for suspension ofthe Roman scabbard of a shortened sword in the La Tène

scheme.Te D cross section with the rib also characterizestwo rings of gladius scabbard from Gravellona Toce gr. 70 with a 2.3 cm diameter. 61 Te diameters of the set of simi-lar rings from gr. 112 in Verdun are between 2 and 2.2 cm.62

Similarly to Kongresni trg, gr. 1 in Verdun containedone single bronze ring with a 2.2 cm diameter.63 Te t-tings of the scabbard were not found. Tis could imply asymbolic enclosement of the smaller part of the whole –

pars pro toto. However, the position of the ring within theburnt remains probably suggests that it was actually a n-ger ring.

Double-knobbed bula ( pl. 2: 12)Te bula with double knobs has a sieve-like puncturedpin holder and is exceptionally well preserved. It belongsto the Almgren 237b variant, which appeared soon afterthe transition from BC to AD according to Demetz. It wasstill used in the Tiberian period.64

Two similar bulae were found in the area of insula XXXIXin Emona and both have a bow with a rounded cross-sec-tion, unlike the sample being examined.Te larger of thetwo is 10.8 cm long and was found in the pit lling, which

was probably dug just prior to the town being built in thelast decade of the Augustan period.65 Te smaller bula(7.2 cm) was found in one of the sediments on decumanus

J and dates approximately to the Tiberian period.66

More individual or paired bulae of the classical 237b vari-ant were found in Early Roman graves with weaponry fromMihovo. In grave 1655/39,67 for example, one was foundtogether with a bula with a biting animal head of the Ia 1 type,68 which was documented in grave inventories fromMagdalensberg from as early as 20–10 BC.69

One of the early inventories with bulae of the 237b type,military grave 41 from Verdun70 contained weapons, a

0 Guštin 11, 2, pl. 2: 1.1 Pernet 2010, pl. 10: 1.2 Breščak 1; Križ et al. 200, cat. no. .3.22; Breščak, in this

book.3 Breščak 1; Križ et al. 200, cat. no. .3.; Breščak, in this

book.4 Demetz 1, 2–3, , list , pl. 12: 4, . Gaspari 2010, pl. 2: Š 130. Gaspari 2010, pl. 2: Š 110. Windl 1, pl. : 1. Garbsch 1, 44–4, pl. 44: –.

Sedlmayer 200, 2.0 Breščak, in this book.

premeri kompleta podobnih obročkov nožnice iz gr. 112 izVerduna pa zna šajo 2–2,2 cm.62

V gr. 1 iz Verduna, v katerem okovi nožnice niso bili od-kriti, je bil enako kot na Kongresnem trgu najden en sambronasti obroček s premerom 2,2 cm.63 To bi morda kazalo

na simbolno prilaganje manjšega dela celote – pars pro toto,čeprav pri obravnavanem grobu lega obročka v žganininajverjetneje pomeni, da gre za prstan.

Fibula z dvema gumboma (t. 2: 12)Dobro ohranjena bula z dvema gumboma in sitasto pre-luknjanim nosilcem igle pripada različici Almgren 237b,ki se je po Demetzu pojavila kmalu po prehodu iz staregaštetja v novo in se je uporabljala še v tiberijskem obdobju.64

Več ja (10,8 cm) od dveh podobnih bul z območ ja insu-le XXXIX v Emoni, ki imata druga če od obravnavanega

primerka lok okroglega preseka, je bila najdena v polnilu jame, vkopane najverjetneje v času pripravljalnih del zagradnjo mesta v zadnjem desetletju Avgustove vladavine,65 manjša (7,2 cm) pa v enem prvih sedimentov na dekuma-nu J, okvirno datiranem v čas Tiberijeve vladavine.66

Več posamičnih ali parnih najdb bul klasične različice237b izvira iz zgodnjerimskih grobov z orož jem iz Miho-vega, kjer se je v grobu 1655/3967 nahajala skupaj s bulo zgrizočo živalsko glavo različice Ia 1,68 ki je na Štalenski goridokumentirana že v celotah iz obdobja 20–10 pr. n. št.69

Med zgodnejše celote s bulami različice 237b sodi tudivoja ški grob 41 iz Verduna,70 ki je poleg orož ja in dvoro-čajnega vrča vseboval ča šo z lijakastim ustjem (oblika Ricci1/186)71 in bronasto zajemalko vrste Radnóti 40.

