everything you always wanted to know about childhood lead poisoning (but were afraid to ask)
DESCRIPTION
Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Childhood Lead Poisoning (but Were Afraid to Ask). June 21, 2007 Steven Rosenberg, M.D., M.P.H. Public Health Medical Officer Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Branch California Department of Health Services. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Everything You Always Wanted to Know About
Childhood Lead Poisoning (but Were
Afraid to Ask)
Everything You Always Wanted to Know About
Childhood Lead Poisoning (but Were
Afraid to Ask) June 21, 2007
Steven Rosenberg, M.D., M.P.H. Public Health Medical Officer
Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention BranchCalifornia Department of Health Services
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“Why should I screen?” “What difference
does it make anyway?” “ Is it going to take up
too much time?”
“Why should I screen?” “What difference
does it make anyway?” “ Is it going to take up
too much time?”
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ObjectivesObjectives Toxicology of lead Sources and risks Effects of lead at low levels Screening requirements Illustration with a case study Case management
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The Basics of LeadThe Basics of Lead
Whole blood in micrograms per deciliter Venous blood sample is gold standard CDC level of concern >/= 10 mcg/dL * Most children BLL <2mcg/dL No known safe levels
–IQ Effects below “Level of Concern” **
*MMWR 5/27/2005
** Confirmed by meta-analysis by Koller et al. EHP, Jun 2004
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Main absorption in children is gastrointestinal Similar to iron & calcium 70% total body lead is stored in bone*
–Half-life in blood is weeks–Half-life in bone is decades
Metabolism of LeadMetabolism of Lead
*Environmental Health Perspectives 1993, 101:598-616
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Health Effects of LeadHealth Effects of Lead Sub-clinical
Iron deficiency associated with elevated blood lead level *
Interferes with hemoglobin synthesis– Free erythrocyte protoporphyrin– Basophillic stippling
Neuro-developmental toxin
* Wright, et al, J Pediatr, 2003; 142: 9-14
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Prolonged IQ EffectsProlonged IQ Effects
After early childhood exposure IQ can drop 5-8 points Multiple studies Even at levels < 10 mcg/dL
Bellinger, 1992, decrease of 5.8 IQ pointsPocock & Smith, 1994, ReviewNeedleman, 2004, Lead Poisoning
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Graph Illustrating Inverse Relationship Between IQ and Lead
Level
Graph Illustrating Inverse Relationship Between IQ and Lead
Level
Source: Bellinger, et al. Pediatrics (1992)
Blood Lead Level at 24 Months of Age (µg/dL)
125
120
115
110
105
00-4.9 5.0-9.9 10.0-14.9 ≥15.0
WISC-R Full-scale IQK-TEA Battery Composite
Adjusted Intelligence Test Score at Age 10
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“What’s the impact of an average drop of 5 IQ points?”
“What’s the impact of an average drop of 5 IQ points?”
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Effects of a Small Shift in IQ Distribution in a
Population of 260 Million
160140120100806040
70 130I.Q.
Normal: mean = 100
6.0 million "gifted"
6.0 million “special health &educational needs"
Adapted from Pediatric Environmental Toolkit
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5 Point Decrease in Mean IQ
160140120100806040
Mean 95
70
2.4 million "gifted"
9.4 million
57% INCREASE57% INCREASE
I.Q.130
57% DECREASE57% DECREASE
Adapted from Pediatric Environmental Toolkit
“special health &educational needs"
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In economic terms:In economic terms:
Economic savings to society for the decrease of lead in US population from 17.1ug/dL to 2ug/dL = $319 billion
Grosse et al, Environmental Health Perspectives, June 2002, 110:563-569
Rothenberg & Rothenberg, Environmental Health Perspectives, Sept 2005, 113: 1190-1195
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Poor academic achievement 1
Juvenile delinquency 2
Elevated school drop-out rate 3
Direct effect on behavior 4
ADHD 5
Even at low levels 6
Studies Correlate Lead in Childhood With:
1. Bellinger DC, et al. Pediatrics 1992; 90(6):855-61
2. Dietrich KN, et al. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2001; 23(6):511-8 Needleman HL, et al. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2002; 24(6):711-73. Needleman, et al. NEJM 1990; 322(2):83-84. Chen, et al. Pediatrics 2007; 119:e650-85. Braun, et al. Environ Health Perspect 2006; 114:1904-96. Canfield et al. NEJM 2003; 348(16):1517-26
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How much lead is hazardous?
