everything

Question 1 (History)

In 1977, advocates for people with disabilities staged a series of protest demonstrations across the country. Thesedemonstrations urged enforcement of anti-discrimination legislation. The demonstrations continued a pattern of protests for equal treatment under the law influenced by

A. anti-war protests during the Vietnam War.

B. civil rights marches of the 1950s and 1960s.

C. farm labor strikes of the 1960s.

D. Ku Klux Klan rallies of the 1920s.


What is one direct consequence of the U.S. civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s?

A. the right to freedom of religion for all citizens

B. the end of legal segregation in public places

C. the granting of citizenship to African-Americans

D. the passing of legislation to protect the accused

Question 3 (People in Societies)

Although the 14th Amendment to the Constitution extended the rights of citizenship to “all persons” born ornaturalized in the United States, discrimination on the basis of gender still existed throughout much of the countryduring the late 1800s. Which was a consequence of this discrimination?

A. the end of the military draft for women

B. the growth of the women’s suffrage movement

C. the beginning of sit-ins to desegregate lunch counters

D. the continuation of efforts to end university admissions quotas

Question 4 (Government)

Minority students in public schools were given constitutional guarantees to equal educational opportunities as aresult of the

A. decision in Plessy v. Ferguson.

B. ratification of the 19th amendment.

C. ratification of the 26th amendment.

D. decision in Brown v. Board of Education.


What perspective of African-Americans was reflected in the founding of the National Association for the Advancementof Colored People (NAACP) in 1909?

A. the desire for a return to their cultural heritage

B. the need to improve working conditions in factories

C. the desire to end legalized discrimination based on race

D. the belief in the importance of building a new country in Africa


The Indian Tribal Justice Act of 1993 is an example of federal civil rights legislation. Read the following excerpt fromthe act:

This act was an attempt to redress the consequences of

A. the use of internment camps during World War II.

B. past government policies that oppressed and discriminated against Native Americans.

C. granting citizenship to Native Americans under the 1924 General Citizenship Act.

D. Jim Crow legislation enacted by southern states during the late 1800s and early 1900s.


In 1964, President Lyndon Johnson persuaded Congress to pass the Civil Rights Act, which outlawed racialdiscrimination in public places, such as theaters, cafeterias and hotels. This was an attempt to

A. maintain poll taxes for African-Americans.

B. stop African-American northward migration.

C. end segregation legalized by Jim Crow laws.

D. segregate public busing in major cities.


What was the effect of the passage of Jim Crow laws in the United States in the late 19th century?

A. Racial segregation was required by law in southern states.

B. Native Americans were moved onto reservations.

C. Restrictions were placed on business monopolies.

D. Women were denied the right to vote in national elections.


What was the perspective of women who founded the National Organization for Women (NOW) in 1966?

A. Women wanted to receive equal pay and opportunities for advancement in the workplace.

B. Women were afraid of being forced to work in physically challenging jobs.

C. Women were angry at the prospect of having to serve in the military.

D. Women wanted to gain the right to vote and to own property.


Hispanic-American farm workers organized the United Farm Workers to persuade farm owners to treat them morefairly. One perspective of these workers was their belief that the owners’ unfair hiring practices denied them equalopportunity for employment. State two other perspectives of farm workers that led to the creation of the United Farm Workers. Write your answerin the Answer Document. (2 points)


The early 20th century saw a significant northward migration of African-Americans. During the 1920s, nearly 400,000African- Americans settled in New York, Pennsylvania and Illinois. Many lived in large cities such as New York,Philadelphia and Chicago. Identify two economic effects of this migration on the United States. Write your answer in the Answer Document. (2points)


In the early 20th century, many African-Americans moved from the South to cities in the North. This “Great Migration”helped stimulate a flowering of artistic talent by African-Americans in New York known as the Harlem Renaissance.One way in which the Harlem Renaissance was significant was that it

A. reduced racial tensions in the northern cities.

B. led to a decline in activity by the Ku Klux Klan.

C. led to a relaxation of restrictions on African-Americans in the South.

D. contributed to the recognition of African-American culture.


One factor that motivated U.S. imperialism during the late 19th and early 20th centuries was the

