every drop counts presentation
TRANSCRIPT
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Every drop countsEnvironmentally Sound Technologies (ESTs)
for urban and domestic water use efficiency
Presentation of key issues and tools
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every drop counts
Every drop counts
presentation
Delft University of Technology
production of the presentation:
Dr. Aad F. Correlje, Faculty of Technology, Policy & Management
Dr. Ing. Thorsten Schuetze, Faculty of Architecture
Dr. Sybrand P. Tjallingii, Faculty of Architecture
Dr. Maki Ryu, Faculty of Architecture
UNEPDTIE IETC
coordination:
Vicente Santiago
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every drop counts
Structure of the presentation
1. Introduction
2. Backgrounds of decision making
Policies, Criteria
3. Environmentally Sound TechnologiesStorage, Supply, Use, Reuse & Recycling
4. Integrated options and cases
5. Questions for a specific case
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Objective and target group
To support decision making aboutEnvironmentally Sound Technologies (ESTs)in urban and domestic water use.
A sourcebook that highlights essentialquestions that have different answers indifferent cases towards water use efficiency
Decision makers: participants in local
planning processes related to urban anddomestic water use
objective
target group
every drop counts 1. Introduction
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Scope and focus
Water use efficiency in urban and domesticenvironments
Other water issues (e.g. flooding, drainage,
irrigation) only if relevant Urban includes all concentrated settlements
Efficient use of ESTs
Efficient is: optimizing the balance between
demand and safe and sufficient supply Efficient and fit : technologies that fit in with
sustainable perspectives for the localsituation
scope
focus
every drop counts 1. Introduction
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Sourcebook, presentation and
WiseWater training module Backgrounds: policies, criteria
Relevant issues for analysis and discussion
A toolkit of environmentally sound technologies
Illustrative cases
Summary of the sourcebook
Questions for decision making in your own case
Calculating the effects of water savingtechnologies (ESTs) versus conventionaltechnologies
sourcebook
presentation
WiseWater
every drop counts
1. Introduction
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every drop counts 2. Backgrounds Policies
Policies and institutions
technology
institutionseconomy
[SourcebookChapter 2]
The challenge is to achieve an appropriate 'fit'
between the 'hard' technical and physicalcharacteristics, the economics of ESTs and theinstitutional environment that facilitates theirselection, construction and operation.
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Decision-making in a complexinstitutional actor network
National, or regional governmental bodies.
Local actors: agencies for water management,municipalities, water supply corporations,sewerage operators, public health policy
makers, housing corporations, projectdevelopers, financing parties.
Construction companies and equipmentsuppliers.
The users of the water systems, domestichouseholds in owned and rented houses, smalland medium size enterprises, and the citizensliving in the areas.
The actors:
every drop counts 2. Backgrounds Policies
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Policy, Rules andUse
What does it imply ?
Policies ?
Project development ?
Implementation ? Operation ?
IntroducingESTs:
EmbeddednessInformal institutions,
customs, traditions, norms,religion
Institutional environmentFormal rules of the game,
property, water laws,bureaucracy
GovernancePlay of the game, contracting,aligning governance structures
with transactions
Resource allocationand developmentPrices and quantities,incentive management
All these activities haveto be considered in thecontext of the fourlayers of theinstitutional framework.
every drop counts 2. Backgrounds Policies
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National Water Policy
The water cycle, requiring integrated water re-
sources management: surface water, ground-water, catchment-basin and land-use planning.
The environment as the source of water: watercollection control, augmentation, water quality
and pollution control. Principles for water use by the domestic
households, agriculture, industry, tourism, etc.
Economic principles of water management: water
pricing, financing, the role of the private sector. Roles, responsibilities and authority of water
institutions: like federal and state institutions,user engagement, basin organizations, etc.
Policy
addressesmanyactivities:
every drop counts 2. Backgrounds Policies
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Local decision making
Patterns of
water supplyand sanitation
Patterns of(sectoral)
water use Environmental aspects, ecosystem approach Institutional arrangements, legal framework Social and cultural factors Positions of stakeholders and interest groups
Economics and the engagement of the privatesector
Interaction with other infrastructures andassets
Diagnosis as
a basis forplanning:
diagnosis planning
operation implementation
every drop counts 2. Backgrounds Policies
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Problems in planning and
implementation
Technically inadequate plans, lack of ESTs.
Socially and culturally unacceptable plans.
Economically unfeasible plans.
Plans which make too great a demand onavailable human resources.
Plans that go counter to legal provisions.
Plans that are blocked by other local
departments because of lack of coordinationand consultation.
External factors such as poor public servantmorale or public resistance.
