evidence for the effectiveness of empathy in the doctor – patient relationship
DESCRIPTION
"...this review shows that there is empirical evidence for the beneficial effects of empathy in patient–physician interaction. Qualitative studies show that physicians link empathy to fidelity, pro-social behaviour, moral thinking, good communication, patient and professional satisfaction, good therapeutic relationships, fewer damage claims, good clinical outcomes, and building up a trusting relationship with the patient."TRANSCRIPT
Evidence for the effectiveness of Empathy in the Doctor – Patient Relationship
Empathy (the ability of a physician to understand the patient’s situation, perspective, and feelings; to communicate that understanding and check its accuracy, and to act on that understanding in a helpful therapeutic way) has long been considered a basic component of all therapeutic relationships and a key factor in definitions of quality of care.1,2 More recently, Neuroscientific research has achieved significant progress in establishing the neurobiological basis of empathy, after discovering the mirror neurone system (MNS)3,4, as probably being related to people’s capacity to be empathic.5 These results draw the ‘soft’ concept of empathy into ‘hard’ science, which opens a challenging new field of research with potentially important clinical implications. However, these neurobiological studies do not give information about the impact of empathy in clinical care. Given the current emphasis on ‘evidence-‐based medicine’, it is important to establish evidence for the effectiveness of empathy in the daily practice of doctors. A recent systematic review published in the British Journal of General Practice found seven papers (using strict inclusion criteria from an original tranch of 964) published in the last fifteen years, on the effectiveness of physician empathy in general practice.6 The effectiveness of empathy in patient–physician communication in the studies included is described as: improvement of patient satisfaction and adherence to treatment, decrease in anxiety and distress, better diagnostic and clinical outcomes, and more patient enablement (the ability of patients to act to improve their own health). Patient outcomes were measured by questionnaires and laboratory tests, and by analysing audio and videotapes. The review investigates the relationship between physician empathy and patient outcomes. A doctor’s daily practice involves many elements that are not evidence based. The existence and use of empathy in communication is one of these ‘soft’ elements. However, this review shows that there is empirical evidence for the beneficial effects of empathy in patient–physician interaction. Qualitative studies show that physicians link empathy to fidelity, pro-‐social behaviour, moral thinking, good communication, patient and professional satisfaction, good therapeutic relationships, fewer damage claims, good clinical outcomes, and building up a trusting relationship with the patient. 7,8. So empathy is seen to improve physician as well as patient satisfaction. An exploration of how primary care clinician-‐teachers actually attempt to convey empathy to medical students found that the moral development of the Doctor, their basic willingness to help, their genuine interest in the other, and an emphasis on the other’s feelings are key basic principles for application of an empathic approach to the patient.9 PRIME is always pleased to publicise good science which supports its key vision, and this review is a helpful addition to the evidence demonstrating that an empathetic approach to patients improves
health outcomes. We should not be surprised to find increasing evidence that the ‘soft skills’ of patient centred practice are found to have beneficial effects by ‘hard science’. If we believe that both the values that enhance human life and health and the nature of the physical universe have the same Divine origin, we should expect nothing less. So practice and teach empathy to improve your patients’ health – this is evidence based medicine! Huw Morgan References:
1. Mercer SW, Reynolds WJ. Empathy and quality of care. Br J Gen Pract 2002; 52(suppl): S9–12.
2. Irving P, Dickson D. Empathy: towards a conceptual framework for health professionals. Int J Health Care Qual Assur Inc Leadersh Health Serv 2004; 17(4–5): 212–220.
3. Gallese V, Fadiga L, Fogassi L, Rizzolatti G. Action recognition in the premotor cortex. Brain 1996; 119(2): 593–609.
4. Rizzolatti G, Craighero L. The mirror-‐neuron system. Annu Rev Neurosci 2004; 27: 169–192.
5. Gallese V. The roots of empathy: the shared manifold hypothesis and the neural basis of intersubjectivity. Psychopathology 2003; 36(4): 171–1806
6. Derksen F, et al. Effectiveness of empathy in General Practice; a systematic review. BJGP 2013; 63(606): 76-‐81
7. Norfolk T, Birdi K, Walsh D. The role of empathy in establishing rapport in the consultation: a new model. Med Educ 2007; 41(7): 690–697.
8. Hojat M, Gonnella JS, Nasca TJ, et al. Physician empathy: definition, components, measurement, and relationship to gender and specialty. Am J Psychiatry 2002; 159(9): 1563–1569.
9. Shapiro J. How do physicians teach empathy in the primary care setting? Acad Med 2002; 77(4): 323–328.