A. development of closer political ties with European nations.

B. closing of China to all foreign trade.

C. support of international peacekeeping operations.

D. acquisition of new markets and sources of raw materials.


Historians often cite the harshness of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany as a primary cause of the eventualoutbreak of World War II. Summarize two provisions of the Versailles Treaty relating to Germany and discuss howeach helped lead to World War II. Write your answer in the Answer Document. (4 points)


During the Industrial Revolution of the late 19th century, farmers in the United States worked to increase their landholdings and modernize their equipment. A lasting effect of these changes was

A. higher prices for crops.

B. increased rural population density.

C. a shortage of land for farming.

D. greater productivity of farming.


The Industrial Revolution brought about major changes not only in cities, but in rural America as well. Beforemachines were used, one farmer could harvest about 7.5 acres of wheat per year. With machines, he could harvestwheat on 135 acres. Scientists also developed new kinds of wheat seeds that could survive northern winters. Thesedevelopments were examples of what was happening in many areas of agriculture. Explain two additional ways farming changed as a result of the Industrial Revolution. Write your answer in theAnswer Document. (2 points)


At the end of World War II, Soviet armies liberated the countries of Eastern Europe from Nazi Germany. The occupation of these countries by the Soviet Union contributed to the development of the Cold War by

A. contributing to conflict in the Middle East.

B. bringing about the reunification of Germany.

C. strengthening the authority of the United Nations.

D. dividing Europe into communist and non-communist spheres.


The League of Nations was created after World War I as a forum for resolving international conflicts. However, theLeague was unable to resolve tensions that led to World War II. One factor that contributed to the ineffectiveness of the League was the

A. breakup of colonial empires in Africa and Asia.

B. decision of the United States not to join the League.

C. opposition of League members to the Treaty of Versailles.

D. rise of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union.


Satellite-based communication systems allow people to communicate more easily. This increases theinterdependence of nations around the world. Describe how another advance in global communications or transportation contributes to the exchange of culturalpractices. Write your answer in the Answer Document. (2 points)


Use the following cartoon to answer question 41.

The above cartoon appeared in Indian Country Today , a Native American newspaper. This cartoon reflects theperspective that Native American cultures existed in North America before the arrival of Europeans. This perspective has inspired Native American groups to

A. abandon native languages.

B. celebrate Native American culture.

C. abandon traditional fishing and hunting methods.

D. avoid serving in the armed forces of the United States.


As British rule in India came to an end, violence sparked by religious differences between Hindus and Muslims ledto the decision by Britain to divide the country into Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan. However, after the partition,many Muslims still lived within the borders of Hindu India. The perception of Hindus and Muslims that the cultural differences between them were greater than their similaritiesled to

A. invasion by neighboring countries.

B. a return to British rule to establish order.

C. continued violence and many refugees.

D. the end of democratic government in India.


In recent years, the Spanish language has become more common in the United States, with ballots and signs ingovernment buildings printed in English and Spanish. This is the result of increased

A. immigration from Mexico and other Latin American nations.

B. awareness of the religion of Mexico and other Latin American nations.

C. international commitments in Mexico and other Latin American nations.

D. agreements lowering trade barriers with Mexico and other Latin American nations.


The concepts of equality and democracy were basic to the U.S. Constitution. Yet many Americans in the 19th centurydid not consider Indian nations worthy of concern or protection. This resulted in discrimination and conflict betweenEuropean settlers and Native Americans. For example, many Native Americans were

A. displaced from their former homelands.

B. prevented from trading with European settlers.

C. forced to maintain their cultural heritage.

D. persecuted for killing buffalo on the Great Plains.

Question 24 (Citizenship Rights and Responsibilities)

One form of civil disobedience practiced by college students during the Vietnam War was the burning of draft cards. How were draft card burnings different from other forms of protest such as organizing marches and publishingunderground newspapers?