How much lead is hazardous?
“LEAD DUST”
• 1 gram packet of lead dust spread over 10,000 ft2 gives lead level of 100 μg/ft2
• Current EPA acceptable Current EPA acceptable level: 40 μg/ftlevel: 40 μg/ft22
• FDA recommended maximum consumption: 6 μg per day
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What are the common sources of lead?
What are the common sources of lead?
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Top Ten States with pre-1950 HousingTop Ten States with pre-1950 Housing
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
NY PA CA IL OH MI MA NJ TX WI
Top Ten States
Number ofpre-1950
Housing Units
(in millions)
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Change in Blood Lead Levels in Relation to Decline in Use of Leaded Gasoline 1976-1980
Source: Annest JL, 1983
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Lead in soil remainsLead in soil remains
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What are other, less common, sources of lead?
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Occupational Sources Brought Home
Occupational Sources Brought Home Storage battery manufacture/repair/recycling
Painting/soldering/remodeling Heavy construction/abatement Smelting/brass/bronze working Firing ranges/metal work
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At Risk HobbiesAt Risk Hobbies Stained Glass Making Furniture Painting/Refinishing Ceramic Glazing Soldering Jewelry Lead fishing weights Firearms Collectibles
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Imported CeramicsImported Ceramics
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Eating Dirt: ww.cdc.gov/ncidod/eid/vol9no8/pdfs/03-0033.pdf
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Lead in Imported Candy*
*& other foods & spices
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Lead in Imported Jewelry
Lead in Imported Jewelry
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Lead in Folk Remedies
Lead in Folk Remedies
Ayruvedic medications Sindoor Pay-loo-ah
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Who is at risk?Who is at risk? Toddlers 1-2 years old Hand mouth behavior Pica Government-assisted programs:
–Medi-Cal–CHDP*–WIC**–Healthy families
*Child Health & Disability Prevention Program
**Woman & Infant Care program
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Source: US GAO Report 1999, NHANES III, Phase 2, data early 1990’s
BLL≥10 mcg/dL
Prevalence of EBL by Funding Source
insurance
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Why aren’t high-risk kids being screened?
Why aren’t high-risk kids being screened? Not ordered by physician Families don’t go to get blood drawn High-risk kids aren’t getting well child visits
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“Maybe my population is not at-risk — at
what incidence should a disease occur before
it is worthwhile to screen?”
“Maybe my population is not at-risk — at
what incidence should a disease occur before
it is worthwhile to screen?”
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0.000%
0.100%
0.200%
0.300%
0.400%
0.500%
0.600%
0.700%
0.800%
0.900%
1.000%
Incidence
Galactosemia PKU CongenitalHypothyroidism
Lead Level ≥10mcg%
Screening Test
Inc idence of Screened Inborn Errors vs Lead Screening
1:25,000 1:12,000 1:3,000
≥
Incidence of Screened Inborn Errors of Metabolism
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~600,000 children received blood lead testing in 2006
Average BLL < 2 mcg/dL 0.7% had results reflecting CDC level of
concern
Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program:
Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program:
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0.000%
0.100%
0.200%
0.300%
0.400%
0.500%
0.600%
0.700%
Incidence
Galactosemia PKU CongenitalHypothyroidism
Lead Level ?10mcg%
Screening Test
Incidence of Screened Inborn Errors vs Lead Screening
1:25,000 1:12,000 1:3,000
≥
1:140
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“Is lead poisoning a serious enough illness
to warrant screening?”
“Is lead poisoning a serious enough illness
to warrant screening?”
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Early Clinical SymptomsEarly Clinical Symptoms Anorexia Abdominal pain Constipation Anemia
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Case Report: MMWR 3/23/2006
Case Report: MMWR 3/23/2006
Feb 2006: 4 year old dies in Minnesota of undiagnosed lead poisoning (BLL 180)
Reebok recall Pediatrics, Dec 2006, 2548-51
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Rare Clinical SymptomsRare Clinical SymptomsBlood lead >70 µg/dL
–Changes in mentation (encephalopathy)–Ataxia–Seizures–Coma–Death
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Most Common Clinical Finding
Most Common Clinical Finding
Neuro-developmental compromise Clear reduction in IQ inversely correlated
with rising lead levels – approximately 1/4 to 1/2 point decrease
for every 1µg/dL rise in BLL
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“What am I required to do?”
“What am I required to do?”
