Imagery

The descriptive words and phrases that a writer uses to recreate sensory experiences; by appealing to the five senses, imagery helps a reader imagine

exactly what the characters and experiences being described are like

The morning comes to consciousness of faint stale smells of beer . From the sawdust-trampled street with all its muddy feet that press to early coffee-

stands. – “Preludes”

And snapped at a flat-fish that was dead and floating and I saw the flash of a white throat and a double row of white teeth and eyes of metallic grey – “The

Shark”

Chas Ellis

Consonance by Consonance by MertaviusMertavius R.R. The repetition of consonant sounds at the ends of words.The repetition of consonant sounds at the ends of words. Examples: Examples: Rap song by Rap song by FugeesFugees ““zealotszealots””/'Rap rejects my tape deck, ejects /'Rap rejects my tape deck, ejects

projectile/Whether projectile/Whether jewjew or gentile I rank top percentile.or gentile I rank top percentile.‘‘ Edgar Allan PoeEdgar Allan Poe’’s the Raven/And the silken sad uncertain rustling of each s the Raven/And the silken sad uncertain rustling of each

purple curtainpurple curtain

Apostrophe

• The act of addressing some abstraction or personification that is not physically present

-hands, show yourself strong

-”oh our Father the Sky, your children are we”

The process of creating or using words that imitate sounds; used when writers choose words that sounds suggest their denotative and connotative meanings (for example, whisper, kick, gargle, gnash, and clatter)

Wool By: Leila Devlin

Baa, baa, silly sheepdancing on my table,

have you no manners?You should be waltzing in the stable!

…

MARCHING BAND By: Lee Emmett

boom! boom!bang the drum

ta-diddy-ta!here they come

…

Denotation!

• The Dictionary meaning of a word.

• Ex:“…I took the road less

traveled by” The Road Not Taken.

“…The Monkey on your back is the latest Trend” Anyone Else But You.

Assonance: The repetition of vowel sounds to create internal rhyming within phrases or sentences.

“That solitude which suits abstruser musings”-Samuel Taylor Coleridge

“The crumbling thunder of seas”-Robert Louis Stevenson

Euphony

• Euphony-Attempting to group words together harmoniously so that the consonants permit an easy and pleasing flow of sound when spoken

• To Autumn by John KeatsSeason of mists and mellow fruitfulness, Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun; Conspiring with him how to load and bless

With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eves run

• The Eve of St. Agnes- John KeatsAnd lucent syrops, tinct with cinnamon;Manna and dates, in argosy transferredFrom Fez; and spiced dainties, every oneFrom silken Samarcand to cedar'd Lebanon

ParallelismWhen related ideas are phrased in similar ways

E xamples: B ut let judgment run down as waters, and righteousness as a mighty stream

S earch me, O G od, and know my heart: test me, and know my anxious thoughts

C ameron D ay

Consonance• The repetition of consonant sounds at the

end of words.• Ex. #1 –Robert Frost’s “Stopping by

Woods on a Snowy Evening”Whose woods these are I think I know. His house is in the village though; He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow.Ex. #2 - Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s “The Soul’s Expression”I strive and struggle to deliver right That music of my nature, day and night

Free Verse• Rhymed or unrhymed poetry

composed w/o attention to conventional rules of meter, but rather pattered by the flow of sound, speech, and images

• EX: – Some kind of attraction that is neither

Animal, vegetable, nor mineral, a power notSolar, fusion, or magneticAnd it is all in my head that I could see into hisAnd find myself sitting there.

– Heroes Aresometimescourageous collaborators,sometimesoriginators of opportunities,sometimeschampions of coincidence or circumstance.Sometimesheroes act through intelligenceand at other timesthrough ignorance.

Assonance R epetition of vowel sounds within words; can be used by an

author to impact musical quality to their works to create a mood, reinforce meaning, emphasize and unity lines,

stanzas or passages.

"O h cleft effect! C old modesty, hot wrath,B oth fire from hence and chill extincture hath."

(William S hakespeare, A L over's C omplaint)

Hear the mellow wedding bells. (E dgar Allen P oe)

C hristina S aulnier

C acophony

• P oetry term that refers to the us e of words that combine s harp, hars h, his s ing , or unmelodious s ounds ; mixes s ounds that make the phras ing either difficult to s peak aloud or grating to the ear.

• i.e. the scratching of nails acros s a chalkboard

Style

• Def- The structure of a poem or piece of lit, as well as the devices an author uses to build meaning; the way the words are arranged in lines, the way the lines are arranged in stanzas, the way the units of sound are organized in rhythm and rhyme.