A. Draft card burnings were direct violations of a law perceived to be unjust.

B. Draft card burnings were protected under the First Amendment of the Constitution.

C. Draft card burnings were used to encourage young men to volunteer for military duty rather than be drafted.

D. Draft card burnings were a continuation of protest methods begun by the Ku Klux Klan in the 1960s.


In the United States, a citizen’s exercise of speech and expression may be legally restricted when that individual

A. threatens public safety.

B. opposes public opinion.

C. criticizes public officials.

D. condemns public institutions.


Use the following picture to answer question 35:

Source: Libraryof Congress

Actions such as those shown in the picture above helped bring about

A. the decision in Plessy v. Ferguson .

B. the decision in Brown v. Board of Education.

C. the 19th Amendment.

D. the 26th Amendment.


Monarchies may be absolute monarchies or constitutional monarchies.

Explain how monarchs usually acquire power under both types of monarchies.

Describe what limits, if any, exist on how monarchs exercise power in both types of monarchies.

Write your answer in the Answer Document. (4 points)


In a democracy, the source of authority for the government is the

A. head of state.

B. legislature.

C. courts.

D. people .


In the United States, freedom of the press to report on certain matters may be restricted during wartime because

A. reporting military secrets may threaten national security.

B. laws against libel and slander are strictly enforced during wartime.

C. materials used to print newspapers must be conserved during wartime.

D. the government has a compelling interest in suppressing opposing views.


Describe the decision-making role of citizens in countries that are dictatorships and in countries that are absolutemonarchies. Write your answer in the Answer Document. (2 points)


The burning of draft cards by those who objected to the Vietnam War is an example of civil disobedience because itwas an action that

A. was protected by the U.S. Constitution.

B. was intended to draw the attention of the media.

C. violated a law that the protesters considered to be unjust.

D. expressed a point of view that was unpopular at the time.


A government in which the leader typically uses the threat of force to maintain control of the government is known asa

A. dictatorship.

B. presidential democracy.

C. constitutional monarchy.

D. parliamentary democracy.


Use the following photo to answer question 26.

Actions taken by organizations such as those shown in the photo above helped bring about

A. the decision in Plessy v. Ferguson.

B. the decision in Brown v. Board of Education.

C. the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.

D. the 26th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.


Use the following diagrams representing the structure of two forms of government to answer question 8.

According to the information in the diagrams, what is the difference in the relationship between the executive and thelegislature in the two types of democracies?

A. In a presidential democracy, the executive is more accountable to the legislature.

B. In a presidential democracy, the legislature is more accountable to the executive.

C. In a presidential democracy, the executive and the legislature are directly accountable to the citizens.

D. In a presidential democracy, the executive and the legislature are less accountable to the citizens.


Why was the formation of labor unions an effect of U.S. industrialization in the late 1800s?

A. Unions were needed to guarantee a steady supply of workers.

B. Union membership was required for employment in new industries.

C. Factory owners set up labor unions in order to control their large workforce.

D. Unions organized industrial workers to protest unsafe working conditions and long workdays.


Following World War II, the Soviet Union dominated the countries of Eastern Europe. Forty years later, the Soviet blocdisintegrated and the Soviet Union broke apart as well. These later events led to

A. struggles for political control in countries formerly under the control of the Soviet Union.

B. the Chinese Communist Revolution.

C. renewed conflict between Israel and its neighbors.

D. the dismantling of the NATO alliance.


After World War I, the League of Nations was created to help resolve international conflicts before they led to war. What did Japan’s successful invasion of Manchuria in 1931 indicate about the ability of the League of Nations toprevent World War II?

A. The League had little power to stop acts of aggression.

B. The League was concerned only with disputes in Europe.

C. The League’s army was unprepared for modern warfare.

D. The League was led by countries with the weakest military forces.


Use the following graph to answer question 5.

What effect of 19th-century industrialization in the United States is represented by the changes shown in the abovegraph?

