evidence for the effectiveness of empathy in the doctor – patient relationship

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Evidence for the effectiveness of Empathy in the Doctor – Patient Relationship Empathy (the ability of a physician to understand the patient’s situation, perspective, and feelings; to communicate that understanding and check its accuracy, and to act on that understanding in a helpful therapeutic way) has long been considered a basic component of all therapeutic relationships and a key factor in definitions of quality of care.1,2 More recently, Neuroscientific research has achieved significant progress in establishing the neurobiological basis of empathy, after discovering the mirror neurone system (MNS)3,4, as probably being related to people’s capacity to be empathic.5 These results draw the ‘soft’ concept of empathy into ‘hard’ science, which opens a challenging new field of research with potentially important clinical implications. However, these neurobiological studies do not give information about the impact of empathy in clinical care. Given the current emphasis on ‘evidencebased medicine’, it is important to establish evidence for the effectiveness of empathy in the daily practice of doctors. A recent systematic review published in the British Journal of General Practice found seven papers (using strict inclusion criteria from an original tranch of 964) published in the last fifteen years, on the effectiveness of physician empathy in general practice.6 The effectiveness of empathy in patient–physician communication in the studies included is described as: improvement of patient satisfaction and adherence to treatment, decrease in anxiety and distress, better diagnostic and clinical outcomes, and more patient enablement (the ability of patients to act to improve their own health). Patient outcomes were measured by questionnaires and laboratory tests, and by analysing audio and videotapes. The review investigates the relationship between physician empathy and patient outcomes. A doctor’s daily practice involves many elements that are not evidence based. The existence and use of empathy in communication is one of these ‘soft’ elements. However, this review shows that there is empirical evidence for the beneficial effects of empathy in patient–physician interaction. Qualitative studies show that physicians link empathy to fidelity, prosocial behaviour, moral thinking, good communication, patient and professional satisfaction, good therapeutic relationships, fewer damage claims, good clinical outcomes, and building up a trusting relationship with the patient. 7,8. So empathy is seen to improve physician as well as patient satisfaction. An exploration of how primary care clinicianteachers actually attempt to convey empathy to medical students found that the moral development of the Doctor, their basic willingness to help, their genuine interest in the other, and an emphasis on the other’s feelings are key basic principles for application of an empathic approach to the patient.9 PRIME is always pleased to publicise good science which supports its key vision, and this review is a helpful addition to the evidence demonstrating that an empathetic approach to patients improves

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"...this review shows that there is empirical evidence for the beneficial effects of empathy in patient–physician interaction. Qualitative studies show that physicians link empathy to fidelity, pro-social behaviour, moral thinking, good communication, patient and professional satisfaction, good therapeutic relationships, fewer damage claims, good clinical outcomes, and building up a trusting relationship with the patient."

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Page 1: Evidence for the effectiveness of empathy in the doctor – patient relationship

 

Evidence  for  the  effectiveness  of  Empathy  in  the  Doctor  –  Patient  Relationship  