• Ex. Edgar Allen Poe style was very dark, vivid and always about death!

Extended Metaphor• A comparison between two unlike things that nevertheless have

something in common that is carried out at some length and in various ways. Sometimes the comparison is carried throughout a paragraph, a stanza, or an entire selection.

• “All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players. They have their exits and their entrances; and on man in his time plays many parts.” – William Shakespeare

• My son is a bat / His eyes blink when darkness comes. / His bodystirs with life. / His limbs gorge with blood / as he sets out through

the cave of night / his roof the stars / the moon a big white eye watching. / Attracted by the false lights / he mingles with his batty friends / weaving in and out of nightclubs / endless parties / each

other’s places / till sensing the sudden ebb / of darkness / he flutters home / a cloaked Dracula / to the hollow of his room / where he will

sleep all day.

• Bat = Son

Extended Metaphor By: Kayla Sims Definition- A comparison between

two unlike things that nevertheless have something in common that is carried out at some length and is carried through a paragraph, a stanza, or an entire selection.

Ex.- “The winds were ocean waves, thrashing against the tree limbs. The gales remained thereafter, only ceasing when the sun went down. Their waves clashed brilliantly with the water beneath, bringing foam and dying leaves to the shore.”

Ex.- “The teacher descended upon the exams, sank his talons into their pages, ripped the answers to shreds, and then, perching in his chair, began to digest.”

Euphony

• Definition:Attempting to group words together harmoniously, so that the consonants permit an easy and pleasing flow of sound when spoken.

• Ex: “I do not like them here or there; I do not like them anywhere; I do not like green eggs and ham; I do not like them Sam I am.” –Dr. Seuss

Ex:“Fall, go on and fall apart, fall into these arms of mine, I’ll catch you every time you fall. Go on and loose it all. Every doubt, every fear, every worry, every tear, I’m right here. Baby fall.” –Clay Walker

RepetitionRepetitionWhen words or phrases are When words or phrases are repeated.repeated.

Ex. I'm nobody! Who are You?

I'm nobody! Who are you?Are you nobody too?Then there's a pair of us-don't tell!They'd banish us you know.How dreary to be somebody!how public, like a frog.To tell your name livelong dayTo an admiring bog!

Ex. Humpty Dumpty

Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall,Humpty Dumpty had a great fall;All the King's horses and all the King's menCouldn't put Humpty together again

Juxtaposition The arrangement of two or more ideas, characters,actions,settings,phrases,or words

side-by-side or close together for the purpose of comparison, contrast, rhetorical effect, suspense, or character development.

Ex. night of starsall along the precipice goat bells ring

the piano hammersbarely moving night snow

QuickTime™ and aTIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor

are needed to see this picture.

Paradox• A statement that seems to

contradict itself but may nevertheless suggest an important truth; The effectiveness of a paradox lies in the startling impact of its apparent absurdity on the reader, which serves to highlight the truth of the statement.

• The more alike the enemy becomes, the more different he will appear.

G. K. Chesterton• Each new power won by man

[over Nature] is a power overman as well. Each advance leaves him weaker as well as stronger.

C. S. LewisRobert Boyle's self-flowing flask fills itself in this diagram, but perpetual motion machines cannot exist (according to our current understanding of physics).

AnaphoraThe repetition of words at the beginning of two or more linesStrike as I wouldHave struck those tyrants!Strike deep as my curse!Strike! And but once-Byron

Suffers our uses and abuses,Sinks through the drift of bodies,Sinks through the drift of vlassesTo evening to the beggar in the park-Elizabeth Bishop - Anaphora

EuphonyAttempting to group words together

harmoniously, so that the consonants permit an easy and pleasing flow of sound when spoken

And lucent syrops, tinctwith cinnamon;Manna and dates, in argosy transferredFrom Fez; and spiced dainties, every oneFrom silken Samarcandto cedar'dLebanon.

Season of mists and mellow fruitfulness, Close bosom-friend of the maturing sun; Conspiring with him how to load and bless With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eves run;

To Autumnby

John KeatsThe Eve of St. Agnes

J uxtapos ition T he arrangement of two or more ideas , characters , actions , s ettings , phras es , or words side-by-s ide or

c los e together to enhance comparis on, contras t, rhetorical effec t, s us pens e, or character development.

• R eality's path is a really perilous and coars e cours e to travel. B ut Unreality's path is a relatively peril les s dis cours e, with reams of dreams to unravel.