A. increased regulation of child labor

B. modernization of agriculture

C. decreased demand for farm products

D. emigration from the United States


Enlightenment philosophers such as John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau challenged the idea of the divineright of kings. They wrote about a government’s obligations to uphold people’s rights and how the governmentshould be based on the consent of the governed. These new ideas encouraged people to

A. remain firm in their support of absolute monarchs.

B. look for leaders who would exercise dictatorial powers.

C. engage in revolutions to establish democratic governments.

D. call for church leaders to create theocracies and replace the monarchies.


During the years between 1945 and 1950, the period directly following World War II, the Soviet Union expanded itsinfluence in Central and Eastern Europe.

Describe two concerns the United States had about this expansion.

For each concern, identify a related action taken by the United States to counter Soviet activities in Europe duringthis time period.



In the 19th century, many Americans considered Native Americans inferior to people of European ancestry. Thisresulted in discrimination and conflict between European settlers and Native Americans. One consequence of this discrimination was that many Native Americans were

A. displaced from their homelands.

B. forced to maintain their cultural heritage.

C. prevented from trading with European settlers.

D. persecuted for killing buffalo on the Great Plains.


Some Internet search engines offer the ability to automatically translate Web pages that are written in languagesother than English. One effect of this feature is to

A. reduce the desire for international trade.

B. reduce the need for modern computer technology.

C. increase the need for instruction in foreign languages.

D. increase opportunities for exchanges of cultural practices.


During World War I, conscientious objectors to military service were often accused of disloyalty, and someconscientious objectors were sentenced to prison. However, an attempt was made to balance individual rights andthe common good by assigning other conscientious objectors to noncombatant service.

How did assigning conscientious objectors to noncombatant service help maintain individual rights?

How did assigning conscientious objectors to noncombatant service help serve the common good?



When the government builds interstate highways, citizens can be forced (under the principle of eminent domain) tosell private land that lies in the path of the highway. The reason for this is that the property rights of individuals arebalanced by

A. the government’s need to raise tax revenues.

B. the need to enforce laws against libel and slander.

C. the need to guarantee equal opportunities to all citizens.

D. a compelling government interest in providing public services.


Freedom of assembly is guaranteed by the First Amendment, but assemblies may legally be broken up whenprotesters

A. attempt to disrupt public safety.

B. publicly oppose U.S. foreign policy.

C. express opinions that are controversial.

D. are members of a religious organization.


One way absolute monarchies are similar to dictatorships is that citizens under both systems of government typically

A. can elect new leadership by voting in elections.

B. have greater freedoms than citizens in democracies.

C. can amend their constitutions by gathering signatures on petitions.

D. must engage in revolution in order to achieve governmental change.


The primary feature of a dictatorship is that

A. people are permitted to vote for more than one candidate.

B. the executive branch has equal power with the legislative branch.

C. judicial courts are replaced by military courts.

D. leaders make decisions without the consent of the people.


One way the U.S. Constitution evolves is through the amendment process. How were the changes that occurred asa result of the ratification of the 19th and 26th Amendments similar?

A. Large groups of people gained the right to vote.

B. The right of individuals to bear arms was restricted.

C. The powers of the federal government were expanded.

D. The separation of church and state was more clearly defined.


In 1943, 15 percent of the shipyard workers in San Francisco were Chinese-Americans. Before this, they had beenlargely confined to working in restaurants and laundries. The switch in occupations was due, in large part, to the

A. shipbuilding skills of Chinese-Americans.

B. increased availability of higher education for immigrants.

C. increased labor union restrictions against Chinese-American workers.

D. massive need for workers to build ships during World War II.


Britain and France suffered heavy casualties during World War I. Because of this, when faced with Axis expansion before World War II, these countries were

A. unwilling to take actions that might start another war.

B. prepared to use military intervention wherever necessary.

C. dependent on the United States to intervene in an international crisis.

D. reluctant to call upon the League of Nations to settle disputes.


What problem arising from U.S. industrialization did the progressive reformers of the late 19th and early 20thcenturies want the federal government to address?

A. use of child labor in the workplace

B. unfair taxes on the wealthy

C. restrictions on the use of natural resources

D. lack of capital for railroad expansion


As a result of industrialization in the United States in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, progressive reformerssought government regulation of business in order to

A. control economic cycles of inflation and recession.

B. provide money for public services such as schools and libraries.

C. restore competition by limiting the power of monopolies and trusts.

D. prevent companies from moving their factories to other countries.


How did the political systems in Africa change as a result of European colonialism in the 19th century?