Empathy  (the  ability  of  a  physician  to  understand  the  patient’s  situation,  perspective,  and  feelings;  to  communicate  that  understanding  and  check  its  accuracy,  and  to  act  on  that  understanding  in  a  helpful  therapeutic  way)  has  long  been  considered  a  basic  component  of  all  therapeutic  relationships  and  a  key  factor  in  definitions  of  quality  of  care.1,2  More  recently,  Neuroscientific  research  has  achieved  significant  progress  in  establishing  the  neurobiological  basis  of  empathy,  after  discovering  the  mirror  neurone  system  (MNS)3,4,  as  probably  being  related  to  people’s  capacity  to  be  empathic.5    These  results  draw  the  ‘soft’  concept  of  empathy  into  ‘hard’  science,  which  opens  a  challenging  new  field  of  research  with  potentially  important  clinical  implications.  However,  these  neurobiological  studies  do  not  give  information  about  the  impact  of  empathy  in  clinical  care.  Given  the  current  emphasis  on  ‘evidence-­‐based  medicine’,  it  is  important  to  establish  evidence  for  the  effectiveness  of  empathy  in  the  daily  practice  of  doctors.      A  recent  systematic  review  published  in  the  British  Journal  of  General  Practice  found  seven  papers  (using  strict  inclusion  criteria  from  an  original  tranch  of  964)  published  in  the  last  fifteen  years,  on  the  effectiveness  of  physician  empathy  in  general  practice.6  The  effectiveness  of  empathy  in  patient–physician  communication  in  the  studies  included  is  described  as:  improvement  of  patient  satisfaction  and  adherence  to  treatment,  decrease  in  anxiety  and  distress,  better  diagnostic  and  clinical  outcomes,  and  more  patient  enablement  (the  ability  of  patients  to  act  to  improve  their  own  health).  Patient  outcomes  were  measured  by  questionnaires  and  laboratory  tests,  and  by  analysing  audio  and  videotapes.    The  review  investigates  the  relationship  between  physician  empathy  and  patient  outcomes.  A  doctor’s  daily  practice  involves  many  elements  that  are  not  evidence  based.  The  existence  and  use  of  empathy  in  communication  is  one  of  these  ‘soft’  elements.  However,  this  review  shows  that  there  is  empirical  evidence  for  the  beneficial  effects  of  empathy  in  patient–physician  interaction.  Qualitative  studies  show  that  physicians  link  empathy  to  fidelity,  pro-­‐social  behaviour,  moral  thinking,  good  communication,  patient  and  professional  satisfaction,  good  therapeutic  relationships,  fewer  damage  claims,  good  clinical  outcomes,  and  building  up  a  trusting  relationship  with  the  patient.  7,8.  So  empathy  is  seen  to  improve  physician  as  well  as  patient  satisfaction.    An  exploration  of  how  primary  care  clinician-­‐teachers  actually  attempt  to  convey  empathy  to  medical  students  found  that  the  moral  development  of  the  Doctor,  their  basic  willingness  to  help,  their  genuine  interest  in  the  other,  and  an  emphasis  on  the  other’s  feelings  are  key  basic  principles  for  application  of  an  empathic  approach  to  the  patient.9    PRIME  is  always  pleased  to  publicise  good  science  which  supports  its  key  vision,  and  this  review  is  a  helpful  addition  to  the  evidence  demonstrating  that  an  empathetic  approach  to  patients  improves  

Page 2: Evidence for the effectiveness of empathy in the doctor – patient relationship

health  outcomes.  We  should  not  be  surprised  to  find  increasing  evidence  that  the  ‘soft  skills’  of  patient  centred  practice  are  found  to  have  beneficial  effects  by  ‘hard  science’.  If  we  believe  that  both  the  values  that  enhance  human  life  and  health  and  the  nature  of  the  physical  universe  have  the  same  Divine  origin,  we  should  expect  nothing  less.    So  practice  and  teach  empathy  to  improve  your  patients’  health  –  this  is  evidence  based  medicine!    Huw  Morgan    References:  

1. Mercer  SW,  Reynolds  WJ.  Empathy  and  quality  of  care.  Br  J  Gen  Pract  2002;  52(suppl):  S9–12.  

2. Irving  P,  Dickson  D.  Empathy:  towards  a  conceptual  framework  for  health  professionals.      Int  J  Health  Care  Qual  Assur  Inc  Leadersh  Health  Serv  2004;  17(4–5):  212–220.  

3.  Gallese  V,  Fadiga  L,  Fogassi  L,  Rizzolatti  G.  Action  recognition  in  the  premotor  cortex.  Brain  1996;  119(2):  593–609.  

4.  Rizzolatti  G,  Craighero  L.  The  mirror-­‐neuron  system.  Annu  Rev  Neurosci  2004;  27:  169–192.  

5.  Gallese  V.  The  roots  of  empathy:  the  shared  manifold  hypothesis  and  the  neural                                              basis  of  intersubjectivity.  Psychopathology  2003;  36(4):  171–1806  

6. Derksen  F,  et  al.  Effectiveness  of  empathy  in  General  Practice;  a  systematic  review.  BJGP  2013;  63(606):  76-­‐81  

7. Norfolk  T,  Birdi  K,  Walsh  D.  The  role  of  empathy  in  establishing  rapport  in  the  consultation:  a  new  model.  Med  Educ  2007;  41(7):  690–697.  

8.  Hojat  M,  Gonnella  JS,  Nasca  TJ,  et  al.  Physician  empathy:  definition,  components,  measurement,  and  relationship  to  gender  and  specialty.  Am  J  Psychiatry  2002;  159(9):  1563–1569.  

9.  Shapiro  J.  How  do  physicians  teach  empathy  in  the  primary  care  setting?  Acad  Med  2002;  77(4):  323–328.