Plans thatfail:
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Operation, economic andfinancial aspects
Most beneficial use and exploitation, balancing
social and environmental requirements.
Water has a value and water supply and
sanitation have a cost. Pricing and tariff arrangements.
Budgetary resources, subsidies and tariff
revenue.
The role of the private sector. Support towards the introduction of ESTs.
Issues:
every drop counts 2. Backgrounds Policies
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Risk, revenues and governance
Innovation and change cannot go without risks.
Identify the main areas of responsibility andthe risks associated. Shared understanding of
risks is the basis. Assign the responsibilities and risks to the
party best able to manage them.
Bearing risk has a cost and the party bearing
the risk will likely demand something in return. A public regulator should secure the benefits
for society and the environment.
Recommen-dations:
every drop counts 2. Backgrounds Policies
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Environmentally sound waterpolicies (cont.)
Gender issues are crucial in water management,
especially at the domestic level.
Expertise is crucial. Foreign advisers may play a
role but only local expertise can ensure that
policies meet local needs and local conditions.
Ecosystem approach as a fundamentalcomponent of Integrated Water Resource
Management (IWRM).
Summary ofkey issues:
every drop counts 2. Backgrounds Policies
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Criteria for decisions
At the local decision level there is a need for
practical criteria that can guide the actors, thosewho participate in the planning process.
Efficient is the best known criterion. An efficient
technology (EST) produces high results (sufficientwater for households, farming, industry, health)with low efforts (money, time, resources, humanenergy). Technologies can also be more or lessefficient in saving water. Calculating efficiency is
very helpful for making decisions.
But it is not the only criterion. The Bissau caseserves as an illustration:
[SourcebookChapter 3]
every drop counts 2. Backgrounds Criteria
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Learning from a case
1. New taps not reliable (power failures). Thus
people turn to old wells that pose higher healthrisks (latrines too close, clean rainwaterefficiently drained away).
Plans for flows must fit together.2. Improved drainage in neighborhoods leads to
erosion in the urban fringe.Plans for areas must fit together.3. Construction work performed well but manage-
ment and maintenance fail.
Plans for actors must fit together.in addition to efficiency, there is a group of criteria called
fit. They have to be specified for flows and areas and actors.
every drop counts 2. Backgrounds Criteria
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Specific criteria for
the local plan
General criteria for sustainable plans
FLOWS which flows?
choices made?
AREAS
which areas?
choices made?ACTORS
which actors,
choices made?
PL ANET PE
OPLE PR
OSPERITY(ecological) (social) (economic)
sustainable is:
- sound use
and
liveability
- participation
- fair sharing
- gender
- profit and
development
guidingprinciples
guiding
models
How to make a
sustainable water
plan?
Specifying fit criteria for local plans
every drop counts 2. Backgrounds Criteria
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Working with fit criteria
First, an analysis should provide the relevantinformation: > Which flows ? (e.g. rainwater,groundwater, drinking water, waste water,solid waste, energy) > Which areas ? (e.g.houses. yards, streets, neighbourhoods, urban
fringe) > Which actors? (e.g. women,families, shopkeepers, agencies, NGOs).
Secondly, alternative plans (combinations oftechnologies, policies and spatial plans) can
be discussed using general criteria forsustainable plans and specific arguments fromthe local context.
Analysis
Discussion
every drop counts 2. Backgrounds Criteria
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The planning cycle
Fit and efficiency in the planning cycle
initiative
usemaintenance
realization
detaileddesign
strategicplan
startingdocument
ORIENTATION
GUIDING PRINCIPLES
ANALYSIS> flows> areas> actors
EXAMPLES
GUIDING MODELS
EVALUATION
efficiency
fit
every drop counts 2. Backgrounds Criteria
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Criteria in the planning cycle
The strategic stage of the planning cycle (from
initiative to strategic plan) focuses onsharing the understanding of the problem,sharing the general approach and sharing theresponsibility for solutions. Fit criteria usually
dominate the process.
every drop counts 2. Backgrounds Criteria
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Criteria in the planning cycle
The operational stage of the planning cycle
(from strategic plan to realization and use)focuses on specifying concrete solutions,specifying the funding, the contracts and theorganization of construction and maintenance.