A. Opportunities for self-rule increased.

B. Administrative units were set up along ethnic lines.

C. Traditional forms of tribal authority were weakened.

D. Administrative units became smaller for better control.


There was a connection between industrial expansion and European imperialism in the late 19th and early 20thcenturies.

Did imperialism increase or decrease as a result of industrialization?Explain why this change occurred.



The use of atomic weapons at the end of World War II fostered fears about their potential use during the Cold Waryears. These fears were critical in determining the U.S. response to

A. the Marshall Plan.

B. the Berlin Blockade.

C. the Cuban Missile Crisis.

D. the independence movement in India.


In the United Nations Charter, member nations pledge to “unite our strength to maintain international peace andsecurity.” Since ratification of its charter following World War II, the primary goal of the United Nations has been to

A. restore world trade disrupted by World War II.

B. encourage industrial growth begun during World War II.

C. establish policies to help nations pay World War II debts.

D. intervene in world conflicts to prevent another war such as World War II.


In the late 1800s, a population shift among African Americans began in the United States. Known as the “GreatMigration,” this pattern of shifting population accelerated as a result of World War I and continued throughout the1920s.

Describe the population shift involved in the “Great Migration.”Explain how this migration produced an important change in the domestic affairs of the United States during thefirst three decades of the twentieth century.



Many Latin American nations gained their independence early in the 19th century. The relationship between thepeople and their government changed. Slavery existed under colonial governments, but some of the new nations,such as Haiti, did not permit slavery. The abolition of slavery was based on Enlightenment ideas of

A. liberty as a natural right of man.

B. separation of governmental powers.

C. personal rights as less important than civil order.

D. the authority of absolute monarchs.


In the 1960s and 1970s, Hispanic-American farm workers in the United States believed their employers were failingto provide reasonable wages and working conditions like those received by other American workers. For this reason, Hispanic-American farm workers

A. urged the exportation of agricultural produce.

B. organized the United Farm Workers Association.

C. encouraged farm producers to lower prices.

D. opposed passage of anti-discrimination laws.


Religious diversity in the United States has increased in the last fifty years. One factor that has contributed to thisincrease has been an increase in

A. emigration to Africa.

B. immigration from Asia.

C. immigration from Australia.

D. emigration to South America.


Some countries that are dictatorships hold elections from time to time. These elections are different from elections in presidential democracies because typically elections in dictatorships

A. only allow citizens to vote and to run for elected office.

B. are monitored by international observers to ensure fairness.

C. only have candidates from one political party on the ballot.

D. are held more often than elections in presidential democracies.


Citizens in presidential democracies and parliamentary democracies typically achieve governmental change by

A. going on strike.

B. voting in elections.

C. serving in the military.

D. engaging in revolution.


During World War I, conscientious objectors to military service were often accused of disloyalty, and someconscientious objectors were sentenced to prison. However, other conscientious objectors were willing to acceptnoncombatant service. The assignment of conscientious objectors to noncombatant service was an attempt by the government to

A. promote ethnic diversity within the military.

B. educate people about their constitutional rights.

C. balance individual rights and the common good.

D. encourage people to apply for conscientious objector status.


A group of citizens organizes a peaceful march through the streets of their nation’s capital. They carry signs callingfor the nation’s leader to resign. Describe how likely this type of protest could be held in a presidential democracy and in a dictatorship. Explain thereason for these differences. Write your answer in the Answer Document. (2 points)


Under what system of government are leaders typically chosen by church officials or religious elders?

A. theocracy

B. dictatorship

C. presidential democracy

D. constitutional monarchy


The 18th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1919, prohibited the manufacture or sale of alcoholicbeverages.

In terms of the evolution of the Constitution, the ratification of the 18th Amendment represented

A. a decrease in the powers of Congress.

B. an extension of federal power into activities formerly regulated by states.

C. a limitation on the powers of the federal government to regulate interstate trade.

D. an increase in the power of the state courts to hear prohibition cases.


How do absolute monarchs differ from constitutional monarchs in their ability to use power?