Obtained from• http://www.tomkidding.com/poetry/mus e-on-the-mus e/the-

artis tic-juxtapos ition.html

• And the s ilken s ad uncertain rus tling of each purple curtainT hrilled me - filled me with fantas tic terrors never felt before;

(P oe 13-14)

Euphony• Attempting to group words together

harmoniously. Consonants permit an easy and pleasing flow of sound when spoken.

• Examples: – And lucent syrops, tinctwith cinnamon;

Manna and dates, in argosy transferredFrom Fez; and spiced dainties, every oneFrom silken Samarcand to cedar'd Lebanon. (John KeatesThe Eve of St. Agnes)

– Twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools

By: Lexie Hammesfahr 2B Warner

Catalogue Verse• Poems with lists that perform an encyclopedic

purpose, lending high seriousness to a topic.• Ex. Pink Floyd’s “What Shall We Do Now?” Shall

we work straight through the night? Shall we get into fights? Leave the lights on? Drop bombs? Do tours of the east? contract diseases? Bury bones? Break up homes? Send flowers by phone? Take to drink? Go to shrinks? Give up meat? Rarely sleep? Keep people as pets?

• Ex.Homer’s Iliad is also an example of Catalogue Verse

☺ A figure of speech in which an object, animal, or idea is given human characteristics.

☺ The Cat & The Fiddle ☺ Hey diddle, Diddle,

The cat and the fiddle,The cow jumped over the moon;The little dog laughed To see such sport,And the dish ran away with the spoon.

☺ The Train☺ I like to see it lap the miles,

And lick the valleys up,And stop to feed itself at tanks;And then, prodigious, step

IronyDefinition: A

contrast between

appearance and reality.

Example 1:

Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare"Yet Brutus says he was ambitious;And Brutus is an honorable man“

Example 2:The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Coleridge:

Water, water, every where,And all the boards did shrink ;

Water, water, every where, Nor any drop to drink

By: Paula Rotondo

Connotation– The associations and emotional responses that have

become attached to a word or phrase, in addition to its strict dictionary definition (ex: scent and odor have similar literal meanings, but connote very different feelings.)

1. Good night, sweet prince, and flights of angels sing thee to thy rest (burial) -?

2. And on a day we meet to walk the lineAnd set the wall between us once again.We keep the wall between us as we go.To each the boulders that have fallen to each. –Robert Frost

Perry Beasley

1a

AlliterationBy: Samantha Smith

• The repetition of consonant sounds at the beginnings of words.

• “Nature's first green is gold, Her hardest hue to hold.” –Nothing Gold Can Stay, by Robert Frost

• “Up many and many a marvelous shrine Whose wreathed friezes intertwine The viol, the violet, and the vine.” – The City In the Sea, by Edgar Allan Poe

ConnotationConnotation The emotional implication The emotional implication

of a word or phrase.of a word or phrase. OneOne example example is,is, ““The The

villagers starved as the villagers starved as the guards feasted on their guards feasted on their hearty meal,hearty meal,”” from Robin from Robin Hood, by Roger Green. Hood, by Roger Green.

This gives the reader a This gives the reader a connotation of sadness, connotation of sadness, because the villagers are because the villagers are starving.starving.

Another example is the Another example is the word word ‘‘rainbowrainbow’’..

This word fills you with a This word fills you with a happy feeling, therefore, a happy feeling, therefore, a connotation of happiness.connotation of happiness.

Anaphorathe repetition of words at the beginning of two or more lines

•Mad world! Mad kings! Mad composition!(William Shakespeare, King John, II, i)

•Strike as I wouldHave struck those tyrants! Strike deep as my curse!

Strike! and but once — Byron

Sarah Dechiara

Style- The distinctive way in which a writer uses language to achieve certain effects; Can be determined by such factors as sentence length and complexity, use of figurative language, etc.

• “… I’m in that wide body imma need two lanes, blue seats, white paint wetter than new rain”

• “… I’m focused, I’m thinkin’ like I got two brains”

Concrete• For her this rhyme is penned,

whose luminous eyes...From A Valentine by Edgar

Allan Poe

• Their lone waters- lone and dead,- Their still waters- still

and chillyFrom Dreamland by Edgar

Allan PoeLanguage that describes qualities that can be perceived with the five senses as opposed to using abstract or generalized language.