Efficiency criteria usually dominate theprocess.
every drop counts 2. Backgrounds Criteria
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every drop counts 3. ESTs Intro
Environmentally Sound Technologies
in the Urban Water Cycle
storage &
augmentation
reuse,recycle& disposal
use &saving
supply &
distribution
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every drop counts 3. ESTs Storage
Storage and augmentation ESTs
1. Ponds and Reservoirs
2. Artificial recharge of Groundwater
3. Water Tanks
4. Rainwater runoff in surface water
5. Rainwater runoff in groundwater
6. Rainwater runoff in tanks
7. Effluent in surface water
8. Effluent in ground water
[SourcebookChapter 4.2]
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Ponds and reservoirs
Dams and reservoirs are a common
approach to storage of river water.Big dams, however, do often causebig unsolved problems and thereforecannot be called environmentally
sound. Small dams with carefulconsideration of ecological and socialimpacts can do better. In permanentrivers, under water beams are anoption. In wadis sand dams are a
sound technology for the infiltrationof river water to the groundwater.
every drop counts 3. ESTs Storage
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Artificial recharge of ground water
Artificial recharge is appropriate for theaugmentation of groundwater in aquifers. It maysupplement the natural percolation. In seasonalclimates Aquifer Storage and Recovery practicesboth the storage and the quality control that is
essential to maintain thequality of groundwaterresources. Recharging cantake place from the surface
or directly into sub surfacelayers.
every drop counts 3. ESTs Storage
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Rainwater harvesting ESTs
Rainwater runofffrom roofs is
stored in tanks tobe used insidebuildings.
Stormwater from streets andparks can be infiltrated orstored in ponds to provide waterfor trees, gardens and parks.
Sand filters and constructedwetlands can be used for qualitycontrol.
every drop counts 3. ESTs Storage
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Storage of treated sewage
Effluent from sewage treatment plants can bereused in surface waters as a source for urbanwater supply. Quality control is crucial.
The use of effluent forrecharging groundwater is
possible. Soil Aquifer Treatmenttechnology prevents pollution bypathogens, nutrients and othercontaminants.
every drop counts 3. ESTs Storage
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Priorities for storage solutions
In an integrated perspective, efficient andsustainable storage and augmentation can bestbe realized by decision makers if they follow thissequence of options:
1. First, realize the full potential of treated
wastewater and rainwater options.2. Then, use the potential of surface water
options.3. And then, turn to aquifer based ESTs as a
third option.
Over-exploitation and pollution of aquifersis a threat. Invisible impacts are hard torestore.
every drop counts 3. ESTs Storage
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Supply and distribution ESTs
1. Surface water abstraction2. Groundwater abstraction
3. Water supply reservoirs (tanks)
4. Transfer of water
5. Single pipeline systems (one quality)
6. Dual pipeline systems (two qualities)
7. Water containers (bottles, tanks)
8. Centralised treatment systems
9. Point of use treatment systems
[SourcebookChapter 4.3]
every drop counts 3. ESTs Supply
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Water pipe systemsWater supply networks are advanced
systems that require advancedmaintenance regimes. Leakage, due topoor maintenance is a major problem.Often more than 50% of the pipedwater is lost. Capacity building andfund availability for maintenance arethe first priorities.
Lowering night time pressure and
a system of metering and billingwater use above a basic level maybe helpful but are not a finalsolution.
every drop counts 3. ESTs Supply
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Dual quality systemsA problem of central piped network supply, is theuse of drinking water quality for non drinking
purposes. In dual networks service water qualityhas its own network. Wrong connections can beavoided by different colours for different pipes.Dual systems at the building level only, avoid citynetworks.
Buildings should have a reliabletechnical department formaintenance and qualitycontrol. Rainwater or treated
greywater can be used asservice water. Sizable tankscan cope with fluctuations indemand and supply.
every drop counts 3. ESTs Supply
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Wells, tanks and bottles
At the neighborhood level, improving thequality and increasing the number oftraditional wells can be a goodenvironmentally sound technology.
In a situation of centrally collecteddrinking water from rivers or groundwater(boreholes), good quality water can bedelivered by trucks to static tanks,
from where peoplecan take water homein bottles or smallcontainers.
every drop counts 3. ESTs Supply
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Drinking water quality
Health requires good quality drinking water.
Centralized treatment systems can beimproved and extended.
If drinking water ofreliable quality is
not available,proper treatment atthe user level is anoption.
every drop counts 3. ESTs Supply
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Priorities for supply solutionsUnder an integrated water resource
management perspective, efficient andsustainable supply and distribution can best berealized by adapting priorities to decision-makingbased on the existing situation:1. In a traditional situation of wells, improving
this supply system has priority.2. If this is difficult and there is an immediate
need, delivery by trucks is an option.3. If there is a basis for financing and for
capacity building, piped water networksbecome feasible. Their development shouldgo hand in hand with on-site systems forsupply of drinking water and service water.
every drop counts 3. ESTs Supply
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Use and saving ESTs1. Waterless toilets (compost- and dry-)
2. Water saving toilets
3. Water saving urinals
4. Waterless urinals
5. Water saving taps
6. Water saving showerheads
7. Pressure reducers
8. Water saving household appliances9. Economised water use: personal hygiene
10.Economised water use: cleaning & watering
[SourcebookChapter 4.4]
every drop counts 3. ESTs Use
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Waterless toilets
every drop counts 3. ESTs Use
Waterless toilets need neither water nor sewers.