A. The power of absolute monarchs is unlimited.

B. The power of absolute monarchs is maintained through periodic elections.

C. The power of absolute monarchs is limited by the fundamental laws of the country.

D. The power of absolute monarchs depends on continued support from their political party.


The Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union was partly the result of the expansion of the SovietUnion in Central and Eastern Europe as World War II ended.

Describe one U.S. concern about the Soviet Union’s domination of Central and Eastern Europe after 1945.

Cite a relevant action taken by the United States in response to the identified concern.



During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, U.S. foreign policy was closely tied to domestic economic concerns.The annexation of Hawaii, the Open Door Policy with China, and the construction of the Panama Canal in LatinAmerica were all motivated by an interest in

A. breaking up monopolies and trusts.

B. extending land grants for railroad construction.

C. acquiring new markets and sources of raw materials.

D. limiting the power of labor unions to strike.


In exploring the relationship between governments and people, Thomas Hobbes argued that governments resultedfrom a social contract to maintain an orderly society. John Locke, another philosopher of the Enlightenment, inspiredAmerican revolutionaries by arguing that a new social contract could be instituted under what circumstance?

A. if a government failed to compel obedience

B. if a government violated people’s natural rights

C. if a government failed to protect people from economic inequality

D. if a government entered into alliances with foreign governments


Identify one example of harsh working conditions for British factory workers in the 19th century. Explain howindustrialization led to that condition.Write your answer in the Answer Document. (2 points)


The Weimar Republic was established in Germany following World War I. An important factor leading to the collapseof the Weimar Republic and the rise of Nazi dictatorship that took Germany into World War II was

A. Germany’s resentment of U.S. involvement in European affairs.

B. the rise of independence movements in Germany’s overseas colonies.

C. Germany’s failure to rebuild its armed forces following World War I.

D. the economic burden of war reparations (payments) to Germany’s former enemies.


Following World War II, France attempted to re-establish control over its colony, Indochina, which included Vietnam.Leaders of the Vietminh, a communist-supported independence movement in Vietnam, fought against France’sefforts to retake the colony. The United States viewed this conflict as part of the Cold War and aided France.

This U.S. action was based on which policy?

A. a policy of opposing colonialism

B. a policy of helping Japan rebuild its economy

C. a policy of containing the spread of communism

D. a policy of participating in United Nations’ peacekeeping efforts


What action by the leaders of the French Revolution demonstrates that they were influenced by Enlightenmentideas?

A. They called for the fall of the absolute monarchy.

B. They encouraged the conquests of Napoleon.

C. They fought to maintain France’s colonial empire.

D. They supported the combination of church and state.


The appearance in many U.S. cities of department stores, organized sporting events, musical theaters andamusement parks in the last decades of the 19th century was evidence of what effect of industrialization?

A. improved living conditions on American farms

B. the growing power of unions to negotiate benefits for their members

C. government-sponsored programs to improve public health and education

D. an increase in the leisure time and disposable income of the urban middle class


What was one perspective of African-Americans that was reflected in the founding of the National Association for theAdvancement of Colored People (NAACP)?

A. the desire to preserve cultural traditions

B. the desire to end racial discrimination

C. the belief that segregation was necessary to maintain social order

D. the belief that collective bargaining would lead to higher incomes


The impact of television as a means of international cultural exchange is demonstrated by

A. a decrease in U.S. imports of agricultural products.

B. a decline in the number of foreign students studying in U.S. universities.

C. the creation of democratic governments in countries that were formerly dictatorships.

D. the expansion of overseas markets for U.S. television programming and advertised products.


The National Organization for Women (NOW) was created in 1966. It reflected a growing concern of many womenthat they were being treated unfairly. For example, some believed that the education of girls was not viewed as beingas important as the education of boys. Describe the perspectives of women in the 1960s that contributed to the creation of NOW regarding each of thefollowing:

employment

political representation

everything

Documents

african americans

native americans

recognition of african

perspective of women

united farm workers

united states

civil rights act

rights of citizenship