Pokazatelj možnega nastanka te različice že v zadnjem de-setletju pr. n. št. ali celo prej bi lahko bila bula z izte-gnjenim lokom iz polnila vodne kotanje na jugozahodnemvogalu konglomeratnega pomola v Kranju nad Jelenovimklancem,72 ki jo spremljajoče najdbe (dno več jega italskegavrča, ča ša tankih sten s paličastim okrasom, dve zgodnjivarianti bul tipa Aucissa z lokom trikotnega preseka in

bronasta pletena ovratnica) postavljajo v srednjeavgustej-sko obdobje.73

2 Breščak 1; Križ et al. 200, kat. št. .3.22; Breščak, v temzborniku.

3 Breščak 1; Križ et al. 200, kat. št. .3.; Breščak, v temzborniku.

4 Demetz 1, 2–3, , seznam , t. 12: 4, . Gaspari 2010, t. 2: Š 130. Gaspari 2010, t. 2: Š 110. Windl 1, t. : 1. Garbsch 1, 44–4, t. 44: –. Sedlmayer 200, 2.0 Breščak, v tem zborniku.1 Pernet et al. 200, 1 (z nadaljnjimi referencami).2

Podatek R. Urankar; Guštin 2011a, sl. 2.3 Glej npr. Vičič 14, 33, t. : 11.


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two-handled jug, a beaker with a funnel rim (Ricci 1/186 shape)71 and a bronze ladle of the Radnóti 40 type.

An indicator that shows the examined version could havebeen made in the last decade BC or even earlier is a bulawith an elongated bow from the lling of a water basin on

the south-western corner of a conglomerate cliff in Kranjabove Jelenov klanec.72 Te accompanying nds (the bot-tom of a large Italic jug, a thin-walled beaker with a stick-like ornament, two early variants of the Aucissa type bulawith a triangular cross-sectioned bow and a fragmentedbronze knitted torques) date this context to the Mid-Au-gustan period.73

According to Demetz,74 the same kind of sieve-like punc-tuated foot as with the bulas of type 237b can also befound with the Idrija Ib type, known from Emona in threeexamples.75

Aco beaker ( pl. 2: 14)Te Aco beaker with a stamp of a northern Italian manu-facturer C. ACO C. L. EROS belongs to the uncoatedconical beakers of the 4D form, according to MazzeoSaracino,76 the 3b form according to Lavizzari Pedrazzini77 and type 4c according to Schindler Kaudelka.78 Tis formwas documented in the south-eastern Alpine area in the(Mid) Augustan settlement layers in Kranj79 and at Mag-dalensberg. Later site yielded larger numbers of Aco beak-ers from around year 10 BC onwards, whereas the numberof uncoated samples noticeably drops towards the end of

the Augustan period.80

A stamp equal to the one examinedcan also be found at Magdalensberg.81 Kenrick dates it tothe period between 20 BC and AD 10.82

Plate ( pl. 2: 15 )Te Consp. 18.2 type plate appears during the time of theDangstetten and Haltern military camps and is prominentuntil the Tiberian period. It was made in northern Italicworkshops. In Ljubljana, this form appears at Gornji trg30 from the Mid-Augustan settlement phase (IIIa). Mostsigillata plates from the Middle (after 10 BC) and Late Au-gustan phase of the earlier camp at Prule (Tribuna) belong

to the Consp. 18 shape.Te same form was found at theNUK II site in Ljubljana, where generally occurred in thecontexts from the time before the rst insulae walls were