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1. Provide anticipatory
guidance
1. Provide anticipatory
guidance At each periodic health assessment from 6 months - 72 months
Inform parents of risk of lead exposure to young children– especially deteriorating/disturbed
lead-based paint & paint dust –particularly after begins crawling–particularly because of hand-mouth
behavior
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2. Statewide Targeted Screening
Policy
2. Statewide Targeted Screening
Policy Test all children who receive services from
publicly funded programs–Medi-Cal–Healthy Families–CHDP– WIC
@ ~12 months & ~24 months of age
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2. Statewide Targeted Screening
Policy
2. Statewide Targeted Screening
Policy Test children not in publicly funded programs who answer “yes” or “don’t know” to the following question:–Does your child live or spend a lot of time in
a place built before 1978 that has chipped or peeling paint or has been recently renovated?
Any child not appropriately tested Parent requests Obvious risk factors present
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“Doesn’t screening increase my paperwork?”
“Doesn’t screening increase my paperwork?”
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Guidance & CounselingGuidance & Counseling At each well baby and pre-school check Provide simple written information Follow BLL >/= 5 mcg/dL
–? Risks present– Interventions:
»Hand-washing
»Good nutrition
» Infant stimulation
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Other environmental interventions:
Other environmental interventions: Check cans & cookware
Wash toys/ Wipe windowsills/ Wet mop Remove shoes at door Adult exposed from job: shower & change clothes Close off area if remodeling
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“Even if I find a child who is
lead poisoned, can we do anything to improve the clinical outcome for
this child or is the damage already done?”
“Even if I find a child who is
lead poisoned, can we do anything to improve the clinical outcome for
this child or is the damage already done?”
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Case study from Kaiser
Vallejo
Case study from Kaiser
Vallejo
Found: New 18 mo. old male (Medi-Cal) BLL=17.4
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Initiate environmental intervention:
Case management:– Automatic referral to county CLPPP– BLL > 10 mcg/dl
– Child Lead Poisoning Prevention Program does the work:
» Risk/exposure queries» Environmental investigation» Identify other affected children/family members» Tailored education
– Referral to WIC
– Feedback from CLPPP
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_ Prevent further neuro-developmental compromise:
» Arrange for developmental evaluation
» Referral DDS/Early Start if needed
» Follow-up by CLPPP (including family)
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Am I complying with the standard of care?
Am I complying with the standard of care? Provide anticipatory guidance about lead
hazards to all parents Lead test all publicly assisted children Ask screening question of other children Remove source(s) of lead when possible Request assistance of local county CLPP
when BLL≥ 10mcg/dL
Results: compliance with current standard of care regulations in California
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What should I do if I need to chelate?What should I do if I need to chelate?
Very rare Discuss with experienced consultant See DHS internet site
–Current list of consultants–Treatment matrix
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Special Recommendations:Special Recommendations:
Screen new immigrants and refugees–esp. adopted toddlers from developing countries–exposed to unknown risks
Consider screening pregnant women–household member works in occupation with
significant risk of lead exposure– lead poisoned child living in household–pica/other risks–refugee or new immigrant
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Why be concerned about lead in the perinatal period?
Why be concerned about lead in the perinatal period?
Lead readily transferred to the fetus during pregnancy Developing fetus especially vulnerable to effects of
lead Fetal blood lead levels estimated to be 80%-90% of
maternal levels based on umbilical cord lead level Studies have found a correlation with prenatal lead
exposure and:
- Reduced intelligence
- Behavior problems
- Developmental delays
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So what else can I do?So what else can I do? Identify & eliminate lead sources to prevent further
exposure to the mother and baby If occupational source: refer to Occupational Lead
Poisoning Prevention Program If mother < 21 & meets case definition: eligible for
case management services thru DHS CLPPP Refer family members for blood lead test Encourage good nutritional practices Recommend avoiding tobacco/alcohol during
pregnancy
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California DHS Website Information:
California DHS Website Information:
http://www.dhs.ca.gov/childlead/html/POpapers.html (provider references)
http://www.dhs.ca.gov/childlead/html/faq.html (fact sheet)
http://www.dhs.ca.gov/childlead/html/POmatrix.html (treatment matrix)
http://www.dhs.ca.gov/childlead/html/POhome.html (home page)
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E-mail address: [email protected]
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Estimated Losses in IQ if Lead Had Remained in Gasoline 1970–1990
(Gilbert & Weiss, NeuroToxicology 2006, 27:693–701)