They work on the basis of dehydration andcomposting. The resulting compost can beapplied to the fields in urban agriculture. Theright degree of humidity is crucial. They are oftencombined with urine separation. Vertical
ventilation pipes guaranteeodour free operation.Compost toilets requiremore space and need more
maintenance. Simple drytoilets are easier to use andcheaper. They need to beemptied every week.
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Water saving in households
every drop counts 3. ESTs Use
Drinking, cleaning, bathing, washing, toiletflushing. Combined water saving appliances leadto 43% savings in liter per person per day.
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Water saving in green spaces
every drop counts 3. ESTs Use
Parks and gardens ask a lot of water, especially
in dry climates. Savings may result fromreplacing piped water by rainwater or treatedwastewater.
The local government andNGOs can also give a goodexample demonstratinghow attractive green spaces
can be created with nativespecies adapted to dryconditions.
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Not only technology
every drop counts 3. ESTs Use
The challenge is: meeting increasing service
demands without increasing water supplies (UN-Habitat, Local Action for Global Goals, 2003).
This is not only a matter of technology but alsoof life style, water squandering practices in
private and public buildings and in public openspace.
Change asks for a carrot and stick approach: tax incentives and levies, demonstration
projects
rules, standards and enforcement
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Priorities for use & saving
In an integrated water resource management
perspective, efficient and sustainable water useand saving can best be realized by decision makersif they combine strategies:
1. In new developments water savingESTs should become part of design
and planning strategies from the beginning.This includes strategies for maintenance.
2. In existing urban areas creating conditionsis crucial: financial incentives, technical
support, training of skilled labour, legalsupport, new standards.3. Demonstration projects can show the way in
a process of learning by doing.
every drop counts 3. ESTs Use
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Reuse, recycle & disposal ESTsquality and treatment issues
1. Domestic rainwater use
2. On-site treatment of grey water
3. Constructed wetlands
4. On-site and near-site treatment of blackwater and mixed sewage
5. Separating rainwater from sewer systems
6. Environmentally sound centralized sewagetreatment in developing countries
[SourcebookChapter 4.5]
every drop counts 3. ESTs Reuse
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Rainwater quality and use
every drop counts 3. ESTs Reuse
Roof-top rainwater only needs minor treatmentto make it safe for service water. For use asdrinking water, filtration and disinfection isrequired. There should be no debris in the tanksand no light. Quality control is a must.
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Rainwater quality and use
every drop counts 3. ESTs Reuse
Run-off rainwater from streets and open spacescan be treated in wetland systems. Separatingrainwater from the sewers greatly improves thecity treatment plants performance.
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Grey & black water treatment
every drop counts 3. ESTs Reuse
Household based decentralised ESTs deserve
more attention. They create conditions forreuse at the domestic level and save costs forsewage systems.
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Grey & black water treatment
every drop counts 3. ESTs Reuse
Small scale aerobic (>compost) or anaerobictechnology (>methane + slurry) are feasible.These innovative ESTs require careful andskilful guidance. For example joint projects ofusers with researchers and practitioners in alearning by doing context.
Example for on-site
sewage treatment
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Constructed wetlands
every drop counts 3. ESTs Reuse
Stabilisation ponds and constructed wetlands are a
low-cost alternative for the treatment of domesticwastewater. They provide water for irrigation in urbanagriculture and for watering green spaces.
Detention and retention ponds, lined up with reeds
and other wetland plants, perform well in purifyingrun-off rainwater from quite streets. More pollutedwater requires constructed wetlands designed for
horizontal or vertical flow,filtering, adsorption and
uptake of nutrients.Good design and maintenanceare vital.
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Priorities for reuse, recycling
& safe disposalUnder an integrated water resource managementperspective, the choice of reuse, recycling and safedisposal options follows these priorities:
1. Pollution prevention goes first. Roof-top rain-
water and water from wells should retaindrinking water quality.2. In urban situations with an existing piped
network, on-site rainwater and greywater treatment for service water should
have priority in quality management strategy.3. Reuse and recycle should have priority in
wastewater treatment both at a centralized anddecentralized level.
every drop counts 3. ESTs Reuse
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Integrated options and cases[SourcebookChapter 5]
every drop counts 4. Integration
EST-priorities for storage (and augmentation),
supply (and distribution), use (and saving) andreuse & recycling (and safe disposal) have to beintegrated in locally promising combinations.