AbstractAbstractLanguage that describes qualities that cannot be perceived with the five

senses. For instance, calling something pleasant or

pleasing is abstract, while calling something yellow or sour is concrete. The word domesticity is abstract, but the word

sweat is concrete. (usually applies to ideas, feelings, etc)

UnderOATH- A Boy Brushed Red…Living in Black and White

Can you feel your heartbeat racing?Can you taste the fearfear in her sweat?You've done this wrongIt's too far goneThese sheets tell of regretregretI admit that I'm just a fool for youI am just a fool for you

~Fear: you cannot see, taste, touch, hear, nor smell fear. Therefore it is not concrete. So it is abstract.~Regret: It’s a feeling and it cannot be perceived by the 5 senses therefore it is abstract.

Three Days Grace- Pain

AngerAnger and agonyagonyAre better than miserymiseryTrust me I've got a planWhen the lights go off you will understand

~Anger, agony, and misery are all abstract because they’re all feelings and they don’t perceive to 5 senses. They’re describing how the “author” feels.

concreteconcrete

CacophonyCacophony Greek, “bad sound”. The term in

poetry refers to the use of words that combine sharp, harsh, hissing, or unmelodious sounds; intentionally mixes jarring or harsh sounds together in groups that make the phrasing either difficult to speak aloud or grating to the ear

Examples: - We want no parlay with you and

your grisly gang who work your wicked will

W. Churchill - O Tite tute Tati tibi tanta tyranne

tulisti! Ennius

Apostrophe

• “Science! True daughter of Old Time thou art!”

– Edgar Allen Poe• “Bright star, would I

were steadfast as thou art.”

- J ohn Keats

The act of addressing some abstraction or personification that is not physically present.

IMAGERY•The descriptive words that a writer uses to recreate sensory experiences; by appealing to the five senses, imagery help’s a reader imagine exactly what the characters and experiences being described are like.

Examples:

• “The Raven” “…As of someone gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.”

• “The Raven” “…What this grim, ungainly, ghastly, gaunt and ominous bird of yore-”

~ Connotation ~Definition:

the associations and emotional responses that have become attached to a word or phrase, in addition to its strict dictionary definition

Visual Examples:

fragrance and odor

Examples in Poetry:There is no Frigate like a Book

There is no Frigate like a BookTo take us Lands awayNor any Coursers like a PageOf prancing Poetry -This Traverse may the poorest takeWithout oppress of Toll -How frugal is the ChariotThat bears the Human soul.

– Emily Dickinson

Ex.1: Dickinson uses the word Frigate instead of boat or steamship because, although these words have similar dictionary definitions (vessels for transportation on water), the word Frigate connotes exploration and adventure.

Ex.2: Dickinson uses the word Coursers instead of horsesbecause the word Courserssuggests feelings of beauty, spirit, and speed more than the word horsesdoes.

AlliterationDefinition: The repetition of

consonant sounds at the beginnings of words; can be used by an author to impart a musical quality to their works, to create mood, to reinforce meaning, to emphasize particular words, and to unify lines, stanzas, or passages.

Examples :• Angela Abigail Applewhite ate

anchovies and artichoks.• Norris Newton never needed

new noodles.

Parallelism-deliberate repetition of words or sentence structures

Examples:•"It is by logic we prove, but by intuition we discover."(Leonardo da Vinci)•"The more we do, the more we can do."(William Hazlitt)

IronyIrony•• A contrast between appearance and A contrast between appearance and

reality. reality. •• EX 1EX 1--““Your on my heart just like a tattooYour on my heart just like a tattoo””

J ordin SparksJ ordin Sparks

•• EX 2EX 2-- ““The chains of yesterday surround The chains of yesterday surround meme”” Casting crownsCasting crowns

AssonanceAssonance--repeat vowel repeat vowel sounds in poetry to sounds in poetry to reinforce the meaningreinforce the meaning

Slow things are beautiful:Slow things are beautiful:The closing of the day,The closing of the day,The pause of the waveThe pause of the waveThat curves downward to spray.That curves downward to spray.----Elizabeth Elizabeth CoatsworthCoatsworth, "Swift Things are , "Swift Things are Beautiful"Beautiful"

And so, all the night-tide, I lie down by the sideOf my darling, my darling, my life and my bride.

--Edgar Allan Poe, "Annabel Lee“

Barry Ervin

Synesthesia

Examples:

1. Dark is a demand to attend to command and a push over the lip topeace space like ocean.

http://bessiesnickers.blogspot.com

2. The wind is beating a dirge on the unhinged mailbox, which is too bored to close its mouth. Empty, it wails: Empty.

http://bessiesnickers.blogspot.com

A type of imagery that appeals to one sense when another is being stimulated (for example, description of sounds in terms of colors)