1 Pernet et al. 200, 1 (with further references).2 Information by R. Urankar; Guštin 2011a, fig. 2.3 See for example: Vičič 14, 33, pl. : 11.4 Demetz 1, 12. Božič 200, 101, n. . Mazzeo Saracino 1, 1–1, 21, pl. : 11–13. Lavizzari Pedrazzini 1, 31, , pl. 13: –10. Schindler Kaudelka 10. Sagadin 2003, 3, pl. 3: , .0 Schindler Kaudelka 2000, 2.1

Schindler Kaudelka 2000, .2 OCK 32.1.

Podobno sitasto predrto nogo, kot jo imajo bule različice237b, pa srečamo tudi pri različici Idrija Ib po Demetzu,74 ki je v Emoni znana s tremi primerki.75

Aco kozarec (t. 2: 14)Kozarec tipa Aco z žigom severnoitalskega izdelovalca

C. ACO C. L. EROS spada med stožčaste kozarce brezpremaza oblike 4D po Mazzeo Saracino,76 3b po Lavizza-ri Pedrazzini77 oziroma tipa 4c po Schindler Kaudelka.78 Ta oblika je bila na jugovzhodnoalpskem območ ju doku-mentirana že v (srednje)avgustejskih naselbinskih plastehv Kranju,79 in na Štalenski gori. Tam so se kozarci tipa Acov več jem številu pojavljali od okoli leta 10 pr. n. št., številoprimerkov brez premaza pa se je izrazito zmanjšalo ob kon-cu Avgustove dobe.80 Na Štalenski gori je bil najden tudižig, enak obravnavanemu,81 ki ga Kenrick datira v čas med20 pr. n. št. in 10 n. št.82

Krožnik (t. 2: 15 )Krožnike oblike Consp. 18.2, ki so se pojavili v času voja škihtaborov Dangstetten in Haltern ter so ostali v uporabi doTiberijevega obdobja, so izdelovali v severnoitalskih lončar-skih delavnicah. V Ljubljani na Gornjem trgu 30 krožnikite oblike izvirajo iz srednjeavgustejske naselbinske faze IIIa.Obliki Consp. 18 pripada večina sigilatnih krožnikov iz sre-dnje- (po 10 pr. n. št.) in poznoavgustejske faze starejšegatabora na Prulah (Tribuna), na najdišču NUK II pa je bilanajdena v celotah iz časa pred gradnjo prvih zidov insul.83 Vtiberijskih grobovih severne emonske nekropole je oblikoConsp. 18 nadomestila oblika Consp. 20/21.84

Obravnavani krožnik ima na dnu odtisnjen dvovrstični žigPARA/BOLI pravokotne oblike z zaobljenimi robovi. Ke-nrick navaja enak žig s Štalenske gore, datiran v obdobjepo letu 15 pr. n. št.85 Lastnosti keramične mase krožnikaustrezajo masi, ki je bila na Štalenski gori prepoznana kotfabrikat C padanske sigilatne proizvodnje (zelo mehkakeramika, slabo ohranjen tenek premaz, voskast na otip),zna čilen za avgustejsko obdobje.86

Dvoročajni lonec (t. 2: 16 )Gre za poznorepublikanski tip italskega dvoročajnega lon-

ca za shranjevanje živil, kakršni so v Lombardiji zna čilni4 Demetz 1, 12. Božič 200, 101, op. . Mazzeo Saracino 1, 1–1, 21, t. : 11–13. Lavizzari Pedrazzini 1, 31, , t. 13: –10. Schindler Kaudelka 10. Sagadin 2003, 3, t. 3: , .0 Schindler Kaudelka 2000, 2.1 Schindler Kaudelka 2000, .2 OCK 32.1.3 Vičič 14, 34, t. 4: ; Vojaković et al. 2011, 133, sl. 2; Gaspari

2010, t. 2: 1, 3, 4: 103, : 10.4 Plesničar-Gec 12, t. 21: gr. , 40: gr. 14, 1: gr. 342, 101:

3, 1: ; Mikl-Curk 1, 33–31.