This integration depends on the potential of thelocal situation (climate, hydrology, city-landscape)
Promising combinations also greatly depend oninstitutional capacity and the development stage.Five guiding models illustrate these aspects. Agiven decision situation may be close to one ofthem. In a larger urban area, the guiding modelsmay guide the making of a zoning model for thecity, with specific strategies for each zone.
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Village model
every drop counts 4. Integration
development stage
Traditional simple systems, self organisation,minor role for central government.
promising EST combinations:
Preferably ESTs based on groundwater, supportedby traditional rainwater based ESTs.
First option is water supply by wells. Residentstake water home in small containers. Demand isusually < 30 liter per person per day.
First options for sanitation are dry toilets andimproved pit latrines to avoid groundwatercontamination.
Grey-water gardens or soil aquifer treatment forwaste water discharge. Compost for agriculture.
storage
supply
use
reuse &recycling
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Squatter area model
every drop counts 4. Integration
development stageMany new arrivals, short-term urgency andpossible roles of central relief organisations fororganising collective water and sanitation systems.
promising EST combinations:
Preferably ESTs based on groundwater or river.
Central supply by trucks to static tanks. Residentstake water home in small containers. Demand isusually < 30 liter per person per day.
First trench latrines followed by improved pitlatrines and dry toilets to avoid groundwater
contamination.Starting with simple soakaways for waste water.Followed by grey-water treatment ESTs.
supply
use
reuse &recycling
storage
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Urban village model
every drop counts 4. Integration
development stageSquatter area (favela, bidonville) on a morepermanent basis. Increasing role of governmentagencies and NGOs. Upgrading.
promising EST combinations:
ESTs based on groundwater, if feasible, small dam
in river. Promotion of rainwater harvesting ESTs.Piped water network that supplies collective tapstands, Quality control by agency.
Introduction of dry toilets and compost collectingsystem. Support for rainwater use in households.
Grey water treatment with irrigation and soilaquifer treatment.
supply
use
reuse &recycling
storage
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City model
every drop counts 4. Integration
development stage Existing medium to large cities,important role for government agencies, fewcollective and individual user based systems.
promising EST combinations:
Groundwater recharge, small dams in rivers. If bigdam exists, alternatives reduce dependency.
Strong promotion of rainwater harvesting ESTs.Full piped network. Priority for leakage control.
Promotion of water saving toilets and watersaving appliances. Water sensitive urban design tocreate conditions for run-off use for watering
parks and gardens.Improving centralised wastewater treatment.Reuse of effluent and sludge in agriculture. Reuseof treated wastewater in watering green spaces.
supply
reuse &recycling
storage
use
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New town model
every drop counts 4. Integration
development stageNew development with a leading role for agencies,
NGOs and developers. Collective organisationsand individuals take over after construction.
promising EST combinations:
Groundwater or surface water based systems.Building design regulations and legal frame
creates good conditions for rainwater harvesting.Full piped network for drinking water. Collectiveand individual systems for service water.Water saving and dry toilets, water savingappliances. Water sensitive urban design for run-
off use in green spaces.Centralised and collective blackwater treatment.Building level grey water treatment (servicewater). Constructed wetlands in urban design.
supply
use
reuse &recycling
storage
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Questions for a specific case
every drop counts 5. Questions
The sourcebook presents backgrounds (policies,
criteria), a toolkit of ESTs, and illustrative cases.Moreover, the different chapters presentquestions that can be used in the planningprocess of a specific case. The model of theplanning cycle (slide 22., sourcebook 3.4)
shows the sequence of the questions in relationto the steps in the strategic stage of planning.
In this way, the questions may structure aworkshop that generates alternative plans.
Wisewater is a supplementary tool forcalculating the water saving potential of ESTs inthe planning process.
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every drop counts 5. Questions
EVALUATION
efficiency
fit
initiative
strategic
plan
lessons from other local projects
strenghts and weaknesses of this
situation (SWO
T)(sourcebook chapter 3.4)
questions about sustainable(sourcebook 3.3)
questions about flows, areas and
actors(sourcebook 4.2.2, 4.3.2, 4.4.2, 4.5.2)
wich models come close?(sourcebook 5.2.3)
Which ESTs form a promisingcombination ?(sourcebook 5.2.3, chapter 4)
ORIENTATION
GUIDING PRINCIPLES
ANALYSIS
EXAMPLES
GUIDING MODELS
Workshop questions
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every drop counts twice
the joy and inspiration of planning with water