OCK 13. Zabehlicky Scheff enegger, Sauer 2000, .


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built.83 In Tiberian graves of the northern Emona necropo-lis, the Consp. 18 form was replaced by Consp. 20/21.84

Te examined plate has a two-lined stamp at the base:PARA/BOLI – in a rectangular shape with rounded edges.Kenrick cites the same stamp from Magdalensberg, which

dates to the period after 15 BC.85

Te characteristics of thefabric are the same as the fabric from Magdalensberg.Tesewere classied as a fabricate C of the sigillata of Po area pro-duction, which is typical for the Augustan period.86

Two-handled pot ( pl. 2: 16 )Tis Late Republican type of an Italic pot served for food-storage. A similar form of pot was typical for the later partof the Late La Tène period in Lombardy.87 Pot types likethis have not yet been found in Emona graves.88 Te clos-est comparison is one from the earlier lling of a waste pitnext to road A near the Forum platform,89 which was dug

out from the oor surface of the rst building phase. AtMagdalensberg, pots of this type are dated from around20 BC to the Claudian period.90 A pot with its maximumdiameter placed slightly higher than the examined pot wasfound at the Bratislava-Devín site and originates from theMid- to Late Augustan layers.91

One-handled jug ( pl. 2: 17 )Te rim of this jug is similar to most jugs found in de-posits of the house at Gornji trg 15 in Ljubljana, whichwas built in the last decade BC or in the Late Augustanperiod and was presumably destroyed by re during the

Late Augustan or Early Tiberian age.92

A similar jug comesfrom the aforementioned waste pit in the Forum (Ferant’sgarden). Te rims of the pots from the well at NUK IIsite in Ljubljana are also similarly shaped. Te well itselfwas in use before the rst walls were constructed in insula

XIII.93 Grave 7 from cemetery VI C at Strmec above BelaCerkev contained a similar jug. According to bulae andsigillata pottery (Consp. R 2, 18, 22), the grave is datedto the Middle Augustan or Early Tiberian period.94 Twopear-shaped jugs from the Socerb cemetery 95 and an exam-

3 Vičič 14, 34, pl. 4: ; Vojaković et al. 2011, 133, fig. 2; Ga-spari 2010, pls. 2: 1, 3, 4: 103, : 10.

4 Plesničar-Gec 12, pls. 21: gr. , 40: gr. 14, 1: gr. 342, 101:3, 1: ; Mikl-Curk 1, 33–31.

OCK 13. Zabehlicky Scheff enegger, Sauer 2000, . See Pernet et al. 200, 220 (Giubiasco, gr. 320) with further

references. Petru 12; Plesničar-Gec 12; Plesničar-Gec 1, 33, pl. 3:

31–33. Plesničar Gec 200, 2, profile , pl. : 10; Mikl Curk 200, 4.0 Schindler Kaudelka 1, 3, pl. .1 Pieta, Plachá 1, fig. 10: 13.2 Vičič 13, 14, pl. : 11–1.3 Plesničar Gec 200, pl. : 3; Gaspari 2010, 41, pl. 11: 2,

21.4

Dular 11, pl. 0: 13. Casari 2002, , nos. 41, 42.

za mlajši del poznega latena.87 V do zdaj znanih emon-skih grobovih posode tega tipa niso bile odkrite.88 Naj-bliž ja primerjava izvira iz starejšega polnila odpadne jamena cesti A ob forumski ploščadi,89 ki je bila izkopana izhodne površine prve gradbene faze. Na Štalenski gori soposode tak šne oblike datirane v čas od okoli l. 20 pr. n.

št. do klavdijskega obdobja,90

lonec iz najdišča Bratislava-Devín, ki ima največ ji obod pomaknjen nekoliko viš je odobravnavane posode, pa izvira iz srednje- do poznoavgu-stejskih plasti.91

Enoročajni vrč (t. 2: 17 )Enako oblikovana ustja ima večina vrčev, odkritih v depo-zitih hiše na Gornjem trgu 15 v Ljubljani, ki je bila posta-vljena v zadnjem desetletju pr. n. št. ali v poznoavgustej-skem obdobju, uničil pa naj bi jo požar v poznoavgustej-skem ali zgodnjetiberijskem obdobju.92 Podoben vrč izviraiz omenjene odpadne jame na forumu (Ferantov vrt), soro-

dno oblikovana pa so tudi ustja loncev iz zasutja vodnjakana lokaciji NUK II, ki je deloval pred gradnjo prvih zidovv insuli XIII.93 Grob 7 iz grobišča VI C na Strmcu nad BeloCerkvijo, v katerega je bil pridan soroden vrč, sodi gledena pridane bule in sigilatno posodje (Consp. R 2, 18, 22)med srednjeavgustejsko in zgodnjetiberijsko obdobje.94 Vpribližno enak časovni okvir najverjetneje sodita tudi dvavrča s hruškasto oblikovanim trupom iz grobišča na Socer-bu95 in primerek iz gr. 1661/26 v Mihovem.96 Vrči s takooblikovanim trupom in ustjem so na Štalenski gori datira-ni v čas od okoli l. 20 pr. n. št. do klavdijskega obdobja.97

.

Grob0

.. Opis (sl. –)

Pla šč gomile nad grobom 1039 (sl. 4; preglednica 1 ) je pre-krivala plast prodnikov iz apnenca in peščenjaka velikosti5–20 cm, med katerimi se je nabral temnosiv glinen melj zodlomki lončenine (SE 9325). Gomilni pla šč je iz vseh stra-ni obdajal manjšo kopo ne zemljine, ki je bila zgoščenav njegovem severovzhodnem delu, ter jo tudi deloma pre-krival. Kopa, v tlorisu nepravilne večkotne oblike, je bila zdaljšo osjo orientirana v smeri zahod/severozahod–vzhod/

jugovzhod (vel. 0,45 × 0,35 m). Sestavljala jo je mazava, te-mnorjava meljasta glina, v kateri so se posamično pojavljali

Glej Pernet et al. 200, 220 (Giubiasco, grob 320) z nadaljnji-mi referencami.

Petru 12; Plesničar-Gec 12; Plesničar-Gec 1, 33, t. 3:31–33.

Plesničar Gec 200, 2, profil , t. : 10; Mikl Curk 200, 4.0 Schindler Kaudelka 1, 3, t. .1 Pieta, Plachá 1, sl. 10: 13.2 Vičič 13, 14, t. : 11–1.3 Plesničar Gec 200, t. : 3; Gaspari 2010, 41, t. 11: 2, 21.4 Dular 11, t. 0: 13. Casari 2002, , št. 41, 42.

Windl 1. Schindler Kaudelka 1, 43–44, t. 23.


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ple from gr. 1661/26 in Mihovo96 probably also belong tothe same time frame.Te jugs with similar rim and bodyshape from Magdalensberg are dated to the time betweenaround 20 BC and Claudian period.97

. Grave 0

.. Description ( figs. –)

A layer of limestone and sandstone pebbles ranging in sizefrom 5 to20 cm and very dark grey clay silt from fragmentsof pottery (SU 9325) covered the outer coat of the tumulusabove grave 1039 ( g. 4; table 1 ). A small pile of ne soil wassituated in its north-eastern part and surrounded by thecovering of the tumulus. It was composed of dark brownsilt clay, which contained smaller individual limestone andsandstone pebbles and fragments of charcoal (SU 9367). Italso contained a fragment of an iron nail ( pl. 3: 4).Te clay

covered the burnt remains (SU 9404) and grave contents(SU 9389) that were placed on the relatively at surface oflaye

evidence of the roman army in